射线检测工艺规程.doc

SDXHJSQC Procedures程序文件Doc. No. 文件号：XH/QP-8-3Edition版 本：2011Shop Construction Pressure Vessels and parts to ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII Division 1按ASME规范第卷第1分册建造压力容器Revision修订号：0 Radiographic Examination Procedure For Butt Welds 射线检测工艺规程Page页码：30 of 30ASME RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE FOR BUTT WELDS 射线检测工艺规程 Prepared By编制: Date日期: Reviewed By审核: Date日期: Approved By批准: Date日期: 1. General 概述1.1 This procedure is applied to the X-ray radiographic examination of butt welds for pressure vessels constructed in accordance with ASME Code Section Div.1.本工艺规程适用于钢对接焊缝的X射线照相检测，检测对象是按ASME规范第卷第分册 要求制造的压力容器。1.2 This procedure shall be supplemented, when necessary, with the examination instructions defining more specific variables, which will be prepared by the RT Level and approved by the RT Level .必要时，本工艺规程应由RT工艺卡进行补充以规定更详细的参数，此工艺卡由RT-级人员编制，RT-级人员审核。2. Qualification of Examination Personnel 检测人员资格2.1 Any person engaged in radiographic examination shall be qualified and certified as a radiographic examiner in accordance with SDXHJSs “Written Practice for NDE Personnel Training, Qualification and Certification” (XH/QP-8-1 Ed.2011 Rev.0).从事射线检测的人员必须按本公司无损探伤人员培训、考试和资格认证实施细则（文件号：XH/QP-8-1 Ed.2011 Rev.0）进行资格评定和认证。2.2 The RT Level shall receive the necessary instruction or supervision from a certified RT Level or Level Examiner. The RT Level shall receive the instruction or supervision from a RT Level Examiner.RT-级人员须接受持证RT-级或级人员必要的指导或监督，RT-级人员须接受RT-级人员的指导或监督。2.3 According to the respective responsibility range, all examiners shall complete the examination conforming to the referencing ASME Code Sections, standards and written instructions. They shall assure the working quality.根据各自的职责范围，所有检测人员应按ASME规范有关卷，标准和RT工艺卡进行检测并保证工作质量。3. Equipment, Tools and Materials 设备、器材 The Level Examiner shall select the equipment, tools and materials to assure that they are in compliance with the following conditions and the requirement of the examination instruction. 级人员所选用的设备、器材应能保证符合下列条件和RT工艺卡的要求。3.1 One of the x-ray equipment shall be selected from Table 1. X射线设备应从表1中选用。Table 1 X-ray EquipmentTypeManufacturerMax. TubeVoltage(kVp )Max. TubeCurrent( Ma )Focal Size(mm2)XXQ-2505DANDONG25052.02.0XXH-3005ADANDONG30051.03.5表 1类 型制造厂家最大管电压KVp最大管电流mA焦点尺寸(mm2)XXQ-2505DANDONG25052.02.0XXH-3005ADANDONG30051.03.53.2 Film 胶片Radiographs shall be made using industrial radiographic film such as Tianjin-III. When using two films methods, two different types of films shall be used.应使用天津III型工业射线胶片进行射线照相。采用双片法时，应选用两种不同类型的胶片。3.3 Intensifying Screen 增感屏A suitable lead screen shall be selected from Table 2.应选用表2所示铅箔增感屏。Table 2 Intensifying Screen Thickness Pb (mm)Tube VoltageFront ScreenBack Screen300 kV0.030.03表2管电压铅箔厚度(mm)前 屏后 屏300kV0.030.033.4 Densitometer and Step Wedge Film 黑度计和阶梯黑度片3.4.1 The digital densitometer listed in Table 3 shall be used for judging radiograph density. 用表3列出的数码黑度计测定射线底片黑度。