中科院2007年考博英语试题及答案详解.pdf

TIIE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENICE5 ENGLISH ENTRANCE EXCAMINATION FOR DOCTORAL CANDIDATES 14March 2007 PAPER ONEPAPER ONE PART 1 VUCABULARY 15 minutes 10 points 4 5 point each 1 Reductions in overseas government expenditure took place but and more gradually than now seems desirable A reluctantly B unwittingly C impulsively D anxiously 2 In fear for their lives and in of their freedom thousands of enslaved women and children fled to the Northern States on the eve of the American Civil War A Way B view C vision D pursuit 3 If I could ensue a reasonably quick and comprehensive solution to the crisis in Iraq t would not have entitled my speech the problem A Instant B Inverse C Insoluble D Intact 4 Some of the patients especially the dying wanted to in the man and woman who had eased their suffering A confide B ponder C well D reflect 5 We all buy things on the of the moment this is what the retail trade calls an impulse buy A urge B force C spur D rush 6 Nothing has ever equaled the and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world A concern B magnitude C volume D carelessness 7 The second distinguishing characteristic of jazz is a rhythmic drive that was called hot and later swing A shortly B initially C actually D literally 8 The depth of benefits of reading varies in the depth of one s one s experience A tempo with B time with C place of D proportion to 9 Whatever the questions he really wanted to ask at the reprocessing plant though he would never allow his personal feelings to with an assignment A interrupt B bother C interfere D intervene 10 His with computers began six months ago A imagination B invocation C observation D obsession 11 I like cats but unfortunately I am to them A vulnerable B allergic C inclined D hostile 12 Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works have become and are no longer used in the present days A obsolete B obscene C obvious D oblique 13 One of the main ways to stay out of trouble with government agents is to keep a law away from those situations wherein you call attention to yourself A manner B position C profile D station 14 With 1 million copies sold out within just 2 weeks that book is indeed a success A provisional B sensational C sentimental D potential 15 As the core of the management hoard he can always come up with ideas to promote the corporation s marketing strategies A integral B instinctive C intangible D ingenious l6 They speak of election campaign polls as a musician might of an orchestra or a painter of defective paint A in pace B out of focus C in step D out of tune 17 Surely it doesn t matter where charities get their money from what much is what they do with it A taunts for B asks for C consists of D approves of l8 Any business needs ordinary insurance risks such as fire flood and breakage A in B against C raft D of 19 As he was a thoroughly professional journalist he already knew the media A to and fro B upside and down C inside and out D now and then 20 There was little if any evidence to substantiate the gossip and there was little to disprove it PART II CLOZE TEST 15 minutes 15 points There is a closer relationship between morals and architecture and interior decoration 21 we suspect Huxley has pointed out that Western ladies did not take frequent baths 22 they were afraid to see their own naked bodies and this moral concept delayed the 23 of the modern white enameled bathtub for centuries One can understand 24 in the design of old Chinese furniture there was so little consideration for human 25 only when we realize the Confucian atmosphere in which people moved about Chinese redwood Furniture was designed for people to sit 26 in because that was the only posture approved by society Even Chinese emperors had to sit on a n 27 on which I would not think of 28 for more than five minutes and for that matter the English kings were just as badly off Cleopatra went about 29 on a couch carried by servants because 30 she had never heard of Confucius If Confucius should have seen her doing that he would certainly have struck her shins with a stick as he did 31 one of his old disciples Yuan Jiang when the latter was found sitting in an 32 posture In the Confucian society in which we lived gentlemen and ladies had to 33 themselves perfectly erect at least on formal 34 and any sign of putting one s leg up would be at once considered a sign of vulgarity and lack of 35 21 A for B than C as D that 22 A if B when C because D though 23 A rise B existence C occurrence D increase 24 A what B where C how D why 25 A care B choice C concern D comfort 26 A upright B tight C fast D stiff 27 A armchair B throne C altar D couch 28 A moving B keeping C remaining D lasting 29 A traveling B staying C wandering D reclining 30 A fortunately B frankly C accordingly D apparently 31 A in B on C to D at 32 A responsible B incorrect C immoral D imperfect 33 A hold B sit C behave D conduct 34 A conditions B situations C occasions D instances 35 A culture B confidence C morality D modesty PART III READING COMPREHENSION Section A 60 minutes 30 points Passage One Most people would be impressed by the high quality of medicine available to most Americans There is a lot of specialization a great deal of attention to the individual a vast amount of advanced technical equipment and intense effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must face the courts if they handle things badly But the Americans are in a mess The problem is the way in which health care is organized and financed Contrary to public belief it is not just a free competition system To the private system has been joined a large public system because private care was simply not looking after the less fortunate and the elderly But even with this huge public part of the system which this year will eat up 84 5 billion dollars more than 10 percent of the U S budget large numbers of Americans are left out These include about half the I1 million