多肉英文介绍Succulent plant.doc

Succulent plantFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaNot to be confused with cactus; nearly all cacti are succulents but not all succulents are cacti.Succulent plants, such as this Aloe, store water in their fleshy leavesIn botany, succulent plants, also known as succulents or sometimes fat plants, are plants having some parts that are more than normally thickened and fleshy, usually to retain water in arid climates or soil conditions. Succulent plants may store water in various structures, such as leaves and stems. Some definitions also include roots, so that geophytes that survive unfavorable periods by dying back to underground storage organs may be regarded as succulents. In horticultural use, the term succulent is often used in a way which excludes plants that botanists would regard as succulents, such as cacti. Succulents are often grown as ornamental plants because of their striking and unusual appearance.Contents hide 1 Definition2 Appearance3 Habitat4 Evolution5 Families and genera6 See also7 References8 Bibliography9 External linksDefinitioneditThere are a number of somewhat different definitions of the term succulent. One difference lies in whether or not roots are included in the parts of a plant which make it a succulent. Some authors include roots, as in the definition plants in which the leaves, stem or roots have become more than usually fleshy by the development of water-storing tissue.1 Others exclude roots, as in the definition a plant with thick, fleshy and swollen stems and/or leaves, adapted to dry environments.2 This difference affects the relationship between succulents and geophytes plants that survive unfavorable seasons as a resting bud on an underground organ.3 These underground organs, such as bulbs, corms and tubers, are often fleshy with water-storing tissues. Thus if roots are included in the definition, many geophytes would be classed as succulents.Plants adapted to living in dry environments are termed xerophytes; thus succulents are often xerophytes. However, not all xerophytes are succulents, since there are other ways of adapting to a shortage of water, e.g. by developing small leaves which may roll up or having leathery rather than succulent leaves.4 Nor are all succulents xerophytes, since plants like Crassula helmsii are both succulent and aquatic.5Those who grow succulents as a hobby use the term in a different way to botanists. In horticultural use, the term succulent regularly excludes cacti. For example, Jacobsens three volume Handbook of Succulent Plants does not cover cacti,6 and cacti and succulents is the title or part of the title of many books covering the cultivation of these plants.789 However, in botanical terminology, cacti are succulents.1 Horticulturists may also exclude other groups of plants, e.g. bromeliads.10 A practical, but unscientific, horticultural definition is a succulent plant is any desert plant that a succulent plant collector wishes to grow.11 Such plants less often include geophytes (in which the swollen storage organ is wholly underground) but do include plants with a caudex,12 which is a swollen above-ground organ at soil level, formed from a stem, a root or both.3A further difficulty is that plants are not either succulent or non-succulent. In many genera and families there is a continuous sequence from plants with thin leaves