十四、翻译技巧(9)长句的翻译.doc

长春工程学院教案用纸Chapter Fourteen Translation of Long Sentences I. Teaching contents1. Review and comments on the assignments2. Translation of long sentences3. Summary4. Assignments5. References for further readingII. Aims of teachingTo make students know about the techniques of translation and especially to grasp translation of long sentencesIII. Teaching Focus分译法&重新组合译法IV. Teaching proceduresStep One: Review and comments on the assignmentsA. Translation of Attributive Clauses 1) 译成前置定语(合译法) 2) 译成并列分句（分译法） 3) 混合译法 4) 译成状语从句 5) 特种定语从句的翻译B. Translation of Adverbial Clauses 1) 前置译法 2) 后置译法 3) 译成分句Step Two: Translation of long sentences英汉两种语言句式结构不同, 汉语重意合, 而英语重形合, 句子往往比较长。这是因为在英语句子中修饰成分和并列成分较多， 而且各种短语或从句充当句子成分， 从而形成枝杈横生的“参天大树”。翻译长句时，首先要通过句法分析弄清原句的基本结构， 判断句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句， 并找出句子的主要成分。还要进一步弄清主要成分和修饰成分之间的种种关系，迹象表明判断各修饰成分的归属以及句中代词所指代的对象。 在正确分析和理解原文的基础上， 翻译时还要注意运用恰当的汉语表达手段使译文通顺、达意。翻译长句时一般使用下面几种方法：A. 顺译法 汉语的表达习惯是多用小句子， 多用较短的前置修饰语， 词语相对稳定并通常按时间顺序或逻辑顺序来安排词语和句子的先后位置。因此， 在翻译英语长句时通常可采用“断句”和“变序”的方法。如果原文所叙述的一连串动作基本上按动作发生的时间先后安排或原句的内容按逻辑关系安排时，翻译时则可按照原文顺序译出。例如：1 Four scores and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.87年前， 我们的先辈们在这个大陆上创立了一个新的国家， 它以自由为立国之本， 奉行所有人生来平等的原则。2 The statement declared that the international order must be changed or the gap between developed and developing countries would continue to widen.声明宣称国际经济秩序必须改变， 否则发达国家与发展中国家之间的差距将继续扩大。3 Throughout the ages only honest laboring people see the truth that wealth is created through labor. Only they can free their minds of any fantastic ideas of getting rich. And only they create and accumulate wealth for both society and themselves through practical work.历来只有真正老实劳动者， 才懂得劳动生产财富的道理， 才能排除一切想入非非的发财思想， 而踏踏实实地用自己的辛勤劳动， 为社会也为自己创造财富和积累财富。4. 一定要言行一致， 理论与实践密切结合， 反对华而不实和任何虚夸， 少说空话， 多做工作， 扎扎实实， 埋头苦干。 Deed and word must match and theory and practice must be closely integrated. We must reject flashiness without substance and every sort of boasting. There must be less empty talk and more hard work. We must be steadfast and dedicated.B.倒译法 倒译法是指颠倒英语长句的语序， 将句子成分的前部分放到译文的后部， 或将后面部分放到译文前面。这样易会更加符合汉语习惯。1. A student of mathematics must become familiar with and fix in mind the signs and symbols, the definitions and technical terms in mathematics, in order that he may be able to have the foundation of the mathematical subject and master it well for further study. 为了能打下数学基础， 掌握好数学，以便进一步学习深造， 一个学数学的人必须熟悉并牢记数学中所用的记号和符号， 定义和术语。2. A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of Beat generation, a real phenomenon in ht elate fifties.50年代后期的美国出现了一个真正的奇观：穷知识分子以“垮掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人。正是在这个时候大批大学毕业生被赶进了知识分子贫民窟。3. And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way. 吹嘘能在几个小时之内就能占领战略要地的敌人，由于一路受到顽强抵抗， 甚至还没能占领外围地带。 这一事实使我增强了信心。C. 分译法 分译法是翻译长句时常用的方法。所谓“分译”， 就是将长句的某些成分从句子主干中拆开， 另作处理。运用分译法可以使疑问层次清楚、简洁明确。当原句中的从句或修饰语与主句间的关系不十分密切时， 可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯把从句或短语化为句子， 分开叙述。例如：1 Manufacturing process may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced.制造过程可分为单件生产和批量生产。单件生产指少量的生产，批量生产生产指大量 相同零件的生产。2 Article I of the GATT is the celebrated most favored nation clause under which each member nation must give treatment to other member nations imports and exports that is at least as favorable as that applied to the most favored nation.关税及关贸总协定的第一条是著名的最惠国条款， 每一个成员国给予其他成员国的进口货物的待遇至少应和给予最惠国的待遇同样的优惠。3 The foreign visitors watched in a fascinated manner the tournament held in Beijing, which exhibited a superb performance in smash service, twist service, steady service, high drop and killing and ended in a draw.外宾观看了在北京举行的这场锦标赛。 这场比赛在发扣球、转球、保险球、吊球和扣杀反面技术都十分精湛， 最后打成平局。他们看得简直入迷了。