unemployed and those who fail to meet the strict limits on income fixed by a government trying to make savings where it can The basic problem however is that there is no central control over the health system There is no limit to what doctors and hospitals charge for their services Over than what the public is able to pay The number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed When faced with toothache a sick child or a heart attack all the unfortunate person concerned can do is pay up Two thirds of the populations are covered by medical insurance Doctors charge as much as they want knowing that the insurance company will pay the bill The medical profession has as a result become America s new big businessmen The average income of doctors has now reached 100 000 a year With such vast incomes the talk in the doctor s surgery is as likely to be about the doctor s latest financial deal as about whether the minor operation he is recommending at several thousand dollars is entirely necessary The rising cost of medicine in the U S A is among the most worrying problem facing the country In 1981 the country s health cost climbed 15 9 percent about twice as fast as prices in general 36 In the U S patients can effect in medical A occasional mistakes by careless doctors B a great deal of personal attention C low charge by doctors and hospitals D stacking nurses and bad services 37 Doctors and hospitals try hard to avoid making mistakes because A they fear to be sued by the patients B they care much about Their reputation C they compete for getting more patents D they wish to join the private medical system 38 What do most Americans think about health in the U S A It must be in total chaos B It must be a free competition system C It should cover the unemployed D It should involve private care 39 From Paragraph 3 we know that from the public health system A millions of jobless people get support B those with steady income do not seek help C some people are made ineligible to benefit D those with private health care are excluded 40 According to the author what is the key factor in the rise of health cost in the US A The refusal of insurance companies to pay the bills B The increase of the number of doctors and hospitals C the lack of government control over the medical prices D The merger of private health care with the public system 41 It is implied that American doctors often A trade their professionalism for financial benefits B fails to recognize the paying power of the patients C discuss about how to make money during the surgery D gives the patients expensive but needless treatments Passage two Almost every day the media discovers an African community fighting some form of environmental threat from land fills Garbage dumps petrochemical plants refineries bus depots and the list go on For years residents watched helplessly as their communities became dumping grounds But citizens didn t remain silent for long Local activists have been organizing under the mantle of environmental justice since as far back as 1968 More than three decades ago the concept of environmental justice had not registered on the radar screens of many environmental or civil rights groups But environmental justice fits squarely under the civil rights umbrella It should not be forgotten that Dr Martin Luther King Jr went to Memphis on an environmental and economic justice mission in 1968 seeking support for striking garbage workers who were underpaid and whose basic duties exposed them to environmentally hazardous conditions In 1979 landmark environmental discrimination lawsuit filed in Houston Followed by similar litigation efforts in the 1980s rallied activists to stand up to corporations and demand government intervention In 1991 a new breed of environmental activists gathered in Washington D C to bring national attention to pollution problems threatening low income and minority communities Leaders introduced the concept of environmental justice protesting that Black poor and working class communities often received less environmental protection than White or more affluent communities The first National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit effectively broadened what the environment was understood to mean It expanded the definition to include where we live work play worship and go to school as well as the physical and natural world In the process the environmental justice movement changed the way environmentalism is practiced in the United States and ultimately worldwide Because many issues identified at the inaugural summit remain unaddressed the second National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit was convened in Washington D C this past October The second summit was planned for 500 delegates but more than 1 400 people attended the four day gathering We are pleased that the Summit II was able to attract a record number of grassroots activists academicians students researchers government officials We proved to the world that our planners policy analysts and movement is alive and well and growing says Beverly Wright chair of the summit The meeting produced two dozen policy papers that show environmental and health disparities between people of color and Whites 42 In Paragraph 1 the word residents refers to in particular A ethnic groups in the U S B the American general public C a Africa American D the U S working class 43 More than three decades ago environments justice was A controversial among local activities B First proposed by Martin Luther King Jr C fascinating to the civil rights groups D barely realized by many environmentalists 44 In 1968 Martin Luther King Jr went to Memphis to help the garbage workers A get relieved of some of their basic duties B know what environmental justice was C fight for better working conditions D recognize their dangerous surroundings 45 Paragraph 3 implies that in 1979 A the environmental justice issues were first brought to court in Houston B