and normal stems to those with very clearly thickened and fleshy leaves or stems, so that deciding what is a succulent is often arbitrary. Different sources may classify the same plant differently.13AppearanceeditA collection of succulent plants, including cactiThe storage of water often gives succulent plants a more swollen or fleshy appearance than other plants, a characteristic known as succulence. In addition to succulence, succulent plants variously have other water-saving features. These may include:Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) to minimize water lossabsent, reduced, or cylindrical-to-spherical leavesreduction in the number of stomatastems as the main site of photosynthesis, rather than leavescompact, reduced, cushion-like, columnar, or spherical growth formribs enabling rapid increases in plant volume and decreasing surface area exposed to the sunwaxy, hairy, or spiny outer surface to create a humid micro-habitat around the plant, which reduces air movement near the surface of the plant, and thereby reduces water loss and creates shaderoots very near the surface of the soil, so they are able to take up moisture from very small showers or even from heavy dewability to remain plump and full of water even with high internal temperatures (e.g. 52 C or 126 F)14very impervious outer cuticle (skin)14mucilaginous substances, which retain water abundantly14HabitateditQuestion book-new.svgThis section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013)Many succulents come from the dry areas such as steppes, semi-desert, and desert. High temperatures and low precipitation force plants to collect and store water to survive long dry periods. Succulents may occasionally occur as epiphytes - air plants - as they have limited or no contact with the ground, and are dependent on their ability to store water and gain nutrients by other means; this niche is seen in Tillandsia. Succulents also occur as inhabitants of sea coasts and dry lakes, which are exposed to high levels of dissolved minerals that are deadly to many other plant species.EvolutioneditQuestion book-new.svgThis section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013)The best-known succulents are cacti (family: Cactaceae). Virtually all cacti are succulents, but not all succulents are cacti. A unique feature of cacti is the possession of areoles, structures from which spines and flowers are produced.To differentiate between these two basic types that seem so similar, but that are unrelated succulent plants, use of the terms, cactus or cacti, only should be used to describe succulents in the cactus family. Popular collection of these types of plants has led to many Old World plants becoming established in the wild in the New World, and vice versa.Families and generaeditThis section includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but the sources of this section remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2012)Apocynaceae: Pachypodium lealii, stem succulentXanthorrhoeaceae: Haworthia arachnoidea, leaf succulentCactaceae: Rebutia muscula, stem succulentCrassulaceae: Crassula ovata, stem and leaf succulentEuphorbiaceae: Euphorbia obesa ssp. symmetrica, stem succulentCylindropuntia imbricata: stem, woody succulentMalvaceae: Adansonia digitata, stem succulentMoringaceae: Moringa ovalifolia, stem succulentAsparagaceae: Beaucarnea recurvata, stem