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Issue 103“The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives.”History is a mirror. As Chinese old saying goes, studying history makes one wise and reasonable. More and more people become to realize the benefits of researches into history, believing that it can provide them values only if what they have learned from history can be relevant to their daily lives. But is this really the case? I cannot agree with them without any reserves.First of all, studying history benefits us beyond daily lives by leading us to look back into the past and gain experience to apply to our world nowadays. The most typical example is the study of philosophy. Studying the history of philosophy, we acknowledge what problems the great thinkers have ever contemplated and what wisdom they have gained from musing, or see clearly how the philosophical theories debate and develop. More specifically, Sun Tzu, a famous philosopher of Chinese ancient times, wrote the book “The Art of War” thousands of years ago stating various strategies in wars, now are being highly spoken of by both military commanders and business leaders. They use these strategies like a kind of art into wars between countries or companies, to gain military victory or success in the market competition, affecting directly or indirectly what will happen in the future. This has been out the bound of peoples daily lives, while study of philosophy has the power to affect the future world.Secondly, the history of science though seems meaningless if people only care its applicable uses in daily life, it is indispensable for the existence and development of human beings as a whole. History of science exhibits us not only success but also failures. Success such as Newtons Classical Mechanism and Mendels experiments of inheritance, of which one provides a basic frame for classical physics studies and the other is the foundation of the disciplines of genetics, play significant roles in giving impetus to the development of both theoretical system and applicable technology. In addition, failures such as Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in Americas space exploring history or Chernobyl nuclear reactor disaster, which both happened in 1986, offers people opportunities for deep reflection as well as grief. Knowing what contribution the pioneers have made motivate people explore the nature on the giants shoulders, and what the worst will happen make scientist more cautious when they are trying hard to challenge the nature.History research is of so much subjective elements that even a same segment of history can be explained in different ways and give rise to several theoretical systems to support various ideas. So we cannot rely on the so called facts of history too much. Like many experts of Econometrics always emphasize:, ”Be careful! The statistics tell lies”, history tells lies too. One reason is that people lose information when doing record of what happed. Second reason is that no one is perfect, and famous persons will make mistakes too. Thus, we should have a sense of skepticism when learning from historical experience, and try to think creatively and independently, which I believe the way Copernicus put forward Copernican Heliocentrism to overthrow the blind believing and Roosevelt created the New Deal against the popular liberalism to save his people from Great Depression. Learning from the history selectively can help people find the proper way to a better future through continuous modifying or overthrowing and creating.As H.W. Beecher has ever said: “ We should so live and labor in our time that what came to us as seed may go to the next generation as blossom, what came to us as blossom may go to them as fruit. This is what we mean by process.” The author believes that only studying history relevant to our daily life is valuable, which now can be regarded as a shallow statement. Form what we have discussed above, its safe to come to the conclusion that studying history can have an effect reaching far into the future of human beings and the world. We cannot be the selfish ones focusing on individuals daily lives only, and forget to make contribution to our next generations by studying history skeptically.Issue 48 The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten.1. 同意The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten. 美国独立战争 南北战争v.s.林肯 科技革命2. However, the emphasis on individuals是研究历史更加有效率的方式。普通人大多有相似的经历。很多名人其实是不同阶层的广大普通人的代表。他们的行为态度和经历可以大概概括整个历史框架。因为记录普通人的历史文献少，而名人资料更多。研究名人可以帮助历史学家把精力集中在历史的趋势和因果关系上，而不是纠缠于细节。The speaker asserts that as the most significant events and trends in history were made not by the famous few, but by groups of ordinary people, history study ought to place more emphasis on individuals. I partly agree that the historical trends are usually decided by groups of people. However, the emphasis on the famous few is a reasonable method in the study of history, who somehow represent the masses and are easier to research on.It is understandable to agree that history is made by groups of people, instead of some famous few. Most people may accept the view that individuals are impossible to be insulated from community, except for some extreme situations. As a result, significant historical events are inevitably closely related to groups of people. Though a few of brilliant leaders played crucial roles in those events, by which they are known and remembered by public, they might probably become negligible if without the masses who advocated them, or even fought with them. To illustrate this point, lets take the Civil War as an example. Lincoln is generally regarded as the one breaking the slavery, liberating the Black, and unifying the