2019届高三英语二轮复习专题一阅读理解讲义.docx

专题一 阅读理解 细节理解题增分点(一)间接细节理解题细节理解题常分为直接细节理解题、间接细节理解题和概括细节理解题。间接细节理解题相对于直接细节理解题而言难度要大，命题的迷惑性更大，因为此类题目的正确选项都经过了命题人对原文信息的语义转换，两者存在表达上的差异。考生不能从原文中直接找到答案，而是要对原文信息稍加归纳才能得出正确答案。典例(2018全国卷阅读B节选).Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein)Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质)The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants.As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.24What does the author seem to like about cherries?AThey contain protein.BThey are high in vitamin A.CThey have a pleasant taste.DThey are rich in antioxidants.解析选C在该选段中，作者比较了草莓、蓝莓、樱桃和核桃类水果各自不同的优点，从其中“As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares？”这句话可知，人们喜欢樱桃是因为它们味道甜美。C项中的“have a pleasant taste”与文中的“are so delicious”意义吻合。干扰项分析A项是raspberries的特征；B项是对“yellow and orange stone fruits”的特征的曲解；D项是blueberries (蓝莓)的特征。增分技巧间接信息题相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。在做间接细节理解题时，要做到“两关注”“一防范”。“两关注”是指关注正确选项的两个特征：一是同义词替换或释义，即把文中语言(词汇和结构)改头换面，来表达相同的意思；二是对文章信息的归纳。“一防范”是指防范干扰选项的迷惑性，错误选项常使用诸如张冠李戴、无中生有、曲解文意、颠倒是非、正误参半等方式来造成句意的改变。训练目标(一) 对点练攻克失分短板A(2018全国卷阅读D节选) .Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we cant forget that deep relationships wouldnt even exist if it werent for casual conversation.Small talk is the grease (润滑剂) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast.“Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk，” he explains.“The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.”.33What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?AShowing good manners.BRelating to other people.CFocusing on a topic.DMaking business deals.解析：选B由该选段最后卡尔杜齐说的话可知，成功的闲聊的关键是学会怎样与他人产生联系，而不只是与他人交流，文中的connect with与B项的relate to的含义是一致的，表示“与联系”。B(2017全国卷阅读B节选) I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City.When the studio didnt want me for the film it wanted somebody as well known as Paul he stood up for me.I dont know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.24Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to the author at first?APaul Newman wanted it.BThe studio powers didnt like his agent.CHe wasnt famous enough.DThe director recommended someone else.解析：选C根据选段中“When the studio didnt want me for the film it wanted somebody as well known as Paul .”可知，工作室不想让“我”拍这部电影是因为想找一名与保罗一样出名的演员出演。本题命题人在C项中对文中信息进行了同义替换，用famous替换well known。C(2017全国卷阅读B节选) .The film classic The Last Picture Show was the last movie shown in the old theater.Though the movie is 30 years old, most of the 250 seats were filled with tearyeyed audience wanting to say goodbye to the old building.Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate.The movie is set in a small town where the only movie theater is preparing to close down.25Why was The Last Picture Show put on?AIt was an alltime classic.BIt was about the history of the town.CThe audience requested it.DThe theater owner found it suitable.解析：选D根据选段中的“Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate.”可知，电影The Last Picture Show讲述的内容和剧院的命运一样，剧院经理Ed Bradford认为放映此部电影非常契合此时的情景。原文中的“appropriate”和D项的“suitable”为同义词，都表示“合适的”，故答案为D。D(2018北京高考阅读A节选) .I was one of the final runners to finish.But I finished！And I got a medal.In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.38How was the authors first marathon?AHe made it.BHe quit halfway.CHe got the first prize. DHe walked to the end.解析：选A根据选段可知，作者坚持到了最后，而且得到了一块奖牌，虽然不是第一名，由此可归纳出“他成功地跑完了这次马拉松”。make it意为“达到预定目标，获得成功”。故选A。训练目标(二) 综合练提高解题速度(加黑的题目为细节理解题，加的为间接细节理解题)AParkway Central Library EventsSummer Thyme Cooks Now through Wednesday, May 10Summer Thyme Cooks is a FREE cooking program for teens entering grades 712.In four weekly handson classes, students will learn the fundamentals of cooking.Food is meant to be shared, so every class ends with a familystyle meal.Students go home each week with a new recipe and a grocery bag filled with healthy, fresh ingredients (原料) so they can cook with their families!Questions？