大学四级英语选词填空练习.docx

AThereisapopularbeliefamongparentsthatschoolsarenolongerinterestedinspelling.NoschoolIhavetaughtinhasever_spellingorconsidereditunimportantasabasicskill.Thereare,however,vastlydifferentideasabouthowtoteachit,orhowmuch_itmustbegivenovergenerallanguagedevelopmentandwritingability.Theproblemis,howtoencourageachildtoexpresshimselffreelyand_inwritingwithoutholdinghimbackwiththecomplexitiesofspelling?Ifspellingbecometheonlyfocalpointofhisteachersinterest,clearlya_childwillbelikelyto“playsafe”.Hewilltendtowriteonlywordswithinhisspellingrange,choosingtoavoid_language.Thatswhyteachersoften_theearlyuseofdictionariesandpayattentiontocontentratherthantechnicalability.Iwasonceshockedtoreadonthebottomofasensitivepieceofwritingaboutapersonalexperience： “Thisworkis_!Therearefartoomanyspellingerrorsandyourwritingisillegible(难以辨认的).”ItmayhavebeenasharP_ofthepupilstechnicalabilitiesinwriting,butitwasalsoasadreflectionontheteacherwhohadomittedtoreadtheessay,which_somebeautifulexpressionsofthechildsdeePfeelings.Theteacherwasnotwrongtodrawattentiontotheerrors,butifhisprioritieshadcentredonthechildsideas,anexpressionofhisdisappointmentwiththepresentationwouldhavegiventhepupilmore_toseekimprovement.A)priorityB)criticism C)contained D)clearly E)adventurousF）discourage G)motivationH)terrible I)ignored J)difficult K)encourage L)expressed M)confidentlyN)brightO)motive L)expressed BAsisknowntoall,theorganizationandmanagementofwagesandsalariesareverycomplex.Generallyspeaking,theAccountsDepartmentis_forcalculationsofpay,whilethePersonnelDepartmentisinterestedindiscussionswiththeemployeesaboutpay.Ifafirmwantsto_anewwageandsalarystructure,itisessentialthatthefirmshoulddecideona_ofjobevaluationandwaysofmeasuringtheperformanceofitsemployees.Inordertobe_,thatnewpaystructurewillneedagreementbetweenTradeUnionsandemployers.Injobevaluation,alloftherequirementsofeachjobaredefinedinadetailedjobdescription.Eachofthsoerequirementsisgivenavalue,usuallyinpoints,whichare_togethertogiveatotalvalueforthejob.Formiddleandhighermanagement,aspecialmethodisusedtoevaluatemanagersontheirknowledgeofthejob,theirresponsibility,andtheir_tosolveproblems.Becauseofthedifficultyinmeasuringmanagementwork,however,jobgradesformanagersareoftendecidedwithout_toanevaluationsystembasedonpoints.Inattemptingtodesignapaysystem,thePersonnelDepartmentshould_thevalueofeachjobwiththeseinthejobmarket._,paymentforajobshouldvarywithanydifferencesinthewaythatthejobisperformed.Whereitissimpletomeasuretheworkdone,asintheworksdonewithhands,monetaryencouragementschemesareoftenchosen,for_workers,wheremeasurementisdifficult,methodsofadditionalpaymentsareemployed.AcompareBresponsibleCusefulDaddedEfindFreferenceGindirectHmethodIsuccessfulJcombinedKNecessarilyLcapacityMabilityNBasicallyOadopt CManyayoungpersontellsmehewantstobeawriter.Ialways_suchpeople,butIalsoexplainthattheresabigdifferencebetweenbeingawriterandwriting.Inmostcasestheseindividualsaredreamingof_andfame,notthelonghoursaloneatatypewriter.Youvegottowanttowrite,Isaytothem,notwanttobeawriter.Therealityisthatwritingisa_,privateandpoor-payingaffair.Foreverywriterkissedbyfortunetherearethousandsmorewhoselongingisnever_.WhenIlefta20-yearcareerintheUS.CoastGuardtobecomeafreelancewriter(自由撰稿人),Ihadno_atall.WhatIdidhavewasafriendwhofoundmemyroominaNewYorkapartmentbuilding.Itdidntevenmatterthatitwas_andhadnobathroom.Iimmediatelyboughtausedmanualtypewriterandfeltlikea_writer.Afterayearorso,however,Istillhadntgottenabreakandbeganto_myself.Itwassohardtosellastorythat_9_madeenoughtoeat.ButIknewIwantedtowrite.Ihaddreamedaboutitforyears.Iwasntgoingtobeoneofthosepeoplewhodiewondering,whatif?Iwouldkeeoputtingmydreamtothetest-eventhoughitmeantlivingwith_andfearoffailure.ThisistheShadowlandofhope,andanyonewithadreamlearntolivethere.A)barely B)genuine C)rewarded D)doubt E)lonely F)poverty G)persuade H)prospectsI)uncertainty J)impossibly K)encourage L)awarded M)alone N)wealth O)cold