托福部分词汇的双语翻译.docx

法律penal /pinl/ Penal means relating to the punishment of criminals. illicit /lst/ CET6 TEM8An illicit activity or substance is not allowed by law or the social customs of a country. unruly /nrul/ TEM8If you describe people, especially children, as unruly, you mean that they behave badly and are difficult to control. illegitimate /ldtmt/ TEM4A person who is illegitimate was born of parents who were not married to each other. default /dflt/ CET6 TEM4(defaulting, defaulted, defaults) If a person, company, or country defaults on something that they have legally agreed to do, such as paying some money or doing a piece of work before a particular time, they fail to do it. violate /valet/ CET4 TEM4(violating, violated, violates) If someone violates an agreement, law, or promise, they break it. /nfrnd/ CET6 TEM8(infringing, infringed, infringes) If someone infringes a law or a rule, they break it or do something that disobeys it. bound /band/ CET4 TEM41、Bound is the past tense and past participle of . (bind)的过去式和过去分词2、PHRASEIf you say that something is bound to happen, you mean that you are sure it will happen, because it is a natural consequence of something that is already known or exists. 必然会例：There are bound to be price increases next year. 3、PHRASEIf you say that something is bound to happen or be true, you feel confident and certain of it, although you have no definite knowledge or evidence. 应该会口语例：Ill show it to Benjamin. Hes bound to know. 4、(of a book) secured within a cover or binding (书)有封面的; (书)装订好的see also half-bound5、If one person, thing, or situation is bound to another, they are closely associated with each other, and it is difficult for them to be separated or to escape from each other. 与密切相关的v-link ADJ to n例：We are as tightly bound to the people we dislike as to the people we love. 6、If a vehicle or person is bound for a particular place, they are travelling toward it. 前往例： The ship was bound for Italy. 7、COMB in ADJBound is also a combining form. 开往例：.a Texas-bound oil freighter. 一艘开往得克萨斯州的油轮。compulsory /kmplsr/ CET6 TEM4If something is compulsory, you must do it or accept it, because it is the law or because someone in a position of authority says you must. oblige /blad/ CET4 TEM4(obliging, obliged, obliges) If you are obliged to do something, a situation, rule, or law makes it necessary for you to do that thing. domineering /dmnr/ TEM8If you say that someone is domineering, you (disapprove of)不喜欢 them because you feel that they try to control other people without any consideration for their feelings or opinions. mandatory /mndtr/ CET6+ TEM8If an action or procedure is mandatory, people have to do it, because it is a rule or a law. jurisdiction /drsdkn/ CET6+ TEM8(jurisdictions) Jurisdiction is the power that a court of law or an official has to carry out legal judgments or to enforce laws. arbitration /btren/ CET6+Arbitration is the judging of a dispute between people or groups by someone who is not involved. confiscate /knfsket/ CET6+ TEM4(confiscating, confiscated, confiscates) If you confiscate something from someone, you take it away from them, usually as a punishment. Convict CET4 TEM4(convicting, convicted, convicts) If someone is convicted of a crime, they are found guilty of that crime in a court of law. verdict /vdkt/ CET6 TEM4(verdicts) In a court of law, the verdict is the decision that is given