动物学双语大纲.doc

动物学双语课程教学大纲 Syllabus of the Bilingual Curriculum of Zoology动物学双语课程教学大纲 Syllabus of the Bilingual Curriculum of Zoology课程编号Course number121402课程名称Course title 动物学Zoology考试、考查Grading and evaluation考试Exam for theories and test for experiments 总学时数Total hour120实验学时数Lab hour48学分数Credit 7 课程性质Course type 专业基础必修课Specialty basis and compulsory适用专业Specialty生物科学Bioscience课程承担单位Unit offering the course 生物科学与工程学院College of Bioscience and Engineering 1课程的目的和任务 Objective and Mission of the Bilingual Curriculum 动物学课程是高等院校为生物科学专业本科生开设的必修课程之一。为了提高教育质量，现以英语和汉语进行讲授，因此冠名陕西理工学院双语课程。Zoology is one of the compulsory courses offered to undergraduate students who major in bioscience in a college or university, and is now being taught in both English and Chinese simultaneously so as to enhance educational qualities, thus entitled bilingual curriculum in Shaanxi University of Technology. 动物学双语课程，对主要动物门进行概览，重点介绍每门动物形态和结构的主要类型、分类学多样性、生活史策略、生态学关系和进化发展。The bilingual curriculum of Zoology is a survey of the major Phyla of animals in both English and Chinese. Emphasis is placed upon: the major patterns of animal form and structure within each Phylum, taxonomic diversity, life-history strategies, ecological relationships, and evolutionary development.课程的目的和任务，是使学生们掌握动物形态、结构与功能的基本知识，理解动物形态学、分类学和进化原理，提高以英语阅读专业文献并流利表达学术观点的能力，获得初级科学训练，并为今后胜任动物学及相关课程的教学、参与秦巴山区动物资源研究与管理、加盟国际动物学合作研究、追赶世界先进水平奠定良好基础。Its objective and mission are to instruct students to grasp primary knowledge on basic form, structure and function of animals, understand principles of animal morphology, taxonomy, and evolution, increase abilities of reading special literature in English and expressing academic ideas fluently, gain an elementary training in scientific research, and lay a good foundation to competent for teaching Zoology and relevant courses, participate in investigations and management of animal resources in Qinling-Bashan mountainous areas, join in international cooperation concerning zoological research, and pursue advanced levels in the world. 本课程的另一项重要任务，是以动物学知识启发学生的智力，引导学生深入理解动物、生物乃至大自然，树立“人与自然和谐发展”的理念，并能科学合理地保护生物多样性和生态环境。The other important task of the curriculum is to enlighten students intelligence on the base of zoological knowledge, direct them to go deep into understanding animals, living beings, and even the whole nature, build up the conception for humans development with the nature harmoniously, and become capable of maintaining and protecting biodiversity and ecological environment scientifically. 2课程教学基本要求 Prerequisite and Requirement of the Curriculum 研修动物学双语课程的学生，需要事先研修植物学、大学英语、专业英语等课程，尤其要获得相应的听、说、读、写英语的能力，其水平接近、达到英语四级。Students who study the bilingual curriculum of zoology must learn in advance such courses as Botany, College English, Special English, etc., gaining especially abilities of listening to, speaking, reading, and writing English, with corresponding levels close to, and/or attaining English Band-Four. 