华育八年英语整理1-2.docx

Notes & Grammar of 8ANotes for Unit 11. 英文书信中的“写信人地址、邮编和写信日期”常写在右上角。Address: 从小地址到大地址换行书写,如：门牌号+街名镇名区名城市名国名 Postcode / Postal code / Area code / Zipcode (AmE.): 字母加数字，书写时紧接着城市名下书写。Writing date:常写在地址下，并空一行。2. write (a letter) to sb. 给某人写封信receive / get a letter from sb. = hear from sb. 收到某人的来信Heres a letter for A (from B). 这里有封给A的信，是由B记过来的。write back to sb. = write to sb. in reply给某人回信I have a letter to answer.我有封信要回。answer a letter 回信3. magazine - a large, thin book with pictures, usually published once a week or month (可数n.) 杂志4. pen-friend - someone you write (letters) to, as a hobby= pen pal 5. I would like to be your penfriend.我想做你的笔友。would like to + 动词原形6. I will tell you something about myself. tell sb. sth. about 告诉某人有关于的事tell the time (从时钟/手表上读时间)tell sb. the truth告诉某人真相/tell sb. a story / stories给某人讲故事7. You can call me Jon. call sb. 叫某人(call + 双宾语)name sb. 给某人取名(name + 双宾语)a boy called Jon一个叫Jon的男生 (called 过去分词短语作定语修饰男孩)a girl named May一名名叫May的女生 (named 过去分词短语作定语修饰女生)A girl is called May.一位女生被取名为May。(这句话是被动语态)以上所有call = name；called = named8. I am about one and a half metres tall.(1) about 大约= around (2) one and a half metres = one metre and a half 1.5米 one and a half hours = one hour and a half一个半小时(3) 划线提问 How tall are you? 表示身高还可以使用 Im about five feet tall. foot (1) one part of the body（脚；足）(2) a unit of measure（英尺） (pl.) feetinch (pl.) inches 英寸9. I have very short black hair. = Im a boy with very short black hair. (这里用介词 “with”长有) (1) have has had had (v.) 这里用作实意动词“长着”，实意动词have / has / had 变“否定句”或“疑问句”要借用助动词“does/do比较其它have用法：I have a brother called Edwin .（有）My school has many sports fields （有）I have never been there .（“现完”助动词） have to do ; has to do; had to do （不得不去做）(2) hair 头发 (常用作不可数名词，如果讲几丝白发等可以加s: some white hairs)10. My hobby is playing chess.(1) hobby - an interest or activity such as collecting stamps or making models(pl.) hobbies(2) My hobby is + V-ing(动名词短语).(3) chess - a common board game* play chess / cards / football / games* play the violin 11. I live with my parents in the UK.the UK 英国(也常用Britain / England)= the United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(简称“英国”)12. My dad owns a Chinese restaurant nearby and my mum works in a college.(1) own (v.) = run ; have 拥有；开办own a Chinese restaurant (a.) 短语 of ones own某人自己的 e.g. I have a bedroom of my own .短语 on ones own靠某人自己 e.g. Edwin won the game on his own .owner (n.) 主人(2) nearby (adj. & adv.)= not far away (放在句末：在附近；放在名词前：附近的)(3) work in a college在一所学院工作13. He is at university in London.他在伦敦一所大学读书。at university在大学读书 at school在校读书Joes father works in a university. Joe的父亲在一所大学工作。14. He is studying to be an accountant. (1)这里的不定式 to do 是表示“目的”的不定式，= in order to do 为了去做(2) accountant (n.) - person (in a company) who looks after the money and keeps the financial records 会计员 出纳 count (v.) 数（数）15. He comes back home during the holidays.(1) come back home 返回家 (这里的back和home都是adv.)(2) during (prep.) - all the time that something is happening 在期间16. I am in Year 7 at Walker School.in Year 7 = in Grade 7 = in Form 7 在七年级17. I like my school because the teachers are very friendly.