____春季环境化学全英文_1_introduction_S.ppt

杨帆fyang1 EnvironmentalChemistry fromenvironmentalprotectionlawofPRC Environmentisaspatialunityofallmaterials situations andlivingcreatures includinghumansandtheirbehavior whichinfluencesthecontinuanceoflifeandwelfareofhumansandotherlivingcreatures EnvironmentincludesAtmosphereWaterSoilMineForestgrassland WildanimalwildplantaquaticlifescenicspotsandhistoricalsitesearthquakeSanatoriumsanctuaryresidenceandsoon Whyweneedtostudyenvironmentalchemistry UnderstandingourlivingenvironmentsUnderstandingourlivingsituationHowhumanactivitieschangetheenvironmentsProtectingourenvironmentUsingourchemicalknowledgetobenefitourenvironment Environmentalproblem Refertotheenvironmentalcompositionandconditionaroundusfallunfavorablyintohumanbeing sexistinganddevelopingundertheactionofhumanbeingandmanufacturing PrimaryenvironmentalproblemNaturalenvironmentSecondaryenvironmentalproblemHumanactivities PrimaryenvironmentalproblemEarthquakeVolcanoLandslidemud rockflowTypoonDroughtnaturalglobechemicalabnormity etc Secondaryenvironmentalproblem GlobalenvironmentalproblemsGlobalwarmingandclimatechangeStratosphericozonedepletionAcidrainBiodiversitydepletionRainforestdepletionWaterresourcesdepletionDispersionofhazardouswasterDesertificationOceanpollutionRadioactivewastedisposal Coursecontents Chapter1IntroductionChapter2EnergyChapter3AtmosphericenvironmentchemistryChapter4WaterenvironmentandwaterpollutionChapter5SoilenvironmentalchemistryChapter6Greenchemistry References EnvironmentalChemistry Stanley MCRCPressLLC 20007thed JohnWright Routledge TaylorandFrancisGroup EnvironmentalChemistry JorgeG Ibanez MargaritaHemandez Esparza CarmenDoria Serrano ArturoFregoso InfanteApplicationsofEnvironmentalChemistry APracticalGuideforEnvironmentalProfessionals EugeneR Weiner Ph D UnderstandingOurEnvironment AnIntroductiontoEnvironmentalChemistryandPollution EditedbyRoyM HarrisonENVIRONMENTALORGANICCHEMISTRY ReneP Schwarzenbach PhilipM Gschwend DieterM ImbodenUnderstandingEnvironmentalPollution MarquitaK HillIntroductiontoEnvironmentalAnalysis RogerReeve 环境化学导论 第二版 王麟生乐美卿张太森编著华东师范大学出版社 环境化学 第二版 翻译版 ThomasG SpiroWilliamM Stigliani 清华大学出版社 环境化学 董德明等 北京大学出版社 2010 LecturesEvaluationHomework EssayExamclosedbooktestopenbooktestContactinformation Sakaisite Chapter1 IntroductionEnvironmentalscienceandchemistry1 1Introductionofenvironmentalchemistry1 2Environmentalprotectionorganizations1 3Pollutanteventsintheworld1 4ChemicalPollutionsofenvironment1 5Ecosystemandsubstantialcycles 1 1Introductionofenvironmentalchemistry 1 1 1ConceptsEnvironmentalscience asthestudyoftheearth air water andlivingenvironments andtheeffectsoftechnologythereon Itcoversthebroadestfieldsofthecomplexinteractionsthatoccuramongtheterrestrial atmospheric aquatic living andanthropologicalenvironments Itincludesallthedisciplines suchaschemistry biology ecology sociology andgovernment thataffectordescribetheseinteractions Environmentalchemistrythestudyofthesources reactions transport effects andfatesofchemicalspeciesinwater soil air andlivingenvironments andtheeffectsoftechnologythereon 1 1 2Comparationofchemistryandenvironmentalchemistry 1 2 EnvironmentalprotectorganizationsWMO WorldMeteorologicalOrganization 41 AvenueGiuseppeMotta Geneva SwitzerlandWorldClimateProgramme WCP1980IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange IPCCWHO WorldHealthOrganization AirpollutantsmonitoringGlobalEnvironmentMonitoringsystem GEMS UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme UNEP KenyaGlobalEnvironmentMonitoringSystem GEMS InternationalReferralSystemforSourcesofenvironmentalinformation InternationalReferralSystemforSourcesofEnvironmentalInformation IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange IPCCOceansandCoastalAreas