为了扩大课程知识传输量并提高动物学双语教学的效率，本课程拟采用多媒体双语课件、计算机辅助教育(CAI)、投影、网络技术等条件实施理论讲授；待条件允许时以双语组织实验教学。To expand transmissions of the curricular knowledge and increase the efficiency of teaching Zoology bilingually, lectures will be offered under the conditions of using techniques such as multimedia courseware, computer-aided instruction (CAI), projection, network, etc.; and corresponding experiments will be also instructed in both languages when conditions are allowed. 3课程教学内容及主要知识点 Main Contents and Outlines to Be Taught 3.1 绪论 Introduction 生物的分界及动物在其中的地位 The biologic kingdoms and the place occupied by animals (对生物世界进行分界的理论及其证据The theories and evidences to group organisms into kingdoms, 动物界的地位the status of animal kingdom). 动物学及其分科 Zoology and its branches. 研究动物学的目的意义 The objective and significance to study zoology. 动物学发展简史 Brief histories of zoological development (西方动物学的发展brief histories of zoological development abroad, 我国动物学的发展brief histories of zoological development at home). 动物学的研究方法 Methodology for zoological studies (描述法description, 比较法comparison, 实验法experimentation) 动物分类的知识 Knowledge of animal taxonomy (分类依据classification basis, 分类等级categories, 物种的概念the concept of species, 动物的命名animal nomenclature, 动物的分门phyla in Kingdom Animalia).动物学科技新动态 Current dynamics in zoological studies and related technologies. 3.2 动物体的基本结构与机能 Essential Structures and Functions of Animals 细胞 Cell 细胞的一般特征general characteristics of cells, 细胞的化学组成(蛋白质, 核酸, 糖类, 脂类) chemical constituents (protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, lipid), 细胞的结构(细胞膜(或质膜), 细胞质, 细胞核) cell structure (cell membrane (or plasma membrane), cytoplasm, nucleus), 细胞周期cell cycle, 细胞分裂(无丝分裂，有丝分裂，减数分裂) cell division (amitosis, mitosis, meiosis). 组织 Tissues 四大组织(上皮组织，结缔组织，肌肉组织，神经组织) four kinds of tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous). 器官Organs. 系统 Organ systems 十大系统(皮肤系统、骨骼系统、肌肉系统、消化系统、呼吸系统、循环系统、排泄系统、内分泌系统、神经系统和生殖系统) ten organ systems (dermal, skeletal, muscular, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, endosecretory, nervous, and reproductive). 3.3 原生动物门 Protozoa 原生动物门的主要特征 Characteristics of the phylum Protozoa. 鞭毛纲 Mastigophora: 代表动物眼虫 representative - Euglena；鞭毛纲的主要特征characteristics of the class; 鞭毛纲的重要类群 important groups (植鞭亚纲 Phytomastigina, 动鞭亚纲 Zoomastigina). 肉足纲 Sarcodina: 代表动物大变形虫 representative - Amoeba proteus Pallas；肉足纲的主要特征 characteristics of the class; 肉足纲的重要类群 important groups (根足亚纲 Rhizopoda, 辐足亚纲 Actinopoda). 孢子纲 Sporozoa: 代表动物间日疟原虫 representative - Plasmodium vivax Grassi Feletti; 在人体内(进行裂体生殖) schizogony in the human body (红血细胞前期 pre-erythrocytic stage, 红血细胞外期 exo-erythrocytic stage, 红血细胞内期 erythrocytic stage); 在按蚊体内(进行配子生殖和孢子生殖) gametal or spore reproduction in the anopheles body; 孢子纲的主要特征 characteristics; 孢子纲的重要类群 important groups。