(1) because(因为)， 引导“原因状语从句”。注意：在主从句中，用了because不能同时使用so(所以)。(2) friendly (adj.) 友好的be friendly to sb. 对某人友好的make friends with sb. 和某人交朋友18. I am keen on sports.be keen on sth. / doing sth. 酷爱 = be very interested in be fond of wanting to do somethinge.g. She is keen on pop music and writing poetry.19. I enjoy skiing and playing table tennis.(1) enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事 enjoyable (adj.) 愉快的；快乐的(2) ski (v.) 滑雪 skied skied skiing 20. My ambition is to be an architect, or maybe an engineer.(1) ambition - wish or goal ambitious (a.)Ones ambition is to be . (这里不定式“作表语”)(2) maybe (adv.) 可能；或许(只能放在陈述句子的开头，或者省略说法的词语前)= Probably, possiblyThat boy may be from America.那位男生可能是来自美国。句子中间分开书写的“may be”是“情态动词may+动词原形be”，用作句子的“谓语”。21. I enclosed a photo of myself and some of my school friends.(1) enclose (v.) put inside(2) a photo of myself and some of school friends 一张我和一些朋友在一起拍的照片a photo of mine = one of my photos 我的所有照片中的一张照片a photo of Jons = one of Jons photos Jon所有的照片中的一张照片Notes for Grammar of Unit 11. Using question words to find out facts:u What (什么) things (事情/东西)(包括“人口population”/“价格price”/“重量weight”/hobby“兴趣”/ambition“志向”/job“工作”等)u Which (哪一个 / 哪一位 / 哪一些) choosing things or people (选择东西 / 人物)u Who (谁) people (主语或宾语的人物)Whom (谁) people (只能够是宾语人物)Whose (谁的) possessions (物主代词:包括“形物 和 名物”)= ones (某人的 / 某物体的)u When (何时 / 什么时候) times (时间)除了“段时间 (包括for + 段时间 和 since + 过去时间)/ 频率时间 / in + 段时间 ”之外的时间u Where (在哪里，什么地方) places (地点，地方)u Why (为什么) reasons (理由，原因)u How (怎么样/如何) manner (方式:包括交通方式transport 和 行为方式 by doing sth.) - health (身体状况)- weather (天气情况 = What like? - appearance (长相、体态 = What like?)u How many (+ 可复) number (可数名词数量)How much (+ 不可数名词) amount (不可数名词数量)- money (货币、价格) - calculating results (计算结果) - weight 称重 e.g. How much does the parcel weigh?= How heavy is the parcel? = Whats the weight of the parcel?u How long (多久) duration (段时间 、for + 段时间、since + “一过” / 过去时间)- (多长) length (东西的长度、婴儿的身长)u How soon (多久以后) in + 段时间u How often (多久几次) frequency (频率)u How far (多远) distance (距离、路程)u How old (多大) age (年龄)u How tall (多高) height of people / animals / plants / buildings等 (身高/高度)u How high (多高) height of mountains / towers (山/塔等高度)u How big (多大) size/area (尺寸，面积)u How deep (多深) depth (深度)u How wide (多宽) width (宽度)2. 不定冠词“a / an” (Indefinite Article)(1) 可数名词单数形式前，如何选用“a / an”? “听其后第一个单词的第一个音”原则，即：“第一个音是vowel sound(元音)”前选用“an”，an hour, an honour, an honest boy, an uncle, an umbrella, an SPCA officer, an “A/E/I/O/M/N/L”一个A/E/I/O/M/N/L“第一个音是consonant sound(辅音)”前选用“a”。a university, a uniform, a useful book, a UFO, a “B/U等等” 一个B/U a European country一个欧洲的国家（切忌看字母，特别有许多首字母不发音容易上当受骗。）(2) “a / an”常用功能/作用： = one （表示“一”的概念），e.g. a banana; an apple ; a bottle/cup/glass of juice; an ounce of gold一盎司金子a kilogram of ; a bar of ; a piece of ; a pair of 等等 a/an + 职业名词 （表示“职业 / 人的身份”），e.g.a manager; a cook; an engineer; an architect; an actor等等 第一次提到用 “a/an”，后面再次提及用 “定冠词the”，e.g.You can see a car over there. The car is mine. 一些固定短语中使用“a / an”，e.g.a few, a little, have a good time, go out for a walk, What a pity! in a hurry, have a rest/break, 等等。 “a/an + 可单” 表示一类人或事物。