Call Jamie at 2156865323.We the Detectives Family FunMonday, May 15The best way for youth and families to spot whats inside our doors is to attend our Family Event, taking place on May 15 from 10：30 am.to 12：30 pm.This annual tradition is a muchbeloved opportunity for families to explore the building.This years Family Event will feature (以为特色) unique and interesting brunch foods, and a detective storytime with our librarians.Cost: $50 Adult；$25 Child (ages 316); Free for children under 3.For more information, please call 2155677710.The Art of ComicsNow through Saturday, May 202156865403An exhibition of books shows the history of pictorial storytelling.The art of several pioneers in the medium is on display, including works by Hokusai, Rodolphe Tpffer, and Wilhelm Busch.Sunday Literacy ProgramSunday, May 212156865369This program offers dropin assistance to students struggling to read in the 1st through 3rd grades.Both of the two sessions will include the following parts: Read Aloud, Independent Reading, Literacy Games and Writing.Participants need to register on their first visit.语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了美国一家图书馆的活动。1.What are participants required to do at the cooking program?AShare food.BBring recipes.CCook with their families.DLearn basic cooking skills.解析：选D细节理解题。题干的关键信息为cooking program，根据第一项活动Summer Thyme Cooks中的“In four weekly handson classes, students will learn the fundamentals of cooking.”可知，参与该活动的人将会学习基本的烹饪技巧。D项中的“basic cooking skills”是对文中“fundamentals of cooking”的同义替换。2When can you look around the library?AOn May 10.BOn May 15.COn May 20. DOn May 21.解析：选B细节理解题。第二项活动中提到“This annual tradition is a muchbeloved opportunity for families to explore the building.”，由此活动的时间Monday, May 15可知答案。3How does the Sunday Literacy Program differ from the others?AIts free of charge. BIts familyfriendly.CIt requires registration. DIt is intended for adults.解析：选C推理判断题。根据最后一段“Participants need to register on their first visit.”可知，第一次参加Sunday Literacy Program需要注册，而其他三项活动并未提及此点，故选C项。BIts only been two weeks since Montana Brown began working at the Aflac Cancer Center of Atlanta, but she said, “The job is more than anything I could ask for.Its so cool to just be at the place where I was treated and to have an influence over the kids.”Brown was just two when she was diagnosed (诊断) with rhabdomyosarcoma, a rare type of cancer.She received treatment for a year and then the disease was controlled.But at the age of fifteen, she was diagnosed again with the same cancer and had to receive treatment for another year.She was also told that she had to stop dancing, one of her hobbies.Brown said she remembered just how compassionate (有同情心的) the nurses were during that difficult time.So she decided to give back in the same way the nurses did with her when she was in the hospital.“Around 10th or 11th grade, I started thinking about what to major in，” Brown said.“I knew I wanted to help people and I knew that I wanted to use my story to help others and give them hope and inspiration.The more I thought about it, the better I knew being a nurse would be the greatest field for me.” She received a degree in nursing from Augusta University last year.Caroline Rooke, the nurse manager at the Aflac Cancer Center, said.“Browns experiences make her a special part of the team.She would improve the care experience that we can offer our patients.Its her special way of giving back.”语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。Montana Brown两岁的时候就被查出患有癌症，并在医院接受了治疗。为了回报社会，她在大学学习护理专业，毕业后成为那家医院的一名护士。4. What does Montana Brown think of her job?AAmazing. BInteresting.CBoring. DDemanding.解析：选A细节理解题。根据第一段Brown所说的话“The job is more than anything I could ask for.Its so cool to just be at the place where I was treated and to have an influence over the kids.”可知，她认为回到这家医院工作是一件很酷的事情，她对此很满意，故正确答案为A。A项“Amazing”与文中的“so cool”为同义表达。5.Why did Montana Brown choose to be a nurse?AShe believed this field was so cool.BShe wanted to inspire more patients.CShe hoped she could cure her illness.DShe intended to get some experience.解析：选B细节理解题。根据第五段的“I knew I wanted to help people and I knew that I wanted to use my story to help others and give them hope and inspiration.”可知，她之所以选择当一名护士，是因为她想帮助更多的人，想用自己的故事给别人希望和鼓舞。B项中的“inspire”与“inspiration”的意思是一致的。