ProgrammeActivityCenter OCA PACDesertificationControl ProgrammeAcivityCenter DC PACGlobalResourceInformationDatabase GRIDUnitedNationsEducational ScientificandCulturalOrganizationManandBiosphereProgramme MABIntergovernmentalOceanographicCouncil IOCInternationalUnionforConservationofNatureandNaturalResources NOG InternationalInstituteofAppliedSystemsAnalysisBIO BiosphereDynamicsProject TAP TransboundaryAirPollution WAT WaterResourcesProject MON EnvironmentalMonitoringProject CLI ClimateChangeProject InternationalCouncilofScientificUnions ScientificCommitteeonProblemsoftheEnvironment SCOPEWorldClimateProgramme WCPInternationalGeosphere BiosphereProgramme IGBPFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsInternationalUnionfortheConservationofNatureandNaturalResourcesWorldWideFundforNatureGreenpeaceInternational自然之友 greenbookforenvironment 1 BelgianMaasvalleyevents December1930 theBelgianMaasvalleyindustrialzone theindustrialemissionsofharmfulemissionsanddustcausedbythecombinedeffectsonthehumanbody nearly60deathsaweek thepublic heartdisease tuberculosispatientsincreasedmortality 1 3Pollutanteventsintheworld 2 Donorasmogincident1948年10月26 31日 美国宾夕法尼亚州多诺拉镇SO2烟雾污染 占全镇总人口43 的5911人中毒 17人死亡 3 LosAngelessmogincidents 40vehicleemissionsintheLosAngelesunderultravioletexposurefromphotochemicalsmog causingrednessoftheeyesofmanypeople pharyngitis respiratorydiseasesandthedeteriorationofthinkingdisorders pulmonaryedema 4 Londonsmogevents 5 8December1952 Londonsootbecauseofthewinterpollutioncausedbycoalsmoke leadingtofourdaysmorethan4 000peopledead 8 000peopleinFebruaryandlaterdied Cleanairact 5 Japan4Cityemissionevents 1961 theJapanesecityof4smeltingandindustrialfueloilbecausetheexhaust aseriouspollutionoftheatmosphere causingresidentsgatheradditionalrespiratorydiseases especiallyasthmamorbiditysignificantlyincrease formingaprominentenvironmentalproblems 6 JapaneseAichihuskoilevents March1963 theCompanyinthevicinityofJapan duetotheproductionHuskoilmismanagement causingPCBspollutantsintoHuskoil peopleeatthiscontaminatedoil causing13 000peoplepoisoning hundredsofthousandsofchickensdiedofseriouspollutionincidents polychlorinatedbiphenyls PCBs 7 Japanesewaterbigdiseaseevents 1953 1968 JapanKumamotoMinamataBayCountywater becauseitwastheconsumptionofmercurypollutionintheGulfofsewage ConcentrationsofmercuryandMethylmercuryoffishandshrimpandshellfish andotheraquatic causingnearly10 000peopletothecentralnervoussystemdiseases including283patientsMethylmercurypoisoning60peoplewerekilled 8 TheskeletalstructureofJapanToyamaevents 1955 1977years peoplelivinginJapanToyama becausedrinkingtheriverandcadmiumconsumptionofriceandotherthingscontainingcadmiumcausedskeletalstructure where258patients ofwhomover207personswerekilled TenenvironmentaleventsNorthAmericandeadlakeevent SO2 acidrain AmocoCadizoiltankereventsMexicoGulfblowoutCubatao DeathValley eventThewestforestdiebackdiseaseeventsIndiaBhopalenvironmentalpollutionevents Methylisocyanate 甲氨基甲酸萘酯 Methylcarbamicacidnaphthylester TheChernobylnuclearleakageeventTheRhinepollutionincident Sandozchemicalcompany S P Hg pesticides fire extinguishingchemicalsagents AthensStateofemergencyeventsTheGulfWaroilpollutionincident 1 4ChemicalPollutionsofenvironment 1 4 1WasteandenvironmentalpollutionWasteunwantedmaterialthatisproduced inthemain byhumanactivitiesItisdescribedasbeinguseless oftenhazardousandofnoeconomicorothervalue Howitisdiscardedoftenmakeswasteasourceofpollution Environmentalpollutionthedischargeofanymaterial e g oil asbestos NOx orenergyintothebiospherewhichmaycauseacute short term orchronic long term damagetotheEarth secologicalbalance orwhichlowersthequalityoflifeandevencausesdeath Pollutantsmaycausedamagewhichisimmediateandeasilyidenti able