succulentAsparagaceae: Dracaena draco, stem succulentEuphorbia resiniferaPlant families and genera in which succulent species occur are listed below.Order AlismatalesAraceae: ZamioculcasOrder ApialesApiaceae: SteganotaeniaAraliaceae: CussoniaOrder AsparagalesAmaryllidaceae (geophytes): Ammocharis, Apodolirion, Boophone, Brunsvigia, Crinum, Crossyne, Cryptostephanus, Cyrtanthus, Gethyllis, Habranthus, Haemanthus, Hessea, Nerine, Pancratium, Rauhia, Scadoxus, Strumaria, Zephyranthes,Asparagaceaesubfamily Agavoideae: Agave, Beschorneria, Chlorophytum, Furcraea, Hesperaloe, Hesperoyucca, Yuccasubfamily Asparagoideae: Asparagussubfamily Lomandroideae: Cordyline,subfamily Nolinoideae: Beaucarnea, Calibanus, Dasylirion, Dracaena, Nolina, Sansevieria, Eriospermumsubfamily Scilloideae: Albuca, Bowiea, Daubenya, Dipcadi, Drimia, Drimiopsis, Eucomis, Hyacinthus, Lachenalia, Ledebouria, Litanthus, Massonia, Merwilla, Namophila, Ornithogalum, Pseudogaltonia, Pseudoprospero, Resnova, Schizobasis, Schizocarphus, Spetaea, VeltheimiaDoryanthaceae: DoryanthesHypoxidaceae (geophytes): Empodium, Hypoxis, Pauridia, Saniella, SpiloxeneIridaceae (geophytes): Babiana, Chasmanthe, Crocosmia, Devia, Dierama, Dietes, Duthiastrum, Ferraria, Freesia, Geissorhiza, Gladiolus, Hesperantha, Ixia, Lapeirousia, Melasphaerula, Micranthus, Moraea, Pillansia, Radinosiphon, Romulea, Sparaxis, Syringodea, Thereianthus, Tritonia, Tritoniopsis, Watsonia, XenoscapaOrchidaceae (succulents) Acampe, Aerangis, Ansellia, Bolusiella, Bulbophyllum, Calanthe, Cyrtorchis, Oberonia, Polystachya, Tridactyle, Vanilla(succulent geophytes) Eulophia, Liparis, Oeceoclades(geophytes) Acroliphia, Bartholina, Bonatea, Brachycorythis, Brownleea, Centrostigma, Ceratandra, Corycium, Cynorkis, Didymoplexis, Disa, Disperis, Dracomonticola, Eulophia, Evotella, Gastrodia, Habernaria, Holothrix, Huttonaea, Neobolusia, Nervilia, Plicosepalus, Pachites, Platycorynesubfamily Epidendroideae PhalaenopsisXanthorrhoeaceaesubfamily Asphodeloideae: Aloe (succulents and succulent geophytes), Astroloba, Astroworthia, Bulbine (succulent geophytes, succulents, and geophytes), Bulbinella (geophyte), Chortolirion (succulent geophytes), Gasteria, Haworthia, Trachyandra (succulent geophytes and succulents),subfamily Xanothorrhoeoidae: XanthorrhoeaOrder AsteralesAsteraceae: Arctotheca, Baeriopsis, Chrysanthemoides, Coulterella, Crassocephalum, Didelta, Emilia, Eremothamnus, Gymnodiscus, Gynura, Hillardiella (geophyte), Lopholaena, Monoculus, Nidorella, Osteospermum, Othonna (succulents and succulent geophytes), Phaneroglossa, Poecilolepis, Polyachyrus, Pteronia, Senecio, Solanecio,TripterisCampanulaceae: BrighamiaOrder BrassicalesBrassicaceae: Heliophila, LepidiumCapparidaceae: MaeruaCaricaceae: Carica, JacarathiaMoringaceae: MoringaOrder CaryophyllalesAizoaceae: Corbichonia, Gisekia, Herreanthus, Limeum, Ophthalmophyllum, Saphesiasubfamily Aizooideae: Acrosanthes, Aizoanthemum, Aizoon, Galenia, Gunniopsis, Plinthus, Tetragoniasubfamily Mesembryanthemoideae (syn. Mesembryanthemaceae15): Aptenia, Aridaria, Aspazoma, Brownanthus, Calamophyllum, Caulipsilon, Conophytum, Dactylopsis, Erepsia, Hameria, Hartmanthus, Hymenogyne, Marlothistela, Mesembryanthemum, Phiambolia, Phyllobolus, Prenia, Psilocaulon, Ruschiella, Sarozona, Sceletium, Synaptophyllumsubfamily Ruschioideae:tribe Apatesieae: Apatesia, Carpanthea, Caryotophora, Conicosia, Hymenogyne, Saphesia, Skiatophytumtribe Dorotheantheae: Aethephyllum Cleretum Dorotheanthustribe Ruschiae: Acrodon, Aloinopsis, Amphibolia, Antegibbaeum, Antimima, Arenifera, Argyroderma, Astridia, Bergeranthus, Bijlia, Braunsia, Brianhuntleya, Carpobrotus, Carruanthus, Cephalophyllum, Cerochlamys, Chasmatophyllum, Cheiridopsis, Circandra, Conophytum, Corpuscularia, Cylindrophyllum, Delosperma, Dicrocaulon, Didymaotus, Dinteranthus, Diplosoma, Disphyma, Dracophilus, Drosanthemum, Eberlanzia, Ebracteola, Enarganthe, Erepsia, Esterhuysenia, Faucaria, Fenestraria, Frithia, Gibbaeum, Glottiphyllum, Hallianthus, Hereroa, Ihlenfeldtia, Imitaria, Jacobsenia, Jensenobotrya, Jordaaniella, Juttadinteria, Khadia, Lampranthus, Lapidaria (plant), Leipoldtia, Lithops, Machairophyllum, Malephora, Mestoklema, Meyerophytum, Mitrophyllum, Monilaria, Mossia, Muiria, Namaquanthus, Namibia, Nananthus, Nelia, Neohenricia, Octopoma, Odontophorus, Oophytum, Ophthalmophyllum, Orthopterum, Oscularia, Ottosonderia, Pleiospilos, Polymita, Psammophora, Rabiea, Rhinephyllum, Rhombophyllum, Ruschia, Ruschianthemum, Ruschianthus, Schlechteranthus, Schwantesia, Scopelogena, Smicrostigma, Stayneria, Stoeberia, Stomatium Tanquana Titanopsis, Trichodiadema, Vanheerdea, Vanzijlia, Vlokia, Wooleya, Zeuktophyllumsubfamily Sesuvioideae: Cypselea, Sesuvium, Trianthema, Tribulocarpus, ZaleyaAmaranthaceae:subfamily Amaranthoideae: Arthraervasubfamily Chenopodioideae (family Chenopodiaceae):16) Atriplex, Chenopodium, Dissocarpus, Einadia, Enchylaena, Eremophea, Halopeplis, Maireana, Malacocera, Neobassia, Osteocarpum, Rhagodia, Roycea, Halosarcia, Salicornia, Salsola, Sarcocornia, Sclerochlamys, Sclerolaena, Suaeda, Tecticornia, ThrelkeldiaBasellaceae: Anredera, BasellaCactaceae: Acanthocalycium, Acanthocereus, Ariocarpus, Armatocereus, Arrojadoa, Arthrocereus, Astrophytum, Austrocactus, Aztekium, Bergerocactus, Blossfeldia, Brachycereus, Browningia, Brasilicereus, Calymmanthium, Carnegiea, Cephalocereus, Cephalocleistocactus, Cereus, Cintia, Cipocereus, Cleistocactus, Coleocephalocereus, Copiapoa, Corryocactus, Coryphantha, Dendrocereus, Denmoza, Discocactus, Disocactus, Echinocactus, Echinocereus, Echinopsis, Epiphyllum, Epithelantha, Eriosyce, Escobaria, Escontria, Espostoa, Espostoopsis, Eulychnia, Facheiroa, Ferocactus, Frailea, Geohintonia, Gymnocalycium, Haageocereus, Harrisia, Hatiora, Hylocereus, Jasminocereus, Lasiocereus, Leocereus, Lepismium, Leptocereus, Leuchtenbergia, Lophophora, Maihuenia, Malacocarpus, Mammillaria, Mammilloydia, Matucana, Melocactus, Micranthocereus, Mila, Monvillea, Myrtillocactus, Neobuxbaumia, Neolloydia, Neoraimondia, Neowerdermannia, Obregonia, Opuntia, Oreocereus, Oroya, Ortegocactus, Pachycereus, Parodia, Pediocactus, Pelecyphora, Peniocereus, Pereskia, Pereskiopsis, Pilosocereus, Polaskia, Praecereus, Pseudoacanthocereus, Pseudorhipsalis, Pterocactus, Pygmaeocereus, Quiabentia, Rauhocereus, Rebutia, Rhipsalis, Samaipaticereus, Schlumbergera, Sclerocactus, Selenicereus, Stenocactus, Stenocereus, Stephanocereus, Stetsonia, Strombocactus, Tacinga, Thelocactus,Trichocereus Turbinicarpus, Uebelmannia, Weberbauerocereus, Weberocereus, YungasocereusDidiereaceae: Alluaudia, Alluaudiopsis, Decaria, DidiereaMolluginaceae: HypertelisPhytolaccaceae: PhytolaccaPortulacaceae: Amphipetalum, Anacampseros, Avonia, Calyptrotheca, Ceraria, Cistanthe, Calandrinia, Dendroportulaca, Grahamia, Lewisia, Parakeelya,17 