CBritainisnotjustonecountryandonepeople;evenifsomeofitsinhabitantsthinkso.Britainis,infact,anationwhichcanbedividedintoseveral_parts,eachpartbeinganindividualcountrywithitsownlanguage,characterandcultural_.ThusScotland,NorthernIrelandandWalesdonotclaimto_toEnglandbecausetheirinhabitantsarenot_English.TheyareScottish,IrishorWelshandmanyofthemprefertospeaktheirownnativetongue,whichinturnis_totheothers.Theseculturalminorities(少数民族)havebeenBritainsoriginalinhabitants.Invaryingdegreestheyhavemanagedto_theirnationalcharacteristics,andtheirparticularcustomsandwayoflife.Thisisprobablyevenmoretureofthe_areaswheretraditionalifehasnotbeensoaffectedbythe_ofindustrialismastheborderareashavebeen.TheCelticracesaresaidtobemoreemotionalbynaturethantheEnglish.AnIrishtemperislegendary.TheScotscouldrather_abouttheirreputationforexcessivethriftandprefertoberememberedfortheirfolksongsanddances,whiletheWelsharefamousfortheirsinging.TheCeltic_asawholeproduceshumorouswritersandartists,suchastheIrishBernardShaw,theScottishRobertBurns,andtheWelshDylanThomas,tomentionbutafew.AincomprehensibleBtemperCremoteDseparateEunderstandableFforgetGgenerallyHtemperamentIpreserveJstrictlyKtraditionalLreserveMgrowthNapplyObelong DThefirstmodernOlympicGameswasheldinAthens（雅典)in1896andonlytwelvenationsparticipated.Besidesthehostnationmanparticipantsweretouristswho_1_tobeinGreeceatthetime.Thoughthewholeaffairwas_2_andthestandardwasnothigh,theoldprincipleofamateursportwaskeptup.Sincethenthegameshadbeenheldeveryfouryearsexceptduringthe_3_ofthetwoWorldWar.Thiswas_4_adeparturefromtheoldOlympicspiritwhenwarshadtostoPandmakewayforthegames.Thegameshavegrownenormouslyinscaleand_5_performanceshavenowreachedunprecedentedheights.Unfortunatelythesamecannotbesaidabouttheir_6_standard.InsteadofOlympia,themoderngamesarenowheldindifferentcitiesallovertheworld.Inevitablypoliticsandcommercialismgetinvolvedascountriesvieeachotherfor(为.而互相竞争)the_7_toholdthegamesbecauseofthepoliticalprestigeandcommercialprofittobe_8_outofthem.Inthe11thgamesheldinBerlinin1936,Hitlerwhohadnewlycometo_9_inGermanytriedtousetheoccasionforhisNazipropaganda.ForthefirsttimetheOlympicflamewasbroughtallthewayfromOlympiatothegamessiteinrelays,amarathonjourneynowoftentakingmonthsto_10_.A)honour B)accomplish C)had D)moral E)arriveF)occured G)end H)powerI)happenedJ)definitely K)Physical L)informa lM)interruption N)especially O)irregular FNowadays, is it possible to tell a persons class just by looking at him? Physical details _1_ tell us about health, diet and type of work done. A hundred years ago the working class very often lookd unhealthy, small and were either too thin or too fat. The upper classes were often _2_, sporting types who were used to a good diet and looked healthy. Today living and working conditions have improved, and such _3_ would no longer be so true.The clothes people choose to wear, however, do provide information about their _4_. The most obvious way in which is for the amount of money spent on them. Expensive clothes look expensive and show their wearer had money. Clothes can provide other _5_ as well. The upper classes _6_ to be less interested in fashion and wear good quality clothes in non-bright colours, made of natural material like wool, leather or cotton. Lower working class people often choose clothes in bright colours, made of man-made material. A sociological explanation for this would be that color and interest are mssing from their lives, and therefore any opportunity to introduce this is _7_.Clothes are _8_ at a price within most peoples reach. New clothes make the wearer feel good, and show some _9_ of wealth to the outside world. Today some new fashions are started by the lower working class people who want to look _10_ and feel important. They want people to look at them.A) available B) background C) different D) tallE) totally F) taken G) descriptions H) degree I) clues J) alone K) appear L) consider M) full