D. 重新组合译法所谓“重新组合”， 就是脱离原句的层次和结构的安排， 按汉语叙事论理的习惯重新组合成句。运用重新组合法来翻译可以摆脱原文语序和句子形式的约束， 使译文自然、流畅， 更加符合汉语的表达习惯。当原句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同时， 则咳打破原文词序和结构， 按照时间顺序和逻辑顺序重组句子。这是长句翻译中较难掌握的一种方法， 需要有较好的母语和外语驾驭能力。例如：1. It is common experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves the health and contributes to a feeling of well-being whether or not exercise adds to the length of life.不管运动是否能延年益寿, 但一定量的运动可以增进健康并使人精神愉快, 这一点却是人们共有的体验。2. They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.对于以往的几代人来说， 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段， 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以生存的体力劳动。 因此， 首先体验到科技进步之害的是穷人。3. Lest one assume that a knowledge of electronic structure enabled chemists to arrange the elements in systematic table, it should be noted that electrons were not known until over 30 years after the table was in use.必须指出， 周期表使用了三十年以后， 人们才知道电子； 而决不要认为是化学家们知道了点子结构以后， 才排成元素周期表的。Step Three: ExercisesPut the following long sentences into Chinese or vase versa.1. The united Nations Secretary General says he is sure the Security Council will approve the agreement with Iraq about UN arms inspectors.联合国秘书长说他确信安理会会批准与伊拉克达成的有关联合国武器核查人员的协议。（顺译） 2. Since the molecules of a gas are much too far from each other to repel or attract each other, it is very easy to compress a gas, while a solid or liquid is almost incompressible, because the repulsion of the electric charges of which its atoms are made up are far stronger than any force we can apply.由于气体分子相隔太远， 不能互相排斥或吸引， 所以气体很容易压缩。而固体或液体几乎是不可压缩的， 因为其原子的电荷斥力比我们所能施加的任何力都要强得多。（顺译）3In reality, the lines of division between sciences are becoming blurred, and science again approaching the “unity” that it had two centuries ago-although the accumulated knowledge is enormously greater now, and no one person can hope to comprehend more than a fraction of it.虽然现在积累起来的知识要多得多， 而一个人也只可能了解其中的一小部分， 但事实上， 各学科之间界线却变得越来越模糊不清， 科学再次近似与两百年前那样的“单一整体”。（倒译）4. My mother died in hr 88th year, a mighty age for one who at 40 was so delicate of body as to be accounted a confirmed invalid destined to pass away.我的母亲是在她88岁那年去世的. 这对于一位40岁就身体纤弱、被公认为有痼疾缠身、注定不久于人世的人来说， 是难得的高龄。(分译)5. What the New Yorker would find missing is what many outsiders find oppressive and distasteful about New York-its rawness, tension, urgency; its bracing competitiveness; the rigor of its judgment; and the congested, democratic presence of so many other New Yorkers encased in their own world. 纽约的粗犷、紧张，那种急迫感和催人奋进的竞争性， 它的是非观念的严酷无情， 纽约市的那种各色人等熙熙攘攘，兼容并蓄于各自的天地之中的格局， 这等等一切都使非纽约人感到厌恶和窒息；而这一切， 又正是纽约人所眷恋的。(重组)Step Four : AssignmentsTranslate the following into English.加拿大的温哥华1986年刚刚度过百岁的生日，但城市的发展令世界瞩目。以港立市，以港兴市，是许多港口城市生存发展的道路。经过百年开发建设，有着天然不冻良港的温哥华，成为举世瞩目的港口城市，同亚洲、大洋洲、欧洲、拉丁美洲均有定期班轮，年货物吞吐量达8000万吨，全市就业人口中有三分之一从事贸易与运输行业。温哥华的辉煌是温哥华人的智慧和勤奋的结晶， 其中包括多民族的贡献。加拿大地广人稀，国土面积比中国还大，人口却不足3000万。吸收外来移民，是加拿大长期奉行的国策。可以说，加拿大除了印第安人外，无一不是外来移民， 不同的是时间长短而已。温哥华则更是世界上屈指可数的多民族城市。现今180完温哥华居民中，有一半不是在本地出生的，每4个居民中就有一个是亚洲人。而25万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性作用，其中有一半是近5年才来到温哥华地区的， 使温哥华成为亚洲以外最大的中国人聚居地。 (1999年试题)Key: The glory of Vancouver results from the crystallization of the Vancouver peoples wisdom and diligence, together with the contributions by people from various nations. Canada has vast territory but a sparse population: with a size larger than that of China, but less than 30 million people. It is its long pursued national policy to absorb immigrants. One can safely say that except the Indians, all people in Canada are but immigrants, with the only difference in their length of settlement. In particular, Vancouver is one of the very few multinational cities in the world. Of the present 1.8 millio