ordamageofaninsidiousnature whichisonlydetectableoveralongperiodoftime 1 4 2ThepropertiesofchemicalpollutantsinenvironmentalchemistryVerylowcontentsintheenvironmenttracelevel10 6 10 9g g ultra tracelevel 10 9 10 12g gexistinabroadextentconstantlymigrateandtransformontheinterfacesofsolid liquid gas solid liquid gasWithmanydifferentchemicalforms 1 4 3ThescreeningofEnvironmentaltoxicsHowtochoosetherepresentativetoxiccompounds RepresentativeLargedischargeamountEndangerhumanhealthandecologicalbalance 1 4 4MainchemicaltoxicsHeavymetalsHg Pb As Cd Cretc Organicchemicalsorgano chlorinepesticidepolycyclicaromatichydrocarbon polychlorobiphenylChlorobenzeneNitrosaminesorganicmercuryOrganotin 1 4 5BlacklistoftoxicchemicalsfromEuropeanCommunity 1 organichalideandthechemicalscanformorganichalideintheenvironment2 organophosphorouscompounds3 organotincompound4 chemicalswithcarcinogenicactivityinwaterenvironment5 mercuryandmercuriccompounds6 cadmiumandcadmiumcompounds7 persistentoilandhydrocarbonfrompetroleum8 persistentsubstanceswhichhinderwaterqualitybyfloating suspendingorsubsidising The16mosttoxicchemicalsacetonecyanohydrinAcrylonitriledisodiumhydrogenarsenatebenzeneleadtetraethylcadmiumcompoundCyanideDDT 3 Epichlorohydrin 1 2acetyliminohydrazinehydrateSilvanolThiolethylparathionmercuriccompoundsilvercompound 1 4 6PrioritycontrolledtoxicchemicalsinChinaStrongtoxicityCarcinogenicityTeratogensisMutagenicity 1 4 7MeasuringToxicity LD50 LC50LD lethaldoseLC lethalconcentrationLD50thedoseofachemicalatwhich50 ofagroupofanimals usuallyratsormice arekilled injecting LC50theconcentrationinairorwaterofthechemicalwhichkills50 oftestanimals Unit milligramsofchemicalperkilogrampartspermillion ppm 1 5Ecosystemandsubstantialcycles 1 5 1ECOLOGYANDTHEBIOSPHERETheBiosphere thepartoftheenvironmentconsistingoforganismsandlivingbiologicalmaterial Virtuallyallofthebiosphereiscontainedbythegeosphereandhydrosphereintheverythinlayerwheretheseenvironmentalspheresinterfacewiththeatmosphere Thebiospherestronglyinfluences andinturnisstronglyinfluencedby theotherpartsoftheenvironment Ecology thesciencethatdealswiththerelationshipsbetweenlivingorganismswiththeirphysicalenvironmentandwitheachother Approachedfromtheenvironmentandthedemandsitplacesontheorganismsinitorganismsandhowtheyadapttotheirenvironmentalconditions Anecosystemconsistsofanassemblyofmutuallyinteractingorganismsandtheirenvironmentinwhichmaterialsareinterchangedinalargelycyclicalmanner 1 5 2MATTERANDCYCLESOFMATTERCyclesofmatteroftenbasedonelementalcyclesThemovementofaspecifickindofmatterbetweentwoparticularreservoirsmaybereversibleorirreversible Biogeochemicalcyclesdescribethecirculationofmatter particularlyplantandanimalnutrients throughecosystems Aspartofthecarboncycle atmosphericcarboninCO2isfixedasbiomassThereverseofthesekindsofprocessesismineralization inwhichbiologicallyboundelementsarereturnedtoinorganicstates Biogeochemicalcyclespoweredbysolarenergy 1 5 3CarbonCycleThiscycleshowsthatcarbonmaybepresentasgaseousatmosphericCO2 constitutingarelativelysmallbuthighlysignificantportionofglobalcarbon SomeofthecarbonisdissolvedinsurfacewaterandgroundwaterasHCO3 ormolecularCO2 aq 1 5 4TheNitrogenCyclenitrogenoccursprominentlyinallthespheresoftheenvironment Theatmosphereis78 elementalnitrogen N2 byvolumeandcomprisesaninexhaustiblereservoirofthisessentialelement Nitrogen thoughconstitutingmuchlessofbiomassthancarbonoroxygen isanessentialconstituentofproteins 1 5 5Phosphoruscycle Thephosphoruscycle iscrucialbecausephosphorusisusuallythelimitingnutrientinecosystems Therearenocommonstablegaseousformsofphosphorus sothephosphoruscycleisendogenic Inthegeosphere phosphorusisheldlargelyinpoorlysolubleminerals suchashydroxyapatiteacalciumsalt depositsofwhichconstitutethemajorreservoirofen