名词从句解与专项练习习题与其解答.doc

句子的种类按用途分种 类类 型例 句陈述句肯定句We love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。否定句They dont go to work on Sundays. 他们星期日不上班。疑问句一般疑问句Are you a worker? 你是个工人吗？Havent you seen the film? 你没看过这部电影吗？ 特殊疑问句Who is the man? 这人是谁？When do you watch TV? 你什么时间看电视？What are they doing now? 他们现在正在干什么？选择疑问句Do you want tea or coffee? Either will do. 你要茶水还是要咖啡？哪种都行。Does he learn Japanese or French? He learns French. 他学日语还是学法语？他学法语。反意疑问句They are going to the airport, arent they? 他们要去机场，是吗？You havent finished your homework, have you? 你没做完作业，是吗？祈使句肯定句Be sure to get there at eight. 务必八点钟到那儿。否定句Dont worry. Ill help you out. 别担心，我会帮助你的。感叹句what + 名词What great changes we have had these years! 这几年我们有了多么大的变化啊!What a fine day it is! 多好的天气呀!how + 形容词或副词How brave he is! 他多么勇敢呀!How hard they are working! 他们工作多努力呀！how +句子How time flies! 时间过得多么快呀!How + adj. + a (an) + n.=What a(an)+adj.+nHow nice a boy (he is) !=What a nice boy (he is)! 多好的孩子啊!按结构分种类类型例句简单句主+谓They disappeared. 他们消失了。主+谓+宾He likes swimming.他喜欢游泳。We help each other. 我们互相帮助。主+谓+间宾+直接宾I told my friend the good news. 我把好消息告诉了我的朋友。They sent us a telegram. 他们给我们拍了电报。主+谓+宾+宾补They named the boy Jack. 他们给孩子起名叫杰克。I want everything ready by eight oclock. 我要求一切都要在八点前准备好。主+系+表She is a university student. 她是一名大学生。He has become a pilot. 他已成为一名飞行员。并列句并列关系and, not onlybut also, neither nor, bothand, notbut,Eitheryoudoit,orIaskforsomebodyelsetodoit.要么你来做，要么我请其他人来做。NeitherTomnorJackhasfinishedthehomework.汤姆与杰克都没有完成作业。Notcouldnttheycompletethetask,butthetaskwastootough.不是他们完不成任务，而是任务太重了。转折关系but, while（而，尽管）nevertheless(然而；不过)Johnlikesplayingbasketball,buthedidntplayityesterday.约翰喜欢打篮球，但他昨天没打。选择关系or, otherwise or else, eitherorWe must hurry, or well miss the train. 我们必须快点，否则会赶不上火车。 Either you come to my place or I go to yours. 或者你到我这儿来，或者我到你那去。因果关系for, so, thus, therefore, and soWe had better stay at home, for it was raining. 我们最好呆在家里，因为天正在下雨。He didnt work hard; therefore he failed in the examination.他学习不努力，因此这次考试不及格。复合句由一个主句与一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。在复合句中主句是全句的主体，从句是全句的一个成分，不能独立。从句有：名词性从句（主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句与同位语从句）状语从句定语从句（详细请看以下各节罗列的内容）名词性从句讲解在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句与同位语从句。名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目，在历年的高考中几乎都涉及到，并且每年的命题各有变化。分析历届高考试题名词性从句考查的焦点主要有以下六个方面1. 考查名词性从句的语序问题2. 考查引导词that与what的区别3. 考查it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法4. 考查whether与if的区别5. 考查名词性从句中的疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的状语从句的区别6. 考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题语法要点剖析一、名词性从句主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句，在整个句子中所起的作用，相当于一个名词。因此，这四种从句通称为名词性从句。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 连接词：that, whether, if （不充当从句的任何成分） 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. 连接副词：when, where, how, why1. 主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if与连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词与连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：（1）It + be + 名词 + that从句（2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句（4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句使用it作形式主语的常见结构：Its a pity that. It is no wonder that.难怪 It is probable that. it is said that. It is reported that. it is well known that. It occurred to me that. it happened that.It turned out that . 结果是. it doesnt matter how /whether.没多大关系另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that2. 宾语从句名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如：He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, demand, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如：I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。2. 