6What can we learn from Browns story?ANo difficulty can make us lose hope.BIt is important to choose a proper job.CNothing can prevent us achieving our goals.DAnyone has the ability to give back to society.解析：选D推理判断题。根据第四段、第五段的内容以及最后一段护士长的话“Its her special way of giving back.”可知，Brown在接受治疗期间从护士那里感受到了爱心与照顾，这促使她毕业后选择成为一名护士，以此回报社会。她的故事告诉我们：每个人都有回报社会的能力。CCourtney Holmes offers his young customers a little something extra with their haircuts.“Hey, how are you doing? What grade are you in? Whats your favorite book? Yeah, I got it.” If you thought youd walked into a library with a greeting like that, you wouldnt be too far off.In fact, youve entered the workplace of Courtney Holmes, the Storybook Barber.Two years ago, Dubuque, lowa, held its first annual Back to School Bash, offering needy families a chance to learn about free resources in the community.Holmes agreed to take part in it.He was holding down two jobs at the time one with the citys public works department, the other as a barber.Saturday was his busiest haircutting day, but he chose to devote his time to underprivileged (底层的) kids so theyd look sharp on that first day of classes.But then he had a sudden idea.“The kids should earn their free haircut by having to read a book to me.” Holmes said.The idea was so popular that he continued it the first Tuesday of every month for the next two years.5 to 10yearold kids, would hold a favorite book, settle into the barber chair, and read aloud while Holmes gave them a haircut.If they had any difficulty, Holmes was there to help.After the haircut, theyd review the book, from the characters and vocabularies to the themes just like in school, only more fun.“These kids are eager to learn，” said Holmes.“And they are able to open their hearts there.”Holmes admits he, too, benefits from the activity.“There was a sevenyearold boy who struggled through his book, stuttering (口吃) over words even though he didnt have a stutter，” said Holmes.He had the boy take the book home and practice.“When the child came back next time, he read it with no problems.That inspired me.”语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。热心人士Courtney Holmes为学生提供免费理发服务的同时，还为他们创造了读书的良好氛围。7.Why did Holmes take part in Back to School Bash?ATo earn more money.BTo help poor kids look good.CTo reduce the parents pressure.DTo work in the local schools.解析：选B细节理解题。根据第三段的“but he chose to devote his time .so theyd look sharp on that first day of classes”可知，Holmes提供免费的理发，让孩子们在开学时显得精神些。B项中的“look good”就是对“look sharp”的同义替换。8.How often did Holmes provide free haircuts during the two years?AEvery Saturday. BEvery weekend.COnce a month. DOnce a year.解析：选C细节理解题。根据第四段第一句可知，在两年的时间内，Holmes在每个月的第一个星期二都会为孩子们提供免费服务，也就是每个月一次。C项是对“the first Tuesday of every month”的信息归纳。9What can we learn about Holmes young customers?AThey are students with reading problems.BThey learn more here than in school.CThey get along well with Holmes.DThere are more boys than girls.解析：选C推理判断题。根据第四段的“These kids are eager to learn， said Holmes.And they are able to open their hearts there.”可知，孩子们在理发店里能和Holmes敞开心扉，说明他们与Holmes相处得很好。10What can we best describe Holmes as?AA hardworking barber.BA kindhearted volunteer.CA busy and loving parent.DA responsible social worker.解析：选B推理判断题。结合全文可知，Holmes两年的时间内定期为孩子们提供免费理发服务，并与他们交流，辅导他们读书，是一位热心的志愿者。D(2018郑州第二次质量检测)Chinese movie theaters are never running short of youth films.Youth(芳华), directed by Feng Xiaogang, was released in December, 2017 and hit the screen.But this one is different: It is dedicated to the youth of our parents generation.Set in the 1970s, the story begins in a military art troupe (演出团), in which the soldiers duties are to sing, dance and promote culture.He Xiaoping, a newcomer, is a talented dancer.With a painful childhood, she wants to make a fresh start in the troupe, yet her family background makes her the laughing stock (笑柄) among the girls.The only person who is nice to her is Liu Feng, a kind and unselfish man.In most youth films, the characters life paths are only influenced by their own choices.However, the young people in Youth are also a part of “the whirlwind (旋风) of historical changes”， as film critic Justin Chang wrote in the Los Angeles