N) hobby O)fetched FThetypicalpre-industrialfamilynotonlyhadagoodmanychildren,butnumerousotherdependentsaswell-grandparents,uncles,auntsandcousions.Suchextendedfamiliesweresuitedforsurvivalinslowpaced_1_societies.Butsuchfamiliesarehardto_2_.Theyareimmobile.Industrialismdemandedmassesofworkersreadyandabletomoveoffthelandinpursuitofjobs,andtomoveagainwhenevernecessary.Thustheextendedfamily_3_sheditsexcessweightandtheso-callednuclearfamilyemerged-astripped-down,portablefamilyunit_4_onlyofparentsandasmallsetofchildren.Thisnewstylefamily,farmore_5_thanthetraditionalextendedfamily,becamethestandardmodelinalltheindustrialcounties.Super-industrialism,however,thenextstageofeco-technologicaldevelopment,_6_evenhighermobility.Thuswemayexpectmanyamongthepeopleofthefuturetocarrythestreamlinlingprocess,astePfurtherbyremainingchildren,cuttingthefamilydowntoitsmore_7_components,amanandawoman.Twopeople,perhapswithmatchedcareers,willprovemoreefficientatnavigatingthrougheducationandsocialstatus,throughjobchangesandgeographicrelocations,thantehordinarilychild-clutteredfamily.A_8_maybethepostponementofchildren,ratherthanchildlessness.Menandwomentodayareoftentornin_9_betweenacommitmenttocareerandacommitmenttochildren.Inthefuture,many_10_willsidestePthisproblembydeferringtheentiretaskofraisingchildrenuntilafterretirement.A)transplant B)solution C)gadually D)transport E)elementalF)conflictG)continuallyH)mobile I)couplesJ)agricultura l)includingL)compromise M)requiresN)primaryO)consisting GAsthepaceoflifecontinuestoincrease,wearefastlosingtheartofrelaxation.Butrelaxationis_1_forahealthymindandbody.Stressisanaturalpartofeverydaylifeandthereisnowayto_2_it.Infact,itisnotthebadthingasitisoftensupposedtobe.Acertainamountofstressisvitaltoprovidemotivationandgivepurposetolife.Itisonlywhenthestressgetsoutof_3_thatitcanleadtopoorperformanceandillhealth.Theamountofstressapersoncanwithstanddependsverymuchontheindividual.Somepeoplwarenotafraidofstress,andsuch_4_areobviouslyprimematerialformanagerialresponsibilities.Othersloseheartatthefirstsightof_5_difficulties.Whenexposedtostress,inwhateverform,wereactbothphysicallyand_6_.Infactwemakechoicebetweenflightorfightandinmore_7_daysthechoicesmadethedifferencebetweenlifeordeath.Thecriseswemeettodayareunlikelytobesoextreme,buthoweverlittlethestress,itinvolvesthesame_8_.Itiswhensuchareactionlastslong,throughcontinued_9_tostress,thathealthbecomesendangered.Sincewecannot_10_stressfromourlivesitwouldbeunwisetodosoevenifwecould,weneedtofindwaystodealwithit.A)exposure B)characters C)answer D)chemicallyE)avoidF)psychologicallyG)primitiveH)transferI)unusual J)control K)removeL)escapeM)response N)backwardO)essential HPsychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetocoldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsandtheirconsequences,arguethatrewardscan_1_performanceatworkandschool.Cognitive(认识派的)researchers,whostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife,maintainthatrewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceon_2_andgiftsfromothers.Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,_3_amongeducators.Butthecarefuluseofsmall_4_rewardsspeakscreativityingradeschoolchildren,suggestingthatproperlypresentedinducements(刺激)indeed_5_inventiveness,accordingtoastudyintheJuneJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology.“Ifkidsknowtheyreworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelatively_6_task,theyshowthemostcreativity,”saysRobertEisenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark.“Butitseasyto_7_creativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsourhighgradesfor_8_achievementendsuPwithuninspiredstudents,Eisenbergerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsand_9_failinggrades.Inearlygrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomies,inwhichstudentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstowardvaluedrewards,shows_10_inraisingeffortsa