Table 3 DensitometerTypeManufacturerMeas. RangeMeas. PrecisionDM2010ASHENYANG0.00-5.00D0.05D 表 3型 号制造厂测量范围测量精度DM2010A沈阳0.00-5.00D0.05D3.4.2 The densitometers shall be calibrated and documented at least every 90 days during used by the NDE Level or Examiner as fallows: 黑度计使用期间应至少每90天作如下校验：3.4.2.1 A step wedge calibration film, traceable to a national standard step tablet and having at least 5 steps with neutral densities from at least 1.0 through 4.0, shall be used. The step wedge calibration film shall have been verified within the last year by comparison with a national standard step tablet unless, prior to first use, it was maintained in the original light-tight and waterproof sealed package as supplied by the manufacturer.应使用国家标准阶梯黑度模片或可追踪到国家标准阶梯黑度模片的阶梯黑度片校正。黑度片上至少应有1.04.0的5种阶梯黑度。阶梯黑度校正片应至少在最近的1年内通过与国家标准阶梯黑度母片的比较进行校验。除非在第一次使用前，它被保存在一只制造商提供的没有光照的和防水的原密封包装中。3.4.2.2 The densitometer manufacturers step-by-step instruction for the operation of densitometer shall be followed. 黑度计的操作步骤应遵循黑度计制造单位的操作说明。3.4.2.3 The density steps closest to 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 on the step wedge calibration film shall be read. 应在国家标准阶梯黑度模片或阶梯黑度校正片上读出最接近于1.0，2.0，3.0，4.0的阶梯黑度。3.4.2.4 The densitometer is acceptable if the density readings do not vary by more than 0.05 density units from the actual density stated on the step wedge calibration film. 若黑度读数与国家标准阶梯黑度模片或校正片上指示的实际黑度相比，不大于0.05黑度单位， 则该黑度计合格。3.4.3 Periodic Verification 定期校验Periodic calibration verification checks for densitometer shall be performed as described in Para.3.4.2 at the beginning of each shift, after 8 hr of continuous use, or after change of apertures, whichever comes first. These verification checks do not have to be documented.校验应按本规程3.4.2之要求，在每班开始，连续使用8小时后，或光孔变换后（视哪种情况先来），应按本规程2之要求进行定期校验。若黑度计读数与3.4.1(3)测定的校正读数相比，不大于0.05，则此黑度计可用，此校验无需做记录。3.5 Image Quality Indication (IQI) 像质计(IQI)3.5.1 Type and material of IQIs 像质计类型和材料(1) The wire type IQI presented as Fig. 1 and Tab.4 shall be used. The wire type IQI shall be manufactured and identified in accordance with the requirements in SE-747, except that the largest wire member may be omitted. 应使用线型像质计（图1和表4）。线型像质计的制造和标识应符合SE-747要求。(2) The IQI shall be fabricated from material or alloy with same or less radiation absorption than the material being radiographyed. 像质计金属丝的材质应与被透检材料相同，或其射线吸收小于被检材料。A S T M1 B 1 1MATERIAL GROUP NUMBERLARGEST WIRE NUMBERSET IDENTIFICATION LETTERFig 1 IQI Type and DesignationTable 4 Wire IQI Designation and wire Diameter and Wire IdentityWire Diameters in. (mm)Set AWire No.Set BWire No.0.0032(0.08)10.010(0.25)60.004(0.10)20.013(0.33)70.005(0.13)30.016(0.41)80.0063(0.16)40.020(0.51)90.008(0.20)50.025(0.64)100.010(0.25)60.032(0.81)11Set CWire No.Set DWire No.0.032(0.81)110.100(2.54)160.040(1.02)120.126(3.20)170.050(1.27)130.160(4.06)180.063(1.60)140.200(5.08)190.080(2.03)150.250(6.35)200.100(2.54)160.320(8.13)213.6 Facilities for Viewing Radiographs 观片设备3.6.1 Illuminator used to view radiographs shall be verified that it has sufficient intensity to be visible for the essential wire diameter of IQI and can diffuse the light uniformly. When the radiograph is smaller than the viewing portion of illuminator or will include low density areas, the masks shall be provided to exclude any extraneous light. 必须校验观片设备灯是否有足够的光强观看象质计应显线径，能否均匀地扩散灯光。若底片小 于观片灯屏尺寸或存在低黑度区域，应遮挡多余光线。