United States as a whole. But the real cause of the war is the conflicts between northern capitalists and southern slave masters, and the desire of suffered black slaves to acquire freedom and equality. There would be one to solve the persisting problem sooner or later, and Lincoln just took the position. Thousands of people joined the war to fight for their own profits, family and hometown, without them Lincoln would not succeed at last. Therefore, the ordinary people behind the famous few, are the true power propelling the movement of history.However, it is reasonable for historians to put much attention on the few famous individuals, which is a more effective and efficient way to get a conclusion. Firstly, ordinary people usually have similar experience. It is a waste of time to go through millions of lives which have similar stories most of which are trivial things. On the contrary, famous individuals, who experience the main events in a particular historical period, are often represents of the masses of different classes. For example, Lincoln represented the northern capitalists in the Civil War, and Martin Luther King is a represent of discriminated African-American. To some extent, researching their lives amounts to researching groups of peoples lives. Secondly, compared with lives of ordinary people, more historical resources such documents, literature works, and achievements of former historians are available, so that academic historical research tends to be convincing and detailed. The contemporaries of a historical period usually pay more attention on the individuals who are famous with great feats. As a result, different records, documents and comments are produced to help descendants get a comprehensive understanding of that person, and further understand that history. As for groups of people, detailed information is usually limited, even if there are, it is difficult to pick out valuable information from a mass of documents.Moreover, emphasises on few famous individuals help historians to focus on the inherent cause-and-effect relationship of historical events and trends of history as a whole. Activities and achievements of several significant individuals can reflect the outline of history development. For example,achievements of scientists like Faraday, Edison, Maxwell and Einstein reveal the path of the development of science. Other scientists and stories of failure, though important in terms of the contribution to science progress, will distract historians from paths toward success. In a word, famous individuals with great feats probably indicate the main trend of history. In the final analysis, history is created by millions of ordinary people forgotten over time, who consist of the foundation of the famous fews successes. However, compared with focus on the lives of groups of people, emphasis on significant ones is reasonable considering about its efficiency for information process, accuracy of academic research, and the last but not least, the concentration on trends of history as a whole. Issue 69ISSUE69 - Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development1.政府应该支持对人类生活有益的科学研究，给科学研究自由。科学研究的成果可以提高生产力进步，提高人们生活水平，促进国家的发展。科学研究对未知探索找到合理的答案，也可以解决一些当今社会面对的问题。科学研究可以满足人类求知的欲望，更好的了解自身和我们生活的世界。2.科学研究在一方面满足了人类的需要的同时在另一反面有损害了人们利益（双刃剑）。当科学研究对人类造成伤害时，政府不应该对科学研究还减少限制。那样会导致严重的社会，伦理，道德问题，危害着人们的生活和社会的发展。克隆技术严重影响了我们的伦理道德标准。生化武器，核武器给人类带来的灾难时我们难以想象的。3.政府应该全面考虑科学研究对人类和社会的影响，在对科学的不确定性进行监控。在科学研究对社会收益和社会风险之间找到平衡。Whether government should make constraints to scientific research? Some assert that government should set up a free environment of scientific research. However, the contention, in my opinion, is that the restrictions of scientific research depend on influences of itself in human lives and societies.Government should back and make few limitations of scientific research which is beneficial for human beings and a society. In our contemporary lives, the outcomes of scientific research serve to improve the productivity of our country, and to enhance the quality of peoples living standard. Taking exploring the moon as a example, it not only attempt to discover new land for human to live in future, but make many useful and valuable meanings in our daily lives, such as space breeding, observing the earth to protect nature disaster, and the like. With respect to these benefits of scientific research, Government, under this circumstance, should make freedoms for scientists and researchers to study as to meet the need of individuals and nations. In addition, scientific research is an effective mean of which human make use to find out the reasoned answer to great numbers of the unknown and the proper method to solve lasting problems in the society. Also, our curiosities about the nature of things and our carving to understand ourselves and the world around us are satisfied with scientific research. In these cases of the positive requirements of scientific researches, government is incumbent to enable scientific research to continue smoothly. On the other hand, government should monitor scientific research and development because scientific research does not always have merits for us in any time. The advantages of scientific research in one respect are the disadvantage in anther respect. Nothing in scientific research is best for all aspects. For instance, biological engineering plays a significant role on medicine production and disease treatment, while the technology of clone now has challenges on human mores and ethic. If government could not restrict the use of clone, the disorder of world will have been long for us. When government is aware and conscious that scientific research might have negative function of human living and social development, they have obligations to