ielts-5.doc

在主体论证时，拓展段落的方法中Argumentative Devices1 Exemplification (例证法)2 Explanation(解释说明)3 Cause and Effect(因果论证)4 Comparison and Contrast (比较与对比)5 Concession and Refutation(让步与转折)6 Definition(定义法)一二三原则一、 表示首先FirstlyIn the first placeFirst and foremost To begin withInitiallyThe first thing I want to mention here is that二、 标示第二，此外SecondlyIn the second placeFurthermoreWhat is moreAdditionallyIn additionAnother equally vital point to be considered is that 三、 表示第三，最后LastlyIn the final placeLast but not leastFinallyEventuallyTo end withLast of allThe last but not the least四、 表示总而言之In the final analysisAbove allIn summaryTo concludeOn balanceIn a nutshellFrom what has been mentioned above例证法For example For instanceSuch as IncludingTo illustrationNamelyTo name but a few To be more exact (more exactlyTo be more precise (more precisely To be more concrete (more concretelyis a case in point A case in point isTake (consider)as an exampleSth. serves as a convincing exampleA further example isThe obvious example is Cite sth. as an excellent example ofThe most illustrious evidence is 1旅游业是欣欣向荣的行业，它能提供如餐饮、运输、管理及娱乐等相关行业的就业机会。Tourism is a booming industry ,which can offer many job chances including catering、transporting、managing ,as well as entertaining.2缺乏环境保护的意识会直接导致生态系统的严重破坏，日益严重的空气污染就是一个铁证Lack of the awareness of environmental protection leads directly to severe destruction of the eco-system and the worsening air pollution serves as a convincing example.3压力来自于各个方面，如同事带来的竞争压力，不良的人际关系，及具有挑战性的工作。The mounting pressure stems from a range of aspects , such as the peer pressure , the poor interpersonal relationship , and the demanding job.4 过去二十年，中国在科技领域产生巨大的改变，手机的发明就是很好的例证。Over the previous twenty years , China has experienced dramatic changes in the field of technology , and the invention of the mobile phone is a case in point .5这些人认为将浪费在太空探索上的财力和精力应该投资于地球上更为重要的事情上，如给无家可归的人提供住所、改善教育体制、保护环境及寻求疾病的治愈。These people say that the money and effort now being wasted in outer space could be spent on more important projects right here on earth , such as providing housing for homeless people , improving the education system , saving the environment , and finding cures for diseases.6我们可以认为互联网的广泛使用是科技发展的很好例证。We can cite the wide spread use of internet as an excellent example of the advancement of technology.举例拓展段落1. to illustrate, as an illustrationIllustration n. 图例；图示说明As an illustration 介词短语It is illustrated that 主语从句To illustrate 动词不定式The most illustrious evidence is that 形容词，放在表语从句中例如，发展中国家正以一种惊人的速度迈向全球化，尤其是当年轻人通常都会选择出国留学并选择自己喜欢的专业的时候As an illustration , developing countries are getting globalized at a staggering rate , especially when youngsters go abroad to further their studies , it is standard practice for them to choose their hearts content.2. specifically adv. 按类别地；特别地；具体地，明确地Specifically = to be specific同义词组 to be more exact (more exactly); to be more precise (more precisely); to be more concrete (concretely) ; 3. 巧妙运用举例子，位置也要用得恰到好处。引入话题位置:在例子（6）中，the field of technology 是一个很大的背景信息，引入到你的作文中的话题，mobile phone ，internet, TV 开头段可以开门见山地引出手机利弊话题；例子（5）中提到现代人的mounting pressure ,细化一下，such as the peer pressure , the poor interpersonal relationship ,and the demanding job ,开头段就可以提出问题压力，然后再发展下文分析问题解决问题。