Times.In a period of more than 30 years, they have to experience the “cultural revolution” (19661976) and the SinoVietnamese War, during which Liu Feng loses one arm and He Xiaoping suffers from a mental illness.The disbandment (解散) of the troupe also tears them away from the life and people they are so familiar with, throwing them into a new life they know nothing about.They all have to learn “to make peace with the past and make the most of the present”， wrote Giovanna Fulvi on the website TIFF.But theres still something that never changes about youth.No matter what time of history it is, people share the same longing for love and beauty.Sunshine, laughter and swimming pools these typical images of youth are all well kept in Mr.Fengs new film.According to , Youth is actually a nostalgic (怀旧的) and personal work that Mr.Feng dedicates to his own experiences of working in a troupe.“When I look back in time, everything else in my life seems to be black and white，” he said.“The days in the troupe are the only part of my memory that always remains colorful.”语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了冯小刚导演的芳华这部电影的背景、主要人物和内容等。在不同的历史时期，青春是有共性的。11What influenced He Xiaopings and Liu Fengs lives most?AHistorical changes.BTheir own personalities.CTheir family backgrounds.DTheir longing for love and beauty.解析：选A细节理解题。根据第三段第二句中的“However, the young people in Youth are also a part of the whirlwind (旋风) of historical changes”可知，历史的变化对芳华中的何小萍和刘峰的生活的影响是最大的，故答案选A。12.Why did Feng Xiaogang direct the film Youth?ATo show the cruelty of the war.BTo urge people to value their youth.CTo recall the days when he worked in a troupe.DTo describe the life during the “cultural revolution” (19661976)解析：选C细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句“According to .Mr.Feng dedicates to his own experiences of working in a troupe.”可知，冯小刚拍摄芳华这部电影，是为了纪念自己曾经在剧团里工作的经历，故答案选C。C项是对文中信息的同义替换。13What do we know about the youth in different generations according to the text?AThey all treat sunshine and laughter as the typical images of themselves.BIn our parents generation, they dont love beauty due to hard life.CThey long for totally different things varying from generation to generation.DThough they live in different times, they still have something in common.解析：选D推理判断题。根据第五段第一句“But theres still something that never changes about youth.”可知，关于青春，有的东西是永远不会改变的，也就是说，青春是有共性的，故答案选D。 细节理解题增分点(二)概括细节理解题典例(2018全国卷阅读C节选).Wang collected more than 7 million abandoned bricks of different ages.He asked the workers to use traditional techniques to make the bricks into walls, roofs and corridors.This creation attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements (元素)Wangs works show a deep understanding of modern architecture and a good knowledge of traditions.Through such a balance, he had created a new type of Chinese architecture, said Tadao Ando, the winner of the 1995 Pritzker Prize.30What made Wangs architectural design a success?AThe mixture of different shapes.BThe balance of East and West.CThe use of popular techniques.DThe harmony of old and new.解析选D根据选段第一段第三句“This creation attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements (元素)”和选段第二段第二句中的“Through such a balance, he had created a new type of Chinese architecture”可知，传统与现代元素的和谐共存是王澍建筑设计成功的秘诀，故选D。干扰项分析A项错在shapes，不是形状的混合，是现代和传统中国元素的混合；B项错在East and West，是modern architecture和a good knowledge of traditions的平衡；C项错在popular，根据选文第一段第二句可知应是traditional。增分技巧概括细节理解题要求通过思维分析将原文中比较分散或复杂的信息进行归纳概括，即要“综合事实定答案”。容易做错的原因是没有全面分析所涉及的相关信息，只是单一地、孤立地分析某句内容从而不能做出符合题干条件的选择。(1)通过关键词定区间。就是说我们在阅读题干的时候迅速把题干中的关键词标记出来，然后根据关键词回到原文当中定位相关的段落、语句。(2)通过概括定选项。概括细节理解题可能涉及文章某一段或几段，甚至贯穿全文的各个位置，需要考生寻找文章中的多个细节。然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。(3)兼用排除法解题。在遇到模棱两可、难以做出选择的答案时，也可采用排除法，将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。训练目标(一) 对点练攻克失分短板A(2018北京高考阅读C节选)PlasticEating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year.Almost half of that winds up in landfills (垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans.So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics.The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost