高考英语完形填空解题策略.doc

完形填空不仅考查学生对词汇、语法等基础知识的综合运用能力，而且考查学生的逻辑推理和篇章结构理解能力。它的命题原则是“以实词为主，虚词为辅，突出词汇语境化”。该题型难度大，区分度高，是历年高考得分率较低的题型。下面结合历年上海高考完形填空题对完形填空题的解题策略进行分析，希望对广大学子有所裨益。一、利用文章首句信息解题完形填空首先考查考生对文章的理解能力。因此在做完形填空时，应把它作为一个意思连贯、结构完整的语篇。完形填空首句甚至前几句话往往是完整的，为考生提供足够的信息去了解文章的思路，而且它提供的信息可以帮助考生判断全文大意甚至全文主题。掌握好了首句，有助于抓住文章主旨，通过上下文确定文章所要前进的方向。【例】The term home schooling means educating children at home or in places other than a normal setting such as a public or private school. There are many reasons why parents choose home schooling for their children. Some parents . Still other parents choose this type of 48 for religious reasons.（2006年上海春考）48.A.activity B.education C.behavior D.belief【解析】通过选文的首句我们就不难推断：选文讲的是与家庭教育（home schooling）有关的问题。home schooling 涵义是什么？人们为什么要选择home schooling？这正是后面文章要讲的。而随后命题者所给第一个空格正是围绕home schooling来设置的，考生只要把握好了文章首句就可以轻松地选择B（education）。【例】One topic is rarely mentioned in all the talk of improving standards in our schools: the almost complete failure of foreign-language teaching. As a French graduate who has taught for more than twenty-five years, I believe I have some idea of why the failure is so total.（2007年上海高考）【解析】通过分析选文首句，我们不难看出：选文是以一个外语教师的视角来讲述外语教学是一个彻底的失败。我们可以从此句推测本文的发展脉络为什么失败？导致失败的因素又有哪些？这些正是后面文章所要讲述的有关内容，故在读下面段落时,可以根据这一线索来理解和选择答案。二、利用逻辑关系解题完形填空中的每一个空格并非孤立存在的，命题者必须通过上下文给出某种线索来保证空格所填答案的唯一性，而这一线索即是上下文乃至全文的逻辑关系。文章的逻辑关系有列举、因果、让步、对照、递进、目的、条件等，命题者往往借助连词或介词短语来设置选项。因此，在平时学习时就应该熟练掌握相关连词及介词短语所表示的逻辑关系。【例】Are your table manners much better when you are eating at a friends home or in a restaurant than they are at your own home？Probably so, 45 you are aware that people judge you by your table manners.（2005年上海高考）45.A.because B.but C.unless D.though【解析】你在朋友家或餐馆的用餐礼仪比在自己家里时要好，是因为你知道人们会据此来评判一个人的文明程度。不难判断you are aware that people judge you by your table manners是前文的理由，两句是因果关系，故用连词because。【例】As a French graduate who has taught for more than twenty-five years, I believe I have some idea of why the failure is so total. 55 the faults already found out in the education system as a wholesuch as child-centered learning, the“discovery” method, and the low expectations by teachers of pupilsthere have been several serious 56（errors） which have a direct effect on language teaching.（2007年上海高考）55.A.Due to B.In addition toC.Instead of D.In spite of【解析】四个选项分别解释为“由于”“除外”“代替”“尽管”。理解上下文语境可知其逻辑关系是列举或补充关系，故选B。该段主旨是：语言教学失败除了自身原因外，还有其他诸因素的直接影响。下文破折号后的there have been several.为判断其逻辑关系提供了线索。【例】 Being alone in outer space can be frightening. That is one reason why astronauts on solo（单独的） space flight were given plenty of work to keep them 45（busy）. They were also in constant communication with people on the earth. 46 , being with people from whom you cannot get away might be even harder than being alone.（2007年上海高考）46.A.So far B.After allC.However D.Therefore【解析】四个选项意思分别为“到目前为止”“毕竟”“然而”“因此”。前面三句话的意思是讲太空之旅的孤独感让人恐惧，所以宇航员作业时忙于大量工作因而其忘却孤独；最后一句话的意思是和你始终不能摆脱的人呆在一起比孤独带来的恐惧有过之而无不及（even harder than being alone）。因此选C（However），表示转折关系。三、利用排比结构解题“排比结构”指的是结构相同或相似、意思密切关联、语法一致的句子或词组成串排列的语言现象。命题者常从排比结构的句式相同或相似这一角度，利用其表现意义的关联或对比这一特点来设空。【例】Many people now think that teachers give pupils too much homework. They say that it is 51 for children to work at home in their free time. 52 , they argue that most teachers do not 53 plan the homework tasks they give to pupils.