2013公共课考研模考试卷(英语).pdf

2013 考研模考测试卷 英语 2013 考研模考测试卷 英语 答题注意事项答题注意事项 1 考试要求考试要求 考试时间 考试时间 180 分钟分钟 满分 满分 100 分分 2 基本信息基本信息 学员姓名学员姓名 分数分数 1 Section I Use of English Directions Read the following text Choose the best word s for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1 10 points Culture itself must be transmitted and the most effective way is through the family Parents teach their children the ideas and traditions they 1 from their own parents For this reason the 2 became increasingly important the practical applications of cultural tradition such as hunting for food 3 children and tending the sick may have been the obvious methods to use when more than one family came together in a joint activity Families provide friends people who can be trusted and trust can be 4 through intermarriage Thus the whole societies come to be formed in which the relationships between kin act 5 guidelines for daily behavior and establish important social values Sometimes traditional ways even become 6 into laws The original reasons may be lost but a process is 7 The society survives where others fail 8 its members behavior is controlled for the benefit of all 9 laws customs and traditional beliefs Furthermore in cultural traditions 10 from generation to generation humans have a kind of cultural capital on which to draw By 11 account of past wisdom we can look into the future and plan for events that are not always 12 The fact that we make 13 repeatedly to a standard pattern and use them to make other tools 14 us clearly from other animals It indicates cultural factors at work 15 instinct A sea otter may learn to break shellfish open with rocks but it will not 16 to change an unsatisfactory stone The difference 17 the power of the human brain not only to 18 the outside world to see and react to it but also to conceive of what it might be That is to 19 a world unseen and unknown and to foresee possibilities within it Imagination enables us to 20 our own world 1 A obtained B learned C procured D acquired 2 A school B society C parents D family 3 A educating B rearing C training D bringing 4 A weakened B supposed C reinforced D increased 5 A as B from C with D like 6 A civilized B formalized C categorized D centralized 7 A recorded B found C established D reversed 8 A but B so C though D because 9 A for B by C in D from 10 A passed B come C moved D delivered 11 A making B giving C taking D keeping 12 A convenient B possible C available D predictable 13 A tools B fires C food D clothes 14 A tells B differs C distinguishes D identities 15 A but B besides C than D beyond 16 A attempt B experiment C strive D struggle 2 17 A holds up B lies in C rests with D contributes to 18 A perceive B recognize C sense D observe 19 A assume B dream C imagine D guess 20 A make B create C invent D design Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions Read the following text Choose the best word s for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on the ANSWER SHEET 1 40 points Text 1 In an ideal world the nation s elite schools would enroll the most qualified students But that s not how it works Applicants whose parents are alumni get special treatment as so athletes and rich kids Underrepresented minorities are also given preference Thirty years of affirmative action have changed the complexion of mostly white universities now about 13 percent of all undergraduates are black or Latino But most come from middle and upper middle class families Poor kids of all ethnicities remain scarce A recent study by the Century Foundation found that at the nation s 146 most competitive schools 74 percent of students came from upper middle class and wealthy families while only about 5 percent came from families with an annual income of roughly 35 000 or less Many schools say diversity racial economic and geographic is key to maintaining intellectually vital campuses But Richard Kahlenberg of the Century Foundation says that even though colleges claim they want poor kids they don t try very hard to find them As for rural students many colleges don t try at all Unfortunately we go where we can generate a sizable number of potential applicants says Tulane admissions chief Richard Whiteside who recruits aggressively and in person from metropolitan areas Kids in rural areas get a glossy brochure in the mail Even when poor rural students have the grades for top colleges their high schools often don t know how to get them there Admissions officers rely on guidance counselors to direct them to promising prospects In affluent high schools guidance counselors often have personal relationships with both kids and admissions officers In rural areas a teacher a counselor or even an alumnus can help put rural students on our radar screen says Wesleyan admissions dean Nancy Meislahn But poor rural schools rarely have college advisers with those connections without them admission can be a crapshoot says Carnegie Mellon s Steidel In the past few years some schools have begun to open that door a little wider At MIT it s something of a mission for Marilee Jones the dean of admissions Twenty years ago 25 percent of 3 each MIT class was first generation college goers from poor backgrounds who used the celebrated engineering school as a ticket out of the blue collar world Five years ago when that number dipped below 10 percent Jones began scouring the country for bright kids and then paired the potential applicants with MIT faculty and students who could answer questions about college life In four years Jones has doubled the number of poor first generation students at MIT 21 According to the passage American schools A favor the most competent students B enroll the children of their alumni C don t conform to some national law D discriminate against lower class students 22 Colleges go to cities to enroll students because A they think students in urban areas have more intellectual potential B they don t want to travel far to search for applicants in rural