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如：I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语与谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：a. 引导主语从句并在句首时；b. 引导表语从句时；c . 引导从句作介词宾语时；d. 从句后有“or not”时；e. 后接动词不定式时。例如：Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用不同时态。例如：he studies English every day. （从句用一般现在时）he studied English last term. （从句用一般过去时）I know (that) he will study English next year. （从句用一般将来时）he has studied English since 1998. （从句用现在完成时）当主句动词是过去时态（could, would除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。例如：The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America 5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：We dont think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。I dont believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。3. 表语从句在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如：The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。 That is why he didnt come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。My idea is that he can teach children English in this school. 我的想法是他能够在这所学校教孩子们英语。My hope is that he will keep it a secret for ever. 我的希望是它将永远保守秘密。表语从句中应注意：1.连接词that一般不能省略，但当主句中含动词do的某种形式时，that可以省略。如：What I want to do is (that) I can go up to him and thank him. 我想做的事是走到身边去感谢他。2.当句子的主语是：advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish等名词时，表语从句须用虚拟语气，即：should +do。如：My advice is that you should go to apologize to him. 我的建议是你应该去向他道歉。3.当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning 4. 同位语从句当名词后面所接的从句表示与名词同位并为名词的实际内容时，这个从句就是同位语从句。如：The news that China has joined the WTO excite us all. 中国加入了世界贸易组织这一消息使我们大家兴奋不已。He told us the truth that he fell down from his bike this afternoon. 他告诉了我们他从单车上摔下来这一真相。同位语中应注意：1.高中所学能带同位语从句的名词不多，常见的有：answer, belief, conclusion, decision, discovery, doubt, explanation, fact, hope, idea, information, knowledge, law, message, news, opinion, order, possibility, problem, promise, proof, proposal, question, report, risk, rumor, story, suggestion, truth, theory, thought, wish, word等。如：Hw sent us a message that he wont come next week. 他送信来告诉我们说，下周他不来了。There is no doubt that he is fit for this job. 毫无疑问，它适合这一工作。The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。2.表示“命令、建议、要求” advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish 等名词的同位语，须用虚拟语气。如：He made clear his desire that he should work hard to go to college. 他已清楚的表明了他要努力学习考上大学这一愿望。Soon came the order that all the people should obey the rules. 不久命令下来了，所有的人不得违犯制度。3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别： that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。 试比较下面两个例句: I had no idea that you were here（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）I have got some news that you may not have heard.We heard the news that our team had won the match.同位语从句与定语从句都放在被修饰词的后边，而且都是用于修饰与说明前面的先行词，无论从形式上与作用上来看，它们都非常相似，所以初学者有时会迷惑不解。实际上，二者是很容易区别开来的，最主要是抓住两点： 1、连接词的作用不同。 同位语从句的连接词that只起将同位语从句与先行词之间的连接作用，不在从句中担任任何句子成分。引导定语从句的连接词是关系词，它们除了连接从句的作用外，还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分，如主语、宾语、定语、表语等。另外，同位语从句的连接词只有that一个，所以which , who , whose , whom , when , where , why等连接词引导的从句统统不是同位语从句而是定语从句。 2、从句的作用不同。 定语从句具有形容词或副词的特点，对先行词起修饰、限定作用，与先行词之间是所属关系。而同位语从句具有名词的特点，对中心词作进一步补充解释，是中心词的具体内容。所以，定语从句一般是不能省略的，否则意思就不完整；而同位语从句则可以省略，省略后整个句子还是完整的。下面通过三个例子可以说明以上两点： （1）定语从句：The man that you saw just now is my bother. 你刚才看到的那个人是我的弟弟。这里连接词that在定语从句中做动词saw的宾语。 （2）同位语从句： The suggestion that the meeting be put off proved right.推迟会议的建议证明是正确的。这里连接词在从句中不起任何语法成分，它的作用就是将先行词suggestion与后面的同位语从句连接起来。而且如果将同位语从句去掉，整个句子就变成：The suggestion proved right. 该建议被证明是正确的。这句话意思还是完整的，只是加上同位语从句后表达更加具体了。 （3）下一句也是定语从句，你不妨分析一下与上述同位语从句的区别。The suggestion that he had made is that the meeting be put off. 他提出的建议推迟会议。 （4）同位语从句与其所修饰的名词之间是一种同位关系，二者之间存在逻辑上的系表关系，可用“主+系+表”结构来表示。例如：The news that he won the first place is true. 