3.6.2 Viewing Room观片室Subdued background lighting shall be provided such that the intensity shall not cause troublesome reflection, shadows or glares on the radiograph.应提供柔和的背景光线，光线亮度不得在底片上产生有干扰作用的反射、阴影或眩光。4. Check Of Surface To Be Examined 被检表面检查Prior to starting of radiographic examination, the Examiner shall check or verify that the surface to be examined satisfies the following conditions.射线透照检测前，RT人员必须检查或验证被检表面是否满足下述条件：The reinforcement of butt welded joints is within the value specified in Section Division 1 as shown in Table 5对接焊缝余高应在ASME规范第卷第1分册规定的数值内，详见表5。Table 5The Reinforcement of Butt Welded Joints in Pressure VesselsNominal Thicknessin.(mm)Maximum Reinforcement in. (mm)Category B & C Butt weldsOther Welds3/32 (3/16 1/2 (4.813)5/32 (4.0)3/32 (2.4)1/2 1 (1325)3/16 (4.8)3/32 (2.4)1 2 (2551)1/4 (5)1/8 (3.2)2 3 (5176)1/4 (6)5/32 (4.0)3 4 (76102)1/4 (6)7/32 (6)4 5 (102127)1/4 (6)1/4 (6) 5 (127)5/16 (8)5/16 (8)Notes:(a) For double welded butt joints, this limitation on reinforcement given above shall apply separately to both inside and outside surfaces of the joint. 对双面对接焊缝，上列余高限值对焊缝内外两面均适用。(b)For single welded butt joints, the reinforcement limits given above shall apply to the outside surface of the joint only. 对单面对接焊缝上列余高限值仅适用于焊缝外面。(c)Thickness of weld reinforcement shall be based on the thickness of the thinner of the materials being joined.焊缝余高高度应按被焊接工件较薄厚度取值。(d)The weld reinforcement thickness shall be determined from the higher of the abutting surfaces involved.焊缝余高高度应从对接表面的较高处定值。(e)Weld reinforcement may be removed if so desired. 视需要，可去除焊缝余高。4.1 Any surface irregularities, such as weld ripples, splashing, undercut and surface roughness, can not mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity.任何表面不规则状态，如焊波，飞溅、咬边、表面粗糙度，不得掩盖缺陷影象或与之相混淆。5. Setup for Exposure 透照布置Level or level individual shall set up the equipment, tools and materials for exposure in accordance with the examination instruction so all requirements for radiograph will be met. The setup information shall be truly and clearly recorded as described in Paragraph10.级和级人员应该根据RT工艺卡布置透照的设备、器材，使之满足射线照相的所有要求。应按条款10之要求正确记录布置数据。5.1 Arrangement of Film, IQI and Markers. 胶片、象质计和标记的安放5.1.1 Film cassette, IQI and markers shall be placed in accordance with Fig. 4. The Examiner who performs the exposure shall carefully insert the specified film into cassette and attach the “B” mark on its back.胶片暗袋、象质计和标记应按图4放置。曝光操作者应将指定的胶片仔细插入暗袋，并在暗袋后背面贴上“B”标记。5.1.2 If the density of the radiograph anywhere through the area of interest varies by more than 15% or +30% from the density adjacent to the designated wire of a wire IQI within the minimum and maximum allowable density ranges specified in Table 7, then two IQIs shall be used. One shall be placed on the lightest area of interest and the other shall be placed on the darkest area of interest.射线底片有效评定区内任一点的黑度，若大于指定要显示的象质计金属丝附近黑度-15%或+30%，即使此黑度落在表7规定范围内，仍应使用两个象质计：一个放在有效区黑度最小区，另一个放在有效区黑度最大区。Table 7 Acceptable Min &Max DensityMethod of ViewingDensity of RadiographMinimumMaximumSingle1.84.0Composite1.34.0Each radiograph of a composite set shall have a minimum density of 1.3. 双片中每张底片最小黑度为1.3。5.2 Geometric Condition for Exposure. 