Portulaca, Portulacaria, Schreiteria, Talinella, TalinumOrder CommelinalesCommelinaceae: Aneilema, Callisia, Cyanotis, Tradescantia, TripogandraOrder CornalesLoasaceae: SchismocarpusOrder CucurbitalesBegoniaceae: BegoniaCucurbitaceae: Acanthosicyos, Apodanthera, Brandegea, Cephalopentandra, Ceratosanthes, Citrullus, Coccinia, Corallocarpus, Cucumella, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Cyclantheropsis, Dactyliandra, Dendrosicyos, Doyera, Eureindra, Fevillea, Gerrandanthus, Gynostemma, Halosicyos, Ibervilla, Kedostris, Lagenaria, Marah, Momordica, Neoalsomitra, Odosicyos, Parasicyos, Syrigia, Telfairia, Trochomeria, Trochomeriopsis, Tumamoca, Xerosicyos, Zehneria, ZygosicyosOrder DiascorealesDioscoreaceae: DioscoreaOrder EricalesBalsaminaceae: ImpatiensEricaceae: SphyrospermumFouquieriaceae: FouquieriaOrder FabalesFabaceae: Delonix, Dolichos, Erythrina, Lotononis, Neorautanenia, Pachyrhizus, TylosemaOrder GentianalesApocynaceae: Adenium, Mandevilla, Pachypodium, Plumeriasubfamily Asclepiadoideae (syn. Asclepiadaceae): Absolmsia, Australluma, Aspidoglossum, Aspidonepsis, Baynesia, Brachystelma, Ceropegia, Chlorocyathus, Cibirhiza, Cordylogyne, Cynanchum, Dischidia, Dischidiopsis, Duvaliandra, Eustegia, Fanninia, Fockea, Glossostelma, Hoya, Ischnolepis, Lavrania, Marsdenia, Miraglossum, Odontostelma, Ophionella, Orbeanthus, Pachycarpus, Parapodium, Periglossum, Petopentia, Raphionacme, Riocreuxia, Sarcorrhiza, Schizoglossum, Schlechterella, Stathmostelma, Stenostelma, Stomatostemma, Trachycalymma, Trichocaulon, Tylophora, Woodia, Xysmalobiumtribe Asclepiadeae:subtribe Asclepiadne: Asclepias,subtribe Cynanchinae: Sarcostemma,subtribe Gonolobinae: Matelea,tribe Maxillarieae:subtribe Lycastinae: Rudolfiellatribe Stapeliae: Angolluma, Caralluma, Desmidorchis, Duvalia, Echidnopsis, Edithcolea, Frerea, Hoodia, Huernia, Huerniopsis, Larryleachia, Notechidnopsis, Orbea (plant), Orbeopsis, Piaranthus, Pachycymbium, Pectinaria, Pseudolithos, Pseudopectinaria, Quaqua, Rhytidocaulon, Stapelia, Stapelianthus, Stapeliopsis, Tavaresia, Tridentea, Tromotriche, Whitesloaneasubfamily Periplocoideae:tribe Cryptolepideae: CryptolepisRubiaceae: Anthorrhiza, Anthospermum, Hydnophytum, Hydrophylax, Myrmecodia, Myrmephytum, Phylohydrax, SquamellariaOrder GeranialesGeraniaceae: Monsonia, Pelargonium (succulents and geophytes), SarcocaulonOrder LamialesGesneriaceae: Aeschynanthus, Alsobia, Chirita, Codonanthe, Columnea, Nematanthus, Sinningia, StreptocarpusLamiaceae: Aeollanthus, Dauphinea, Perrierastrum, Plectranthus, Rotheca, Solenostemon, Tetradenia, ThorncroftiaLentibulariaceaePedaliaceae: Holubia, Pterodiscus, Sesamothamnus, UncarinaOrder MalpighialesEuphorbiaceae: Cnidoscolus, Euphorbia, Jatropha, Monadenium, Pedilanthus, Phyllanthus, SynadeniumPassifloraceae: AdeniaPhyllanthaceae: PhyllanthusOrder MalvalesCochlospermaceaeMalvaceae: Adansonia, Cavanillesia, Ceiba, Pseudobombaxsubgroup Sterculiaceae: Brachychiton, SterculiaOrder MyrtalesMelastomataceae: MedinillaOrder OxalidalesOxalidaceae (geophytes): OxalisOrder PiperalesPiperaceae: PeperomiaOrder PoalesBromeliaceae: Abromeitiella, Aechmea, Ananas, Catopsis, Connellia, Dyckia, Hechtia, Neoregelia, Puya, Tillandsia, VrieseaPoaceae: Dregeochloa18Order RanunculalesMenispermaceae: Chasmanthera, Stephania, TinosporaOrder RosalesMoraceae: Dorstenia, Fic