表示举例的介词短语，可以作为插入语：Even when children use a computer for other purposes, such as getting information or emailing friends, it is no substitute for human interaction解释说明It means It is a fact thatIt seems certain thatThat is to sayTo put it simplyTo put it differently By that I mean Generally speakingAs a matter of factThere is no doubt that Precisely (exactly specificallyTo be exact (precise, specificIn briefIn shortIn detailIn generalIn other words换句话说，后天习得的技能是不够的，不管多优秀的老师来教或是孩子多么刻苦地练习，天赋还是与生俱来，无法后天养成In other words, there is more to the skill than a learned technique, and this extra talent cannot be taught, no matter how good the teacher or how frequently a child practices这就是说如果相当一部分年轻人受过良好教育，国家会更加繁荣富强This means that a country will be more prosperous if a sizable percentage of young people are well-educated因果用法原因Because of As a result of Due to Thanks to Owing to Because As SinceFor One possible reason is that +句子The last factor to be taken into account is thatThe most obvious reason for this phenomenon is thatThere are probably many reasons contributing to this phenomenon 结果As a result As a consequenceAccordingly ConsequentlyIn this way Thus HenceSo ThereforeThat is whyThis is the reason whyThereby由于媒体的不断关注，我所在的国家的职业运动员成了明星和名人，那些顶级的选手得到高额收入As a result of constant media attention, sports professionals in my country have become starts and celebrities, and those at the top are paid huge salaries所以这些因素可以解释高收入的合理性So all the factors may justify the huge earnings每个人都有对幸福的不同理解，很难给出适合每个人的幸福定义Because people interpret happiness for themselves in so many different ways, it is difficult to give any definition that is true for everyone相应地 采取的措施也应多种多样Accordingly the measures which are supposed to be adopted should be varied双方都有理由 因此很难得出绝对的结论Both sides make sense, and consequently it is hard to come to an absolute conclusion所以 我们有必要找出这个一直困扰人们的问题原因Hence it is imperative that we pinpoint the causes of this disturbing phenomenon社会竞争日益激烈 人们都要将精力集中在工作上 因此 已无闲暇时间与家人共度Social competition is becoming increasingly fierce so people are urged to concentrate their efforts upon work as a result they cannot afford to spend their leisure time with their families亮点提示1各类“因此”的用法Therefore用法是介于两个句子之间，且后面加分号 放在句首也可以科学技术在20世纪后期日益发达，因此，因特网的应用日益普及The late 20th century witnessed the prosperity in science and technology; therefore, it gave rise to the wide application of internet.因此所需要的是教育，这能将孩子培养成为有责任感的人What is needed, therefore, is education which raises the children to be responsible individuals因此，全世界各国有必要更加重视全球化给人类福祉的影响。Therefore, it is necessary for the global community to place greater emphasis on the impact of globalization on human welfare近年来， 全世界科技繁荣，随之带来了电脑的普及The whole world experienced the boom of science and technology in the recent decades, thus giving rise to the wide application of computers科技发展日新月异，因此电脑应用普及Science and technology advances by leaps and bounds, hence the wide spread use of computers 2 表示“原因”的用法（1）介词短语类 Thanks to / virtue of 褒义Owing to /due to /because of / on account of 中性In consequence of 贬义由于科技发展，手机步入世界的每一个角落Owing to the advancement of technology the mobile phones are now penetrating every corner of the world(2)attributable to 为形容词短语手机的广泛应用要归因与高科技的发展The spread use of mobile phone is attributable to the advancement of high technology(3 )同位语从句lie in the fact that手机的广泛应用在于科技日新月异的发展The spread use of mobile phone lies in the fact that the technology develops by leaps and bounds事实在于国际旅游时常带来一些负面影响，如社会服务问题、环境问题、多元化问题The truth lies in the fact that international tourism often has some negative effects such as social services , a clean environment , or diverse cultures(4)结果result from 原因 ；原因result in 结果手机广泛应用的原因是科技的发展The spread use of mobile phone results from the advancement of high technology(5)as a result 后面逗号加个句子，结果as a result of 原因科技发展日新月异。