e.g. A computer works more accurately than a human brain.电脑比人脑工作更加精确。3. 定冠词“the” (Definite Article)(1) 定冠词“the”既可以放在“可单 / 可复”前，也可以放在“不可数n.”前。(2) “the”常用功能/作用： 第一次提到用 “a/an”，后面再次提及用 “定冠词the”，e.g. I have a cat. The cat is white. 特指 / 被限定的人或物前用“the”， e.g. The lady in black is our Maths teacher. 谈话双方共指的事物前用“the”， e.g. Excuse me, where is the bank? 在形容词最高级前使用“the”(有时候会出现ones + a.最高级 + n.)，副词最高级前的“the”可以省略， e.g.The Nile is the longest river in the world. 序数词前使用“the”(有时会出现 ones + 序数词 + n.) e.g. Our classroom is on the third floor. 宇宙间独一无二的事物前用“the”，e.g. The sun is far bigger than the earth. 在方位名词前使用“the”，e.g. Pudong is in the east of Shanghai. 与play / practise连用的乐器名词前用“the”，e.g. Jon plays / practises the piano every day. 在“江、河、湖泊、海洋、山脉、群岛”名称前使用“the”，e.g.the Huangpu River / the Yangtze River “the + 形容词”表示一类人或物，e.g. We should help the poor.另外，一些固定短语：in the morning / afternoon / eveningthe day before yesterday; the day after tomorrow go to the beach by the waylisten to the radio at the moment 等等3. 零冠词 (Zero Article)(1) “零冠词”即不用冠词。(2) 使用“零冠词”的情况： 学科名称前，不用冠词 e.g. We study Chinese, Maths, English, Physics and so on. 7个星期词语&12个月份词语前，不用冠词， e.g.I was born in July. May likes swimming on Sunday(s). 日期和“以Day书写的节日”前，不用冠词， e.g.June 1st is Childrens Day. 一日三餐4个词语(breakfast/ lunch/ dinner/ supper)前，不用冠词 (但可 以使用ones) e.g.What do you have for breakfast? Lets have (our) lunch together. 和play连用的球类、棋类、牌类及游戏类名词前，不用冠词， e.g.We play football or chess after school. 物质/抽象名词前，常常不用冠词，e.g. Snow is white.(比较：The snow on the roof is very thick. 表示“特指”) 称呼、头衔、职务名称前，不用冠词，e.g.What can I do for you, Madam / Sir? May I have an apple, Mum?We elected Kim monitor of our class. 一些固定短语中，不用冠词，e.g. “by + 方式名词”，at noon / night / mid-night / home， before / after class/school，in trouble (处于麻烦中) in surprise (吃惊地)go to church (去教堂做礼拜) go to school / college / university (去上学)go to hospital (去医院看病) at school / college / university (在学校学习)in jail / prison (在监狱服刑) 等等。注意：“冠词”和“ones”不能够紧跟着同时使用！Wrong: my a pen Right: my pen / a penWrong: The his car Right: the car / his carNotes for Reading of Unit 21. a day in the life of Whizz-kid Wendy 天才Wendy生活里的一天life (n.) 生活；生命 in ones life在某人的生活中 all ones life某人的一生中save ones life / lives挽救某人的生命 lose ones life / lives 失去生命 live a happy / hard life 过着开心/艰苦的生活live an enjoyable life过着开心的生活 give ones whole life to live (v.)living (adj.) 有生命的 （可以做前置定语、表语）alive (adj.) 活着的（不可以放在名词前）2. Wendy must be one of the top students in the city. (1) one of the top students = one of the best / excellent students优等生/优秀生之一(2) must be 必定是/在(说话人绝对有把握的肯定推测) cant be绝不可能是/在(说话人绝对有把握的否定推测)3. She has already written several successful computer games.(1) write wrote written - writing (2) several 好几个(3) successful (adj.) 成功的；达到目的的 be successful in (doing) sth.在（做）某事上取得成功 succeed (v.) succeed in doing sth. success (n.) 成功Success is the mother of failure. successfully (adv.) 成功地(4) play computer games 玩电脑游戏work on a/the/ones computer 在电脑上工作4. Now all of her family work in her business. 现在她家里的人都在她公司上班。We have a family business.We discuss the business over breakfast.(1) business (不可数n.) 