areas C students in rural areas may have many economic problems D it is much easier to find enough prospective students in cities 23 By saying can be a crapshoot Line 6 Para 3 the author suggests A rural students have an access to college B poor rural students can t afford admission fees C it is very hard for rural students to go to college D poor rural schools are not on good terms with colleges 24 At MIT many first generation poor students A were grateful to the college for their enrollment B regarded the college as an opportunity to change fate C were glad to get away from their poor families D got some help from MIT faculty and students 25 Which of the following might Marilee Jones agree with A Colleges should spare no efforts to look for brilliant poor students B Renowned universities certainly attract brilliant poor students C Colleges can benefit greatly from the enrollment of poor students D Many colleges have realized the importance of enrolling poor students Text 2 Forget the fight between Republications and Democrats When it comes to economic policy what s going on now is a struggle between growth optimists on one side and economic declinists on the other Optimists whether conservative or liberal believe that the long term growth potential of the U S remains bright Sure there s dispute about the best way to encourage growth 4 Conservatives favor lower taxes on capital liberals support more funding for research and development and education And technologists regardless of their political stripe want to encourage the innovative companies of Silicon Valley But the optimists have a common goal sustaining or even beating the strong economic performance of the 1990s By contrast declinists and there are plenty of them among both conservatives and liberals think the 1990s boom was at best an anomaly and at worst a bubble that did more harm than good Such declinists preach the doctrine of sacrifice and belt tightening They would rather hold down the federal budget deficit instead of encouraging private investment through tax cuts or providing more funding for research and development and education And because declinists think of the economy as relatively slow growing they worry more about how to divide up the economic pie than how to make it bigger One of the most influential declinists is Paul Krugman a Princeton economist and New York Times columnist who has long been pessimistic about the U S economy s future In the mid 1990s he strongly objected to the New Economy idea that technology could raise the rate of productivity growth writing that there is no good reason to believe that the speed limit on the economy has been raised Moreover in the short run he argues for Keynesian measures such as providing more aid for hard pressed state governments But in the long run Krugman like other declinists seems fixated on controlling the budget deficit Unfortunately economic theory suggests that even eliminating the budget deficit will have a relatively small impact on the long run growth rate The best thing for poor Americans is fast growth and low unemployment even if it brings more inequality That s the lesson of the 1990s when the rich prospered but the poverty rate fell as well going from 15 from 1993 to less than 12 in 2001 Over the same stretch real wages for production and non supervisory workers rose by 10 reversing a 20 year downward trend An economy should be judged at least partly by how well it treats the poor By that measure the 1990s were a success 26 With respect to economic policy the conflict usually goes on A between the two U S major political parties B between liberal and conservative economists C among economists irrespective of party stripe D among politicians of the U S both main parties 27 Economic optimists disagree with one another as to A how to prompt economic progress most B how to lighten the burden of taxation 5 C how to render aid to scientific research D how to urge hi tech firms on to fresh efforts 28 It is the declinists belief that A economy is doomed to move on at a low rate B federal budget deficit is to be sustained C people have to suffer economic depression D reducing taxes is mortal to national economy 29 In Paul Krugman s view it is true that A the idea of the New Economy seemed unfounded B the 1990s prosperity was an unusual irregularity C technical advance may have impact on production D economic speed limit can be exceeded in no way 30 The author agrees that a successful economy is to be measured by A providing enough aid for strained states B eliminating the federal deficit financing C diminishing people s income inequality D reducing unemployment to the utmost Text 3 Pain will propel most people to a doctor s office faster than just about any other complaint It s usually a sign that something is wrong though it s not always clear just what the problem is Doctors can t measure pain objectively the way they can measure blood pressure or cholesterol levels So when pain doesn t immediately respond to treatment physicians and patients often too often accept it as just another symptom that has to be lived with The suffering and confusion should begin to lift this year however thanks to the efforts of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations the group responsible for certifying the quality and safety of the majority of hospitals nursing homes and clinics in the U S Starting January 1 these medical facilities will have to show that they meet certain standards for the assessment and treatment of pain in all their patients Failure to meet the standards which were jointly developed with the University of Wisconsin Medical School in Madison could lead to a financially devastating loss of the right to treat Medicare and Medicaid patients Among the new requirements all patients have the right to have their pain assessed and managed appropriately medical facilities must ask their patients to rate their level of pain and the results 6 must be documented