（2003年上海春考）51.A.unnecessary B.uninterestingC.unfortunate D.unimportant52.A.Nevertheless B.HoweverC.Therefore D.Moreover53.A.considerably B.favorablyC.properly D.pleasantly【解析】该排比结构由Many people think that.They say that.they argue that.所组成，在意义上表现了人们（学生家长）对学生课业负担过重的抱怨。该结构中所设置的三个空格要求考生首先把握结构所体现的“主题” 抱怨作业太多。其次，要求考生理解三句之间在表达意义上的递进关系。故答案分别为A，D，C。四、利用词汇复现解题由于完形填空的选文是意义相关联的语篇，往往围绕一个话题论述，因此行文中词语的重复、替代的现象是不可避免的。也就是说，某个词常常以原词、同义词或近义词以及其他形式重复出现在语篇之中。词汇复现使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯，从而构成一个完整和有机的意义整体。根据这一原则，某一个空格所对应的答案很可能就是在上下文中复现的相关词，考生可以根据这些词来决定答案。【例】This is what happens on long submarine（潜水艇） voyages. It will also happen on 47 space flights in the future. Will there be special problems of adjustment under such conditions？（2007年上海高考）47Along Bfast Cdangerous Ddirect【例】What then is the future of education？Will this new model of schooling replace normal schools？Will computers and the Internet 51 our classrooms and teachers？（2006年上海春考）51.A.replace B.reserve C.represent D.release【例】Some parents . Still other parents choose this type of 48（education） for religious reasons. Whatever the 49 may be, it is evident that more and more children are being taken out of normal schools every year.（2006年上海春考）49.A.effects B.suggestions C.reasons D.pressures【解析】以上各题我们可以很容易地找到设空部分的解题线索上文的复现词汇分别是long，replace，reasons，claims。故答案分别为A，A，C。五、利用对比结构解题对比结构常把两种对立的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面并列出来加以比较或对比。高考完形填空设题常常利用不同句子之间的对比关系或者同一个句子中不同部分之间的对比关系。【例】A pupil who can do his homework in a quiet and 59 room is in a much better position than a pupil who does his homework in a small, noisy room with the television on.（2003年上海春考）59.A.furnished B.expensiveC.comfortable D.suitable【解析】该题利用相似短语之间的对比关系来命题。设空部分与下文的a small, noisy room with the television on存在对比关系。作者想借此说明“相同的作业”对于“不同家庭背景的学生”所表现出的不公平。答案为C。【例】He had always been interested in medicine and had read a book, which discussed the idea of how body chemistry and health can be damaged by emotional stress and negative 47 . The book made Cousins think about the possible 48 of positive attitudes and emotions.（2006年上海秋考）47.A.attitudes B.beliefs C.goals D.positions48.A.shortcoming B.harm C.benefit D.interest【解析】这两个空均考查根据上下文选择正确的名词。前一句意为“书中讨论到紧张的情绪和消极的态度都会损害人体组织和健康”，所以A选项为正确答案。后一句意为“这本书使Cousins考虑到积极的态度和情感可能带来的益处”，所以选项C为正确答案。上句中的negative attitude, damaged等词与下句中的positive attitude, benefit形成对照，是解题的关键。六、利用词汇差异解题高考完形填空主要考查实义词，如名词、形容词、动词、副词等。测试要点主要是词意或用法辨析，对于同义词或近义词，一定要结合上下文内容，根据句意进行判断。有时从单句看，似乎不止一个答案，必须结合上下文在含义和用法等多方面加以考虑才能作出选择。【例】The first is the removal from the curriculum（课程） of the thorough teaching of English 57 . Pupils now do not know a verb from a noun, the subject of a sentence from its object, or the difference between the past, present, or future.（2007年上海高考）57Avocabulary Bculture Cgrammar Dliterature【解析】本题考查名词的辨析。联系下文的句子.a verb from a noun, the subject of a sentence from its object, or the difference between the past, present, or future，所有这些叙述都是和grammar有关的术语，A项是“词汇”，B项是“文化”，D项是“文学”，显然答案为C。七、利用作者情感态度来解题做完形填空时，应在弄清作者思路的基础上，着重寻找反映褒贬态度的标志性词汇或句子。我们有时候可以根据作者对人物或事情的态度来排除干扰，进行正确的选择。【例】When men are 49（held up） together for a long period, they begin to feel uneasy. Everyone has little habi