生意 (be) on business因公(出差) make a business trip to sp.到出差(旅行)businessman / businessmen businesswoman / businesswen (可数n.) 公司 = company businesses (复数) = companies(2) family (作单数) 家庭 Mr. Black has a big family. (作集体名词，判断为复数概念) 家庭成员 ，家人 （以上句中就是这一用法）(3) discuss 讨论discuss sth. with sb. = talk about sth. with sb. discussion 讨论have a discussion about sth. With sb.(4) over breakfast = during breakfast在吃早饭期间 “over”已学过的其它用法： 在正上方，反义词：under 在正下方A plane is flying over my head. 超过，多于 = more thanover half a million games = more than half a million games (50万多) 越过 climb over the fence 爬过篱笆 短语 all over = throughout 遍及，遍布over there 在那边5. And she is still at school. 她仍然在校学习/读书。still (adv.) 仍然，仍旧 （放在be / 助动词 / 情态动词后，实意动词前，并且still 不能够放在否定词语的后面，也就是说只能说 still not, still hardly 等等）yet (adv.) 仍旧，仍然（通常放在句末，并且放在not后，即not yet）。6. put on my school uniform 穿上我的校服(1) put on (动副短语) 穿/戴上 (动作性短语) put it on 穿上它wear = have on (动副短语) 穿/戴着 (状态性词或短语) (2) a uniform7. get up起床 (反义) go to bedwake up醒来8. 本文的have用法各异：(1) She has already written several successful computer games. (现完助动词“has”，否定 hasnt written)(2) I have breakfast with my family.I have lunch with a client.I always have dinner with my family.(实意动词 “吃” dont have)(3) We have a family business. We have a driver. (“有”动词 have，意思接近 own 拥有，常用否定：dont have)(4) On Fridays we have Computer Club meetings. (实意动词 have = hold 召开，举行，否定：dont have )(5) Once a week I have violin lessons. (实意动词 “上（课）”，否定：dont have) 9. Luckily, they are very popular.(1) luckily (adv.)庆幸地， / 幸运地， lucky (adj.) 幸运的 如： lucky number / It is lucky to do / that从句 luck (不可数n.) 幸运 Good luck to you！unluckily (adv.) 不幸地, unlucky (adj.) 不幸的(2) popular (adj.) = liked by a lot of people be popular with sb. 受某人欢迎 10. We sell over half a million games every year. My mum is responsible for sales.(1) sell (v.) sold sold sale (n.) 出售，卖；大减价have a sale 出售(be) on sale廉价出售 (be) for sale待售 复数形式 sales 表示“销售额” (2) be responsible for 对负责 = have the duty to do (反义词) irresponsible 不负责任的11. I always go to school in our family car. We have a driver. He drives me to school every day.About twice a week the driver collects me from school.(1) in our family car = by (family) car(2) drive drove driven drive sb. to sp. 开车送某人去. driver 司机(3) collect sb. from sp. = pick sb. up from sb. (开车)从某地接某人12. I sometimes make phone calls to our clients on the way.(1) make a phone call to sb. = call sb. = ring sb. up(2) client (n.) 客户，委托人，当事人 (近义) customer 顾客，主顾，买主(3) on the/ones way to sp. (地名) 在去途中 on the/ones way + 地点副词here/there/home等13. I start school. 我开始上课。14. I enjoy seeing my school friends, but some of the work is boring because it is too simple for me.(1) enjoy doing sth.(2) work (v.)工作 work as 干工作 (n.) 不可数名词： 学业；功课；工作 worker (n.) 工人(3) boring (adj.) = uninteresting = dull 令人无聊的；令人乏味的 bored (adj.) 感到无聊的(4) simple 简单的；不复杂的；不困难的；易于理解的 simpler simplest sth. be simple for sb. 对某人来说简单的。（近义词）easy easier easiest 容易的；不困难的15. I usually achieve A grades in all my subjects.(1) achieve (v.) （凭努力）达到/获得（某个目标/目的）achieve success 获得成功 achieve in 在方面达到/获得 achievement (n.) 成就；功绩(2) all放在ones / the 前面。(3) get an “A” / a “B” in the English test16. I never fail an exam.