environmental activists cooperated in defying the US government C the government intervention helped promote environmental justice D environmental problems attracted the attention of the government 46 the new breed of environmental activists differed from the previous activists in that A they noticed environmental disparities between the rich and the poor B they cried for government intervention in saving the environment C they knew what the environment really meant to the White people D they practiced environmentalism outside as well as within the US 47 With respect to getting environmental justice Summit II aimed for A showing the achieved success B attracting national attention C identifying relevant issues D finding solutions to the problems Passage Three Anyone who doubts that children are born with a healthy amount of ambition need spent only tow minutes with baby eagerly learning to walk or a headstrong toddler stating to walk No matter how many times the little ones stumble in their initial efforts most keep on trying determined to master their amazing new skill It is only several years later around the start of middle or junior high school many psychologists and teachers agree that a good number of kids seem to lose their natural drive to succeed and end up joining the ranks of underachievers For the parents of such kids whose own ambition is often in separately tied to their children s success it can be a bewildering painful experience So it is no wonder some parents find themselves hoping that ambition can be taught like any other subject at school It s not quite that simple Kids can be given the opportunities but they can t before says Jacquelyn Eccles a psychology professor at the University of Michigan who tried a study examining what motivated first and seventh graders in three school districts Even so growing number of educators and psychosis s do believe it is possible to unearth ambition in students who don t seem to have much They say that by instilling confidence encouraging some risk taking being accepting of failure and expanding the areas in which children may be successful both parents and teachers can reignite that innate desire to achieve Dubbed Brainology the unorthodox approach uses basic neuroscience to teach kids how the brain works and how it can continue to develop throughout life The message is that everything is within the kids control that their intelligence is malleable Some experts say our education system with its strong emphasis on testing and rigid separation of students into disappearance of drive in some kids Educators say it s important to expose kids to a world beyond homework and tests through volunteer work sports hobbies and other extracurricular activities The crux of the issue is that many students that many students experience education as irrelevant to their life goals and ambitions says Michael Nakkula a Harvard education professor who runs a Boston area mentoring program called Project IF Inventing the Future which works to get low income underachievers in touch with their aspirations The key to getting kids to aim higher at school is to tell them the notion that Glasswork is irrelevant is not true to show them how doing well at school can actually help them fulfill their dreams beyond it Like any ambitious toddler they need to understand that they have to learn to walk before they can run 48 The passage is mainly about A when in one s life ambition is most needed B what to do to reform the education system C why parents of underachievers are ambitious D how to help school children develop their ambition 49 According to the passage most educators believe that many kids A show a lack of academic ambition at birth B amaze their parents by acting like adults C become less ambitious as they grow up D get increasingly afraid of failing in school 50 Paragraph 1 mentions some parents who would see their kids failure as A natural B trivial C intolerable D understandable 51 The word malleable in Paragraph 3 most probably means A justifiable B flexible C uncountable D desirable 52 Some experts suggest that many kids lose ambition in school because they are A cut off from the outside world B exposed to school work only C kept away from class competition D labeled as inferior to others 53 The last paragraph implies A the effectiveness of Project IF B the significance of class work C the importance of walking to running D the attainment of different life goals Passage Four Jan Hendrik Schon s success seemed too good to be true and it was In only four years as a physicist at Bell Laborites Schon 32 had co authored 90 scientific papers one every 16 days dealing new discoveries in superconductivity lasers nanotechnology and quantum physics This output astonished his colleagues and made them suspicious When one co worker noticed that the same table of data appeared in two separate papers which also happened to appear in the two most prestigious scientific journals in the world Science and Nature the jig was up In October 2002 a Bell Labs investigation found that Schon had falsified and fabricated data His career as a scientist was finished Scientific scandals witch are as old as science itself tend to follow similar patterns of presumption and due reward In recent years of course the pressure on scientists to publish in the top journals has increased making the journals much more crucial to career success The questions are whether Nature and Science have become to too powerful as arbiters of what science reach to the public and whether the journals are up to their task as gatekeepers Each scientific specialty has its own set of journals Physicists have Physical Review Letters neuroscientists have Neuron and so forth Science and Nature though are the only two major journals that cover the gamut of scientific disciplines from meteorology and zoology to quantum physics and chemistry As a result journalists look to them each week for the cream of the crop of new science p