曝光几何条件5.2.1 Source-to-object distance and distance from source side of object to the film shall meet the requirements of geometric unsharpness (Ug). The geometric unsharpness of radiograph shall not exceed what described in Table 8.射源至工件表面最小距离和工件射源侧表面至胶片最大距离应满足几何不清晰度(Ug)的要求。底片的几何不清晰度不应超过表8规定值。Table 8 Acceptable Unsharpness in (mm)Thickness of MaterialUg max2 ( 51 )0.020 ( 0.51 )表8许用几何不清晰度材料厚度 in. (mm)Ug max in. (mm)2 (0.250.375 (6.49.5)0.010 (0.25)60.008 (0.20)50.3750.5 (9.512.7)0.013 (0.33)70.010 (0.25)60.50.75 (12.719.0)0.016 (0.41)80.013 (0.33)70.751.00 (19.025.4)0.020 (0.51)90.016 (0.41)81.001.50 (25.438.1)0.025 (0.64)100.020 (0.51)9表9 IQI的选用单壁标称材料厚度范围in. (mm)射源侧IQI胶片侧IQI应显示的线径in. (mm)线号应显示的线径in. (mm)线号0.25(6.4)0.008(0.2)50.006(0.16)4 0.250.375(6.49.5)0.010(0.25)60.008(0.2)50.3750.5(9.512.7)0.013(0.33)70.010(0.25)6 0.50.75(12.719.1)0.016(0.4)80.013(0.33)7 0.751.00(19.125.4)0.020(0.51)90.016(0.4)81.001.50(25.438.1)0.025(0.64)100.020(0.51)97.2 For welds with reinforcements, the thickness on which the IQI is based is the nominal single wall thickness plus the estimated weld reinforcement not to exceed the maximum permitted by the Section Division 1. For welds without reinforcements, the thickness on which the IQI is based is the nominal single wall thickness. In both cases backing rings or strips shall not be considered as part of the weld thickness in IQI selection.有余高焊缝，像质计放处的厚度是标称单壁厚度加上不超过第卷第1分册中允许的焊缝最大余高估计值。没有余高的焊缝，象质计放处的厚度是标称单壁厚度。在以上两种情况下，衬环或衬带均不作为焊缝厚度的一部分来考虑。7.3 Placement of IQIs 像质计的放置7.3.1 The IQI(s) shall be placed on the source side of the part being examined. When configuration or size prevents placing the IQI(s) on the part or weld, the IQI(s) may be placed on a separate block in compliance with para. T-277.1 of Section V. The separate block shall be placed as close as possible to the part being radiographyed.像质计必须放在被检工件的射线源侧。当透照布置或结构尺寸妨碍像质计放在工件或焊缝上时，像质计可放在一个单独的试块(符合ASME第卷T-277.1要求)上。此试块的放置应尽可能靠近被检工件。7.3.2 Where inaccessibility prevents hand placing the IQI(s) on the source side, the IQI(s) shall be placed on the film side in contact with the part being examined. A lead letter “F” shall be placed adjacent to or on the IQI(s).用手无法将像质计放在射源一侧时，像质计可放在与被检工件接触的胶片侧。此时应在像质计上面或附近放一个铅字“F”。7.3.3 The IQI(s) shall be placed on the weld so that the length of the wires is perpendicular to the length of the weld. The identification number(s) and , when used, the lead letter “F” shall not be in the area of interest, except when geometric configuration makes it impractical.像质计放在焊缝上，应使线长与焊缝长度方向垂直。像质计标号及“F”标记不得显示在评定区（除非几何形状不允许）。7.4 Number of IQIs 像质计数量7.4.1 When one or more film holders are used for an exposure, at least one IQI image shall appear on each radiograph.一次曝光使用一个或多个胶片暗盒时，每张底片上应至少有一个像质计的影像。7.4.2 If the density of the radiograph anywhere through the area of interest varies by more than minus 15% or plus 30% from the density adjacent to the designated wire of a wire IQI, within the minimum/maximum allowable density ranges specified, then an additional IQI shall be used for each exceptional area or areas the radiograph retaken.若有效评定区内任一处的底片黑度超过线型像质计应显最细丝附近黑度的-15%或+30%，即使在规定的最小最大允许黑度范围内，仍应在每一超标区