纤毛纲 Ciliata: 代表动物大草履虫 representative - Paramecium caudatum Ehrenberg; 纤毛纲的主要特征 characteristics; 纤毛纲的常见种类 commonly seen species belonging to the class. 原生动物与人类的关系 The relationship between protozoans and humans.原生动物的系统发展 Systematic development of protozoans.秦巴山区的原生动物 Protozoans in Qin-Ba mountainous areas. 3.4 多细胞动物的起源 The Origin of Multicellular Animals 从单细胞到多细胞 Evolution from monocellular animals to multicellular ones. 多细胞动物起源于单细胞动物的证据 Evidences of multicellular animals originating from monocellular ones (古生物学方面 in the aspect of paleontology, 形态学方面 morphology, 胚胎学方面 embryology. 胚胎发育的重要阶段 The important stages of embryonic development (受精与受精卵 fertilization and fertilized eggs, 卵裂 cleavage, 囊胚的形成 blastulation, 原肠胚的形成 gastrulation, 中胚层及体腔的形成 formation of mesoderm and coelom, 胚层的分化 differentiation of embryonic layers). 生物发生律 Biogenetic law (or recapitulation law). 关于多细胞动物起源的学说 Theories on the origin of multicellular animals (群体学说 colonial theory, 合胞体学说 Syncytial theory, 共生学说 Symbiosis theory). 3.5 多孔动物门 Porifera (海绵动物门Spongia) 海绵动物的形态结构 form and structure of poriferans 不对称体型 asymmetric body plan, 非明确的组织、器官和系统 non-specific tissues, organs and systems, 水沟系 canal system (单沟型ascon type, 双沟型 sycon type和复沟型 leucon type). 海绵动物的生殖和发育 reproduction and development of poriferans. 海绵动物门的分类及分类地位 classification and the place of the phylum Porifera (钙质海绵纲Calcarea, 六放海绵纲 Hexactinellida, 寻常海绵纲 Demospongiae). 海绵动物的经济价值 economic values of poriferans. 附: 扁盘动物门 Placozoa. 3.6 腔肠动物门Coelenterata 腔肠动物门的主要特征 Characteristics of the phylum Coelenterata (辐射对称 radial symmetry, 两胚层 two embryonic layers, 原始消化腔original digestive cavity (or gastrovascular cavity), 组织分化 tissue differentiation, 肌肉的结构 musculature，原始的神经系统神经网 original nervous system - nerve net). 腔肠动物门代表动物水螅 Representative of the phylum - Hydra. 腔肠动物门的分纲 Classes of the phylum (水螅纲 Hydrozoa, 钵水母纲 Scyphozoa, 珊瑚纲Anthozoa).腔肠动物的系统发展 Systematic development of coelenterates. 附：栉水母动物门 Ctenophora. 3.7 扁形动物门Phylum Platyhelminthes 扁形动物门的主要特征 Characteristics of Platyhelminthes (两侧对称 bilateral symmetry, 中胚层的形成formation of mesoderm, 皮肤肌肉囊 dermo-muscular sac, 消化系统 digestive system, 排泄系统 excretory system, 神经系统 nervous system, 生殖系统 reproductive system, 生活习性和环境 behavior and habitat, 分类 classification). 涡虫纲Turbellaria (代表动物三角涡虫 representative - Dugesia, 涡虫纲的主要特征 characteristics of the class, 涡虫纲的分类 classification of the class). 吸虫纲 Trematoda (代表动物华枝睾吸虫 representative Clonorchis sinensis, 吸虫纲的主要特征 characteristics of the class, 吸虫纲的分类 classification of the class). 绦虫纲 Cestoida (代表动物猪带绦虫 representative - Taenia solium, 绦虫纲的主要特征 characteristics of the class, 绦虫纲的分类 classification of the class). 寄生虫和寄主的相互关系及防治原则 Systematic development of Platyhelminthes and control principles. 扁形动物的系统发展 Systematic development of Platyhelminthes. 附：纽形动物门 Phylum Nemertea. 