Of course those rules only apply in the U S But you don t have to live there to get relief from pain Just follow these simple guidelines Surveys have shown that many patients don t tell doctors or nurses about their pain for fear of being labels cranky or difficult or because they assume that their discomfort will go away Yet says June Dahl professor of pharmacology at the University of Wisconsin that reluctance can backfire Left uncontrolled the pain you thought was temporary can trigger a long term chronic condition It can also interfere with the healing process and lengthen your recovery time Find out before you are wheeled into the operating room what the various treatment options for pain are as well as their side effects Learn what pain killers can and can t do Lots of folks fear they will get hooked on strong medications In fact though most patients build a tolerance to pain drugs they don t become addicted Unfortunately says Dr Kathleen Foley an attending neurologist at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City not all pain can be controlled But you know what she says We ll never do anything if we don t try And no one can even begin to help you until you say where and how much it hurts 31 Which of the following is true according to the text A Most people find pain more tolerable than other physical discomforts B Pain usually indicates the malfunction of nerves C Pain can be measured like blood pressure or cholesterol levels D Pain is sometimes a stubborn symptom subject to no immediate treatment 32 In the U S hospitals medical facilities are now required to A develop the standards for pain assessment and treatment B maintain the hospitals rights against heavy financial losses C assess and manage patients pain properly D relieve patients suffering and confusion 33 Patients with pain are advised A to go to U S hospitals B to endure in silence C to plan pain treatment ahead D to seek doctor s help as soon as possible 34 According to Prof Dahl pain can A seldom go away itself B lead to a long term chronic condition 7 C not be controlled by pain killers D prevent patients from their recovery 35 The passage can be best entitled A Feel no pain B Seek No Doctor C Take No Medication D Endure No Operation Text 4 If the field of history is enormous today that of philosophy is diffuse In approaching the subject one must keep carefully in mind the distinction between general wisdom and the technical work of trained philosophers going about professional tasks paralleling those of economists or mathematicians Our present interest is in philosophers in this professional sense The century opened in the Golden Age of American philosophy when Josiah Royce William James George Santayana and John Dewey were each propounding systematic thought in his own way In this brilliant quartet a group of 4 people playing instruments together philosophy in America reached a height it has not yet regained Despite admirable thinkers now living it seems fair to say that no systematic philosophy propounded by any American since the death of Dewey seems likely to exercise the influence of the thinkers of the Golden Age But philosophers have not been idle Stunning advances in mathematical and physical theories leading to the Einsteinian intellectual revolution of our time have given philosophy so much to analyze that it is not surprising that no general system now dominates the field Under the merciless knife of intellectual analysis every system of philosophy has been found inconsistent or somewhere fallacious Because the present temper of American philosophy is extremely analytical that sort of synthesis out of which systems develop is not at the moment much in evidence The matter is of more than passing importance for the humanities In contrast to the scientist with his or her opportunity for a place in industry and to the social scientist with his or her chance at jobs in government or business the humanistic scholar is in the main confined to the academic world But there are grades of opportunity even among humanists scholars in history and literature for example having occasional job opportunities in libraries and special institutes The occupational area of philosophers however is in the academic world since government does not employ metaphysicians and business and industry do not hire logicians as they hire chemists If the partnership of philosophy at the moment is with science in the philosophic endeavor to ascertain the basis of the dependability both of knowledge and of the intellectual process the partnership is not irrevocable and there is some reason to suppose that there will be a slow swing 8 back to the Platonic goal of the philosopher as citizen and magistrate 36 As the author indicates the philosophic diffusion in the U S stems from its A academic achievement B systematic thought C analytical nature D technical feature 37 Which of the following is mentioned as a defect of philosophical systems A Mutual contradictions B Fragmented views C Ruthless tempers D Fantastic ideas 38 Philosophers can be distinguished from other humanists in A their distinct opinions on the world B the area where they are employed C their partnership with science D the positions they are granted 39 The present obstacle to the development of a systematic philosophy seems to be A the tools of other disciplines used by its professionals B the realization of the impossibility of a perfect philosophy C the scientific advances putting it into a less relevant position D the dissection and examination philosophers concentrate on 40 The author s attitude toward philosopher s role in the future can best be described as A earnestly concerned B cautiously optimistic C regretfully resigned D slightly ambiguous Part B Directions In the following article some sentences have been removed For Questions 41 45 choose the most suitable one from the list A G to fit into each of the numbered blank There are two extra choices which do not fit