他赢得冠军的那个消息是真的。上句若用“主+系+表”结构来表示，则是：The news is that he won the first place. 消息是他赢得了冠军。意思合理，系表结构成立，故为同位语从句。 （5）由when, why, where引导的定语从句分别修饰或说明表示时间、原因或地点的词，但它们引导的同位语从句一般不与表示时间或地点的词同位。例如：1. I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 我仍然记得初次来北京的那天。2. I have no idea when she will be back. 我不知道她何时回来。例1中的when引导的是定语从句，day表示时间点;例2中的when是同位语从句。如果在定语从句与同位语从句的学习中能把握住上述几种区别，那么在阅读文章时，就会迎刃而解，收到更好的效果。练习：1. The news that she heard is true. 她听到的消息是真的。2. The news that she will go abroad is true. 她将出国这消息是真的。3. This is the house where I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住的房子。4. The question where we shall have a meeting hasnt decided. 我们到什么地方去开会，这个问题没有决5. The reason why he was chosen remains unknown. 他为什么被选上的原因还是不清楚。 6. The idea why he was chosen attracted our attention. 他为什么会被选上，这一想法引起我们的注意。例1是定语从句，that可省略;例2是同位语从句，that不能省略。例3中的where引导的是定语从句;例4中的where引导的是同位语从句。例5中why引导的是定语从句。例6中 why引导的是同位语从句，why 不能省去，也不能被其它词代替。5. 同位语知识拓展归纳一、什么叫同位语当两个指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，若其中一个句子成分是用于说明或解释另一个句子成分的，那么用于起说明或解释作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位语。如：Laura Myers, a BBC reporter, asked for an interview.劳拉迈尔，BBC的记者，要求采访。Influenza, a common disease, has no cure.流行性感冒是一种常见病，无特效药。Mary, one of the most intelligent girls I know, is planning to attend the university.玛丽是我所认识的最聪敏的姑娘之一，她正准备上大学。Who is that man, the first in the front row?前排第一个人是谁?We have two children, a boy and a girl.我们有两个孩子，一个男孩与一个女孩。以上所举的同位语例子都是同位语的基本形式，一般不会出错。但有有几种同位语，或由于身本结构特殊，或由于它修饰的成分结构比较特殊，往往会引起误解。现小结并举例说明如下，希望引起同学们的注意。二、特殊同位语归纳1.代词we, us, you等后接同位语Are you two reading?你们二人在看书吗?They three joined the school team.他们3人参加了校队。She has great concern for us students.她对我们学生很关心。He asked you boys to be quiet.他要你们男孩子安静些。We girls often go to the movies together.我们女孩子经常一起去看电影。2.不定式用作同位语Soon came the order to start the general attack.很快下达了发起总攻的命令。(to start the general attack与the order同位)He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up.他照吩咐沿某一条街走，我在那里接他上了车。(to walk along与the instruction同位)3. -ing分词用作同位语Hes getting a job tonight driving a truck.他今晚得到一个开卡车的差事。(driving a track与a job同位)She got a place in a laundry ironing shirts.她在一家洗衣店得到一个熨衣服的职位。(ironing shirts与a place同位)The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down.第一个计划是夜袭，被拒绝了。(attacking at night与the first plan同位)4.形容词用作同位语The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.目前的交易会，是有史以来规模最大的，正在广州举行。He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.他读了很多书，古今中外都有。People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade.老老少少的人都来到街头观看游行。【注】这类同位语与定语比较接近，可转换成定语从句。如：(from )The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.=The current affair, which is the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.5. none of us之类的结构用作同位语We none of us said anything.我们谁也没说话。We have none of us large appetites.我们谁饭量都不大。They neither of them wanted to go.他们两人都不想去。Theyve neither of them succeeded in winning her confidence.他们两人谁也没能赢得她的信任。【注】注意，同位语并不影响其后句子谓语的“数”，如：学生每人都有一本词典。(from )正：The students each have a dictionary.误：The students each has a dictionary.请比较下面一句（谓语用了单数，因为each为句子主语）：正：Each of the students has a dictionary. (from )6.从句用作同位语（即同位语从句）They were worried over the fact that you were sick.他们为你生病发愁。I received a message that she would be late.我得到的信息说她可能晚到。The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.明天放假的消息不实。The idea that you can do this work without thinking is wrong.你可以不动脑筋做此工作的想法是错误的。二.使用名词性从句的两个注意点注意1语序问题不管什么词引导，从句的语序始终用陈述语序。如：(1)He asked how he could find his courage. 他问道他如何才能找到他的勇气。(2)The question is why there is little rain here. 问题是这里为什么雨水少。注意2连接词的选用问题Athat，whether，if，as if(限用于表语从句)都不作句子的任何成分。因此，它们所引导的句子结构必须完整。that 一般用于确定的语气中，引导宾语从句时，口语中的that可省略，而其他情况中的that一般不可省；而whether，if一般用于不确定的语句中。如：(1)That he learnt English before is certain. 