秦巴山区的扁形动物 Platyhelminthes in Qin-Ba mountainous areas.3.8 原腔动物Protocoelomata线虫动物门Nematoda (线虫动物门的主要特征 charateristics of the phylum Nematoda, 代表动物人蛔虫 representative - Ascaris lumbricoides, 线虫动物门的分类 classification of the phylum, 几种重要的习见线虫 several important, commonly seen wireworms). 轮虫动物门 Rotifera. 腹毛动物门 Gastrotricha. 原腔动物的系统发生 Phylogenesis; 附: 棘头动物门 Acanthocephala, 线形动物门 Nematomorpha 秦巴山区的线虫动物 Roundworms in Qin-Ba mountainous areas.3.9 环节动物门Annelida 环节动物门的特征 Characteristics of the phylum Annelida: 分节现象 metamerism, 次生体腔 secondary coelom, 刚毛与疣足 seta and parapodium, 循环系统 circulative system, 后肾管metanephridium, 索式神经系统 nerve cord, 担轮幼虫 trochophore 代表动物环毛蚓 representative - Pheretima: 外部形态 external form, 内部构造 internal structure (体壁和次生体腔body wall and secondary coelom, 消化系统 digestive system, 循环系统 circulatory system, 呼吸与排泄系统 respiratory and excretory systems, 神经系统 nervous system, 生殖系统 reproductive system)环节动物门的分类 Classification of the phylum Annelida: 多毛纲 Polychaeta, 寡毛纲 Oligochaeta, 蛭纲 Hirudinea. 环节动物的经济意义 Economic significance of annelids. 环节动物的系统发展 Systematic development of annelids. 附: 螠虫门 Echiura, 星虫门 Sipuncula, 须腕动物门 Pogonophora. 秦巴山区的蚯蚓和蚂蟥 Earthworms and Leeches in Qin-Ba mountainous areas.3.10 软体动物门 Mollusca 软体动物门的主要特征 Characteristics of the phylum Mollusca: 身体的划分 partition of the body, 外套膜 mantle, 贝壳 shell, 消化系统 digestive system, 体腔和循环系统 coelom and circulatory system, 呼吸器官 respiratory organ, 排泄器官 excretory system, 神经系统 nervous system, 生殖和发育 reproduction and development. 软体动物门的分类 Classification of the phylum Mollusca: 腹足纲 Gastropoda 代表动物圆田螺 Representative - Cipangopaludina, 主要特征 Charecteriistics, 身体不对称的起源 the origin of the asymmetrical body, 腹足纲分类 Classification of the class Gastropoda; 瓣鳃纲 Lamellibranchia (代表动物无齿蚌 Representative - Anodonta, 主要特征 Characteristics, 瓣鳃纲分类 Classification of the class Lamellibranchia); 头足纲 Cephalopoda (代表动物乌贼 Representative - Sepia, 头足纲分类 Classification of the class Cephalopoda). 软体动物的经济意义 Economic significance of mollusks. 软体动物的系统发展 Systematic development of mollusks. 秦巴山区的螺与河蚌 Snails and bivalves in Qin-Ba mountainous areas. 3.11 节肢动物门Arthropoda 节肢动物门的主要特征 Main characteristics of Arthropoda (发达坚厚的外骨骼 solid and developed exoskeleton, 高效的呼吸器官气管highly efficient respiratory apparatus - trachea, 简单的开管式循环系统 simplified open circulatory system, 异律分节和身体分部 metamerism with tagmatization, 分节的附肢 jointed appendages, 强劲有力的横纹肌 strong and powerful, striated muscle, 灵敏的感觉器和发达的神经系统 sensitive feeling organs and developed nervous system, 独特的消化系统和新出现的马氏管 unique digestive system and newly emerged Mulpigian tube). 节肢动物门的分类 Classification of Arthropoda 有爪纲 Onychophora (or Prototracheata), 甲壳纲 Crustacea (代表动物日本沼虾 representative - Macrobrachium nipponense，概述及主要特征summary and characteristics, 重要类群 important groups), 肢口纲 Merostomata, 蛛形纲 Arachnoida (概述及主要特征 summary and characteristics, 重要类群 important groups), 多足纲 Myriapoda (概述及主要特征summary and characteristics, 重要类群 important groups), 昆虫纲 Insecta (代表动物中华稻蝗representative - Oxya chinensis, 概述及主要特征 summary and characteristics, 重要类群 important groups). 节肢动物与人类 Relationship between arthropods and humans. 节肢动物的系统发展 Systematic development of arthropods. 秦巴山区的虾、蟹和昆虫 Shrimps, crabs, and insects in Qin-Ba mountainous areas. 3.12 苔藓动物门 Bryozoa, 腕足动物门 Brachiopoda, 箒虫动物门 Phoronida 苔藓动物门的主要特征 Main characteristics of Bryozoa (被唇纲 Phylactoloemata, 裸唇纲 Gymnolaemata)腕足动物门的主要特征 Main characteristics of Brachiopoda (无铰纲 Ecardines, 有铰纲 Testicardines)箒虫动物门的主要特征 Main characteristics of Phoronida. 苔藓动物、腕足动物及箒虫动物的系统发展 Systematic development of bryozoan, brachiopodan and phoronidan. 3.13 棘皮动物门Echinodermata 棘皮动物门的特征 Characteristics of the phylum Echinodermata. 代表动物海盘车(外部形态，内部构造) Representative Asterias (external form and internal structure). 棘皮动物的分类 Classification of echinoderms 有柄亚门 Pelmatozoa (海百合纲 Crinoidea); 游移亚门 Eleutherzoa (海星纲 Asteroidea, 海胆纲 Echinoidea, 蛇尾纲 Ophiuroidea, 海参纲 Holothuroidea). 棘皮动物的经济意义 Economic significance of echinoderms. 毛颚动物门 Chaetognatha. 3.14 半索动物门 Hemichordata 半索动物门的代表动物及其主要特征 Main characteristics of the phylum Hemichordata, and representatives. 其他半索动物羽鳃纲 Other hemichordates - Class Pterobranchia. 半索动物在动物界的位置 The place of hemichordates in Kingdom Animalia. 3.15 脊索动物门Chordata 脊索动物门的主要特征 Main characteristics of Phylum Chordata (脊索 notochord, 背神经管 dorsal tubular nerve cord, 咽鳃裂 pharyngeal gill slits, 心脏及主动脉 heart and aorta, 肛后尾 post-anal tail).脊索动物分类概述 Introduction of chordate classification 尾索动物亚门 Urochordata (柄海鞘 Styela clava); 头索动物亚门 Cephalochordata (白氏文昌鱼 Branchiostoma belcheri); 脊椎动物亚门 Vertebrata (圆口纲 Cyclostomata, 鱼纲 Pisces, 两栖纲 Amphibia, 爬行纲 Reptilia, 鸟纲 Aves, 哺乳纲 Mammalia). 尾索动物亚门 Urochordata (柄海鞘 Styela clava)头索动物亚门 Cephalochordata (白氏文昌鱼 Branchiostoma belcheri)脊椎动物亚门 Vertebrata 明显的头部 apparent head, 脊索 notochord, 鳃 gill, 鳃裂 gill slits, 肺 lung, 上颌 upper jaw, 下颌 lower jaw, 完善的循环系统 perfect circulatory system, 肾脏 kidney, 成对的附肢 paired appendages (鳍 fin, 肢 limb). 3.16 圆口纲Class Cyclostomata 圆口纲的主要特征 main characteristics of Class Cyclostomata (七鳃鳗的形态和十大系统特征 form and ten systems of lamprey).圆口纲分类概述 introduction of Cyclostomata classification. 圆口纲的生态 ecology of Cyclostomata. 3.17 鱼纲Class Pisces 概述 Introduction. 鱼纲的主要特征, 包括十大系统的形态、结构与功能 Main characteristics of Class Pisces, including form, structure, and function of its ten systems. 鱼纲分类要点 points of fish classification. 鱼类洄游及其经济意义 fish migration and its economic significance. 3.18 两栖纲Class Amphibia 动物从水生到陆生的转变 transformation of animals from aquatic forms to terrestrial ones. 两栖纲的主要特征 main characteristics of Class Amphibia (两栖纲的形态、结构与功能 form, structure, and function of Amphibia). 两栖纲分类 classification of Amphibia. 两栖类的经济意义 economic significance of Amphibia. 