因此，手机步入世界每一个角落The technology develops by leaps and bounds as a result ,the mobile phones are now penetrating every corner of the world手机步入世界每一个角落，源于科技的发展The mobile phones are now penetrating every corner of the world as a result of the advancement of technology 由于女性全身心地投入到工作中，就会引起工作和家庭关系处理的不协调As a result of their full devotion to occupation , the conflict between jobs and families arises(6)原因be responsible or 结果吸烟会导致很多致命性的疾病Smoking is responsible for man cases of fatal diseases(7)原因，which in turn 结果增加的臭氧会吸收比正常量更多的太阳的热量，从而影响到我们的天气The additional ozone may absorb more than the usual amount of the suns heat , which in turn , may affect our weather 结果for reasons that原因但是，面临的挑战是艰巨的，原因说是与科技有挂，倒不如说是与经济相关But the challenge ahead is daunting , for reasons that have more to do with economics than technology3.“关联”类词汇1. associateAssociate A with B把A和B联系起来Be associated with 人们总是把使用电脑的能力和成功联系起来People always associate the ability of using computers with success情绪低落和超重很大程度上与久坐不动的生活有关Depression and overweight are largely associated with the sedentary life2 lie in 在于 但我认为解决方法在于家庭。家庭需要更加明白溺爱儿童会造成的后果。But I think the solution lies in the families, who need to be more aware of the future consequences of spoiling their children.动物实验不应该完全被禁止，这主要取决于拿什么样的动物做实验，及实验的目的是什么Animal experiments should not be totally banned, which largely depends on what kinds of animals they are and what purposes of the experiments are 3 it is noted that _is mainly /primarily related/linked to _A have much (nothing)to do with BA be closely related to BA definite link between and比较与对比同样，现代社会父亲承担着养家的责任Similarly, the father in modern society is to support the family正如现代式家庭中的母亲一样，传统式家庭中的母亲也从心理上和生理上关心和爱护孩子成长The mother in the traditional family took care of the childrens physical and emotional needs just as the modern mothers do比较连接句子SimilarlyLikewiseAlso Too EquallyIdenticallyIn comparisonIn the same mannerIn the same wayCompared with 复合句As Just as 并列句And 其它LikeJust like AlikeSimilar toThe same asBothandResemblanceHave in common对比连接句子On the other hand In contrastBy contrast HoweverOn the contraryOn the other handOn the opposite side NeverthelessNonetheless复合句AlthoughThoughEven though While WhereasWhilst并列句By Yet 其它Unlike InsteadInstead of Rather than Conversely OppositelyDifferentlyIn spite ofDespiteDifferentiate fromDifferent from相比之下，花一些时间去谋生活旅游的人，眼界更开阔及拥有更好的人脉资源By contrast, those who have spent some time earning a living or travelling to other places, have a broader view of life and better personal resources to draw on而我们继承父母的特质 与生活中遇到的情景和精力是不断地相互交融的Instead, the traits we inherit from our parents and the situations and experiences that we encounter in life are constantly interacting然而我的观点是不要杀害动物，而要像朋友一样对待它Yet, in my opinion, instead of killing animals, human beings should treat them as their friends 我们可以即时地给国外的朋友发邮件，而传统书信至少一周的时间且费用很高We can send e-mails to our friends in other countries instantaneously while sending a traditional letter takes us at least a week and costs much 从另一方面来说，无可否认的是动物实验有助于科学家在医疗领域获得重大突破， 寻找治疗癌症，心脏病及其他一些致命疾病的方法On the other hand, it cannot be denied that animal testing has helped scientists to make great discoveries in the field of medicine, providing effective drugs against cancer, heart disease and other potentially fatal illnesses女性的天性在任何一方面都是可以和男性相提并论的，不仅体现在心理素质上，体能及勇敢程度也不甘示弱Women are in every respect naturally equal to men, not only in mental abilities but likewise in bodily strength and boldness 让步与转折Although WhileAdmittedlyWe must admit that It must be admitted thatNeverthelessNonethelessIt is true that It is often the case that But HoweverEven soEven if尽管如此，具备计算机技能给年轻人带来的明显优势是不可否认的In spite of this the obvious benefits of computer skills for the young children cannot be denied尽管在比例上出现了波动 在这三个国家 老年人所占的比重很可能在未来二十年里持续上升In spite of some fluctuation in the ex