他学过英语是肯定的。(2)I dont know whether / if he will come. 我不知道他是否会来。(3)He looks as if he knows the answer. 看起来他好像知道答案。Bwhether与if1)whether可用于任何名词性从句中，而一般只能用于宾语从句中。如果if引导主语从句时，只能放在句中，而不能置于句首。如：(1)Whether he will come or not doesnt matter.It doesnt matter whether he will come or not. 他来还是不来都没关系。(2)Do you know if / whether his words are true. 你知道他的话是否真实吗？2)whether可与or not连用，而if则不可以。如(1)Im not sure whether / if he can overcome the difficulties. 我没有把握他能否克服这些困难。(2)The radio didnt say whether it would rain or not tomorrow. 收音机并没有报道明天是否下雨。3)若用if会产生歧义时，则用whether。(1)Let me know whether he will come. 告诉我他是否会来。(2)Let me know if he will come. 可理解为：告诉我他是否会来。也可理解为：如果他愿意来，就告诉我一声。4)whether可与不定式连用，而if不可以。Have you decided whether to go there tomorrow?明天是否去那儿，你决定了吗？(句子中的whether不能用if替换)5)whether引导的从句可作某些介词及动词discuss的宾语，而if则不可以。如：(1)They are talking about whether they will take part in the strike. 他们在谈论他们是否要参加这次罢工。(2)They are discussing whether they can employ the new way. 他们在讨论他们是否可以采用这种新的方法。(以上两个句子中的whether 不能用if替换)6)宾语从句若为否定句，连接词则用if 而不用whether。如：Do you know if he hasnt been to Washington? 你知道他是否没有去过华盛顿吗？此句子中的If不能用whether替换。C连接代词、连接副词都作句子的成分，因此，选用时须确定从句是否缺少成分，然后再确定选用适当的连接词。如：(1)I dont know_he lives.(2)I dont know_he lives there.(3)I dont know_he lives there by fishing.(4)I dont know_he likes.根据从句里面的成分，句子(1)可填地点、方式等连接词where / how；句子(2)可填that, whether / if，原因连接副词why 或方式连接副词how；句子(3)可填that, whether / if，原因连接副词why；句子(4)缺少宾语，可填what。名词性从句练习一、判断下列各句哪句含有名词性从句，并指出是什么从句：1. China is no longer what it used to be.2. The truth that the earth turns around the sun is known to all.3. It was snowing when he arrived at the station.4. How he persuaded the manager to change the plan is interesting to us all.5. The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.6. The news that you told me yesterday was really disappointing.7. That is where Lu Xun used to live.8. He spoke as if he understood what he was talking about.9. Do you remember the teacher who taught us English at middle school?10. I wonder why she refused my invitation.二、用适当的连词填空：1. I cant decide _ dictionary I should buy.2. Thats _ he refused my invitation.3. I am very interested in _ he has improved his pronunciation in such a short time.4. _ we need is more time.5. The fact _ she had not said anything at the meeting surprised everybody.6. _ and _ they will meet has not been decided yet.7. Please tell me _ you are waiting for.8. Is that _ you are looking for?9. Would you please tell me _ the nearest post office is?10. I dont know _ he will agree to the plan or not.三 2015名词性从句1.【2015湖南】26.You have to know _ youre going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.A. whatB. thatC. whereD. who2.【2015北京】33.I truly believe _beauty comes from within.A. that B. where C. what D. why3.【2015安徽】25.A ship in harbor is safe, but thats not _ ships are built for.A. whatB. whomC. whyD. when4.【2015浙江】6. If you swim in a river or lake, be sure to investigate is below the water surface. Often there are rocks or branched hidden in the water.A. what B. who C. that D. whoever5.【2015重庆】8.We must find out _ Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.when B. how C. where D. why 6.【2015四川】8.The exhibition tells us we should do something to stop air pollution.A. where B. why C. what D. which7.【2015陕西】19. Reading her biography, I was lost in admiration for Doris Lessing had achieved in literature. A. what B. that C. why D. how8.【2015福建】29I wonder _ Mary has kept her figure after all these years.By working out every day.whereB. howC. whyD. If9.【2015江苏】25._ Li Bai, a great Chinese poet, was born is known to the public, but some wont accept it.A. That B. Why C. Where D. How10.【2015北京】35. _we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.A. Where B.How C.Why D. When2014名词性从句302014北京卷 The best moment