(1) fail (v.) = not pass 未通过；未及格；失败fail to do sth. = be not able to do / be unable to do fail (in) sth. failure (n.) 失败；不及格(2) exam (n.) = examination学科English / physics 等 + exam 学科考试 mid-term exam / final exam 期中/期末考试 17. and then I return to school. return (v.) return to sp.(地名) = come / go back to 返回return home / here / there = come / go back home / here / there return sth. to sb. / sp. = give sth. back to sb. / sp. 归还18. After school I usually attend a club. attend = go to 出席；参加e.g. attend a meeting / a club / school = go to a meeting / a club / school比较：(1) take part in + 活动 = join in + 活动(2) join + 组织 / 人 （瞬间动词） be in + 组织 / be a member of + 组织 （延续状态）(3) enter for 报名参加 19. Other students often ask me to assist them.(1) other students (泛指)其他学生(2) ask sb. to do sth. 要/请某人去做某事 ask sb. not to do sth. 要/请某人不去做某事(3) assist = help 帮助 assist sb. in/with sth. assist sb. in doing sth.但是 help sb. with sth. help(sb.) do / to do sth. assistant (n.) 助手 = helper20. I finish my homework before dinner. finish (doing) sth. 完成（做）某事21. Then I go to my office and continue working on my games.(1) continue doing sth. = go on doing sth. (不间断地)继续做同一件事continue to do sth. = go on to do sth. (有间断地)继续做前面的事 continuous (adj.) 连续不断地 continuously (adv.) 连续不断地(2) work on 从事于工作；继续工作；忙于工作work out (动副短语) 解决难题；计算出 22. I seldom go to bed before 11.30 p.m.always = all the time; every timeusually / often = many timessometimes = less than often; more than seldomseldom = not many timesnever = at no time23. I do not usually need much sleep.(1) need （情态动词）need do (否) neednt do （实意动词）need sth. (否) dont need sth. needs srth. (否) doesnt need sth.needed sth. (否) didnt need sth.need to do sth. (否) dont need to do sth.needs to do sth. (否) doesnt need to do sth.needed to do sth. (否) didnt need to do sth. (2) sleep (不可数n. & v.) slept - slepthave a sound sleep 睡了一觉好觉（这个短语中的a表示“某种”，不是指“一”。）a sleeping bag一个睡袋 sleepy (adj.)瞌睡的 sleeping (adj.) 正在睡觉的 asleep (adj.) 睡着的24. be similar to 与相类似 be different from 不同于25. except (v.) 期盼；预期expect + “宾从” except to do except sth. of sb. 对某人期盼某事 except much of children 对孩子期盼许多26. repeat (v.) = say again27. explain (v.) 解释 explain sth. to sb. 向某人解释 explanation (n.) 28. energy (n.) 能量 energetic (adj.) 精力充沛的；充满活力的；积极的29. force (n.) (物理)力，力气，力量 (v.) 迫使；逼迫；强制 force sb. to do sth.30. heat (n.) 热，热度 (v.) 加热 hot (adj.) 炎热的；辛辣的31. physical (adj.) 身体的；物理的 P.E. = physical educationphysical exercise 体锻 physical changes 物理变化 physics 物理学32. article (n.) 文章 I need to write an article.33. It is too simple for me. too (adv.) 太 + adj. / adv.Notes for Grammar of Unit 21. 句型：too + adj. / adv. for sb. to do sth. 对某人来说太以至于不能去做 The simple present tense (一般现在时态) 通过“时间轴”理解时间背景：时间轴：-I-I-PAST(过去) NOW(现在) FUTURE(未来) “一现”概念与功能：（1）记述或谈论 “现在的时间背景”中一直或经常反复发生的事情/有规律的行为；e.g. Wendy gets up at 6:00 a.m. every day. (一直)About once or twice a week the driver collects Wendy from school.(经常反复)I sometimes make phone calls to our clients on the way. (经常反复)I seldom go to bed before 11.30 p.m. (经常反复)On Fridays Wendy attends Computer Club meetings. (有规律的行为) （2）记述或谈论目前/现在的状况/存在的状态，包括现在的兴趣爱好等；e.g. There is a cinema in Tia