3.19 爬行纲Class Reptilia 爬行纲的主要特征 main characteristics of Class Reptilia. 爬行纲分类 classification of Reptilia (蜥蜴、蛇蟒、龟鳖、鳄鱼类的形态、结构和生态要点 form, structure, and ecological features of lizards, snakes and boas, tortoises and turtles, and crocodiles).爬行动物与人类的关系 relationship between reptilians and humans. 3.20 鸟纲Class Aves 鸟纲的主要特征 main characteristics of class Aves. 鸟纲分类 classification of Aves (鸵鸟、企鹅、突胸总目各种鸟类的形态、结构和功能 form, structure, and function of ostriches, penguins, and various birds belonging to the superorder Carinatae). 鸟类的繁殖、生态及迁徙 reproduction, ecology and migration of birds. 鸟类与人类的关系 relationship between birds and humans. 3.21 哺乳纲 Class Mammalia 哺乳纲的主要特征 main characteristics of Class Mammalia. 哺乳纲分类 classification of Mammalia (鸭嘴兽、袋鼠、及真兽亚纲各类动物的形态、结构、功能和生态要点form, structure, function and ecological points of duckbills, kangaroos, and various animals belonging to the Subclass Eutheria).哺乳类的保护、持续利用与害兽防治的生物学基础 biological bases on mammal conservation, persistent utilization and vermin control. 3.22 脊索动物的起源和进化Origin and Evolution of Chordata 脊索动物的起源和进化 origin and evolution of Chordates. 人类的起源和发展 origin and development of humans. 古今中外关于脊索动物起源和进化的证据 evidences of origin and evolution of Chordates found at home and abroad, in ancient and present days.古今中外关于人类起源和发展的证据 evidences of origin and development of humans found at home and abroad, in ancient and present days. 3.23 动物进化基本原理 Principles of Animal Evolution 关于生命起源的问题 exemplifications and theories on the origin of life. 动物进化的例证 exemplification of animal evolution. 进化原因的探讨进化理论 probing into the cause of evolution evolutionisms. 动物进化形式与种系发生 patterns of evolution and phylogeny. 物种与物种形成 species and speciation. 3.24 动物地理分布 Geographical Distributions of Animals 动物地理分布的基本原理basic principles of animal geographical distributions. 生物圈 biosphere. 动物的分布animal distribution. 世界及我国动物地理区系划分 Regionalization of animals in the world and in China. 3.25 动物生态 Animal Ecology 动物生态学基本原理basic principles of animal ecology. 生态因子 ecological factors. 种群 populations. 群落 communities. 生态系统 ecosystems. 4实验教学内容及要求 Contents and requirements of experiments 4.1 目的及要求 Objectives and requirement 掌握显微镜的使用方法，了解动物细胞的主要结构与组织、器官、系统的概念；掌握生物绘图的基本技术；掌握动物解剖的基本技术；掌握动物各类群的形态结构特点；了解动物各类群的系统分类；掌握常见代表动物的识别特征；了解各类动物的经济意义及其系统进化。4.2 主要仪器设备 Main instruments and equipment 显微镜、体视显微镜、解剖工具等。4.3 承担任务的实验室 Laboratory undertaking the tasks 下列实验由生物科学与工程学院实验中心动物科学实验分室承担。实验课分组进行，每班分23组，每组1520人，综合性实验项目每组48人。4.4 实验项目及内容提要 Experimental items and their abstracts序实验项目名称内容提要性质类型学时1显微镜；动物细胞与组织了解显微镜的结构与原理，掌握使用和维护法；理解动物细胞、组织、器官、系统的结构与特点必做验证32原生动物采集、培养与观察学会采集原生动物的方法，观察草履虫的横二分裂现象，掌握原生动物的基本特征；辨别常见种类，了解水质生物检测的基本原理 必做综合33海绵和其它多孔动物观察海绵标本，了解多孔动物的形态结构，学会识别常见海绵动物的基本方法选做验证34水螅和其它腔肠动物观察水螅标本，了解腔肠动物的形态结构，学会识别水螅、水母和珊瑚的基本方法选做验证35扁形动物采集、培养与观察采集、观察涡虫活体标本；观察涡虫、吸虫及绦虫玻片标本，掌握扁形动物的主要特征必做综合36猪蛔虫及其它原腔动物解剖、观察猪蛔虫标本，了解原腔动物的基本形态和结构必做综合37寄生蠕虫卵的检查掌握寄生虫的检查方法和形态特征、辨别常见物种选做综合8环毛