constrict scientific research in order to diminish damage of our nature resource, human resource, and economy. Before knowing the influence of scientific research, government has responsibilities to take scientific research into all-rounded consideration, for protecting the interests of people and societies. Government, as a deputy public interests and right, should prevent human and the world from dangerous factors of scientific research, avoiding tragedy happened in our society. Whether scientific research is taken effect for us or not largely depends on an attitude of our government. Facing with scientific research, government should weight returns and risks of scientific research in our society, not only place few or many restrictions.In a short, government should set freedom of scientific research and development for advantage and merit brought by it, whereas impede its threat and danger. If it is not simple, government, what is more, should strike a balance between returns and risk of scientific research in society.(补充)Moreover, although science doesnt acts as a positive role all the time, immoderate scientific application could cause the disaster just like every sword has two edges, government shouldnt simply attribute the guilty on science itself. By way of illustration, even as narrations in , by Rachel Carson, generated a storm of controversy over the use of chemical pesticides. The book arouses people to consider that to live harmony with the nature instead of an arbitrary transformation. However, it doesnt mean scientific development should bear the blame. The role science plays just as tool. For example, albeit cloning technology challenge the baseline of current ethics, it isnt tantamount to governments ought to restrict the molecule biology, the support discipline to the cloning research. Conversely, the government should encourage the relevant research more to avoid the by-effects and ameliorate or replace the current technologies.Issue 130 How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society.Dual claims. 1. With respect to the first assertion, neglect education of children in other aspects. Socialized is important, cooperation, team work, citizen, common sense, impartial, broaden your horizon Other important as well: Critical thinking, genetic defects, intelligence, morality, 2. With respect to the second one, I strongly agree with the speaker that we fail to cultivate adequately excellent talents to construct a better society. Overemphasis on childrens intelligence Evaluation based on scores and examinations 教育水平 退一步讲，现在人类社会存在的诸多问题几个世纪来一直未得到解决就是实证。 （观点有差异无所谓，证明围着它转就OK哈，下载下来去教室改） The speakers dual claim asserts that the destiny of society is decided by childrens socialization, and in the mean time, we currently fail to cultivate children qualified enough to bring a better society. With respect to the first assertion, the speaker obviously overemphasizes the role of socialization in childrens education, while neglecting the importance of many other aspects, such like intelligence, critical thinking, and morality, at the same time. With respect to the latter one, I strongly agree with the speaker insofar considering the educational systems defects and the unbalance of education level in different areas around the world.I fundamentally agree with the foundation of the speakers assertion, that our society is determined by children today who will inherit the world tomorrow. Nevertheless, in my opinion, the destiny of society is unpredictable, because childrens education covers myriad of fields. Admittedly, socialization is included in these fields, from which children learn to communicate and cooperate with others. It is essential, especially in modern society, to acquire these qualities, in order to be a leader and then change the world. As we know, projects and programs today are likely to require collaboration of different departments. On the other hand, individuals, limited by their strengths compared with a unified team, are almost impossible to complete complicated tasks all by oneself. As a result, cooperation, communication and teamwork spirit are crucial for those who want to succeed in social collaboration. Besides, socialization also contribute to cultivate a tolerant mind, which help to widely listen to suggestions, forgive others mistakes, and appropriately express ones ideas. These abilities, not only benefit children in their own lives to get along well with each other, but also lead to a harmony society as a whole. However, the emphasis on socialization doesnt amount to neglecting other aspects. Lets look at the situations without those factors. Without intelligence, one tends to be too foolish to undertake any assignments, not to mention socialization. Without critical thinking, which teaches children to think independently to acquire their original ideas, instead of following others voice and easily getting utilized by politicians as a result. Without morality, the future-leaders will certainly fall to corruption, bribery, misconduct, etc, which bring a even worse society, instead of a better one.Actually, I have to concede that people nowadays have not found answers to raising children who can bring a better society yet. Firstly, this situation attributes to inherent flaws existing in current educational system. Overemphasis on students intelligence and exam scores probably brings about overlooking on other talents. Students weakness in subjects at school results from numerous reasons. For example, a boy who does poor in mathematics may be gifted in art, where he pays too much attention while neglects math. But the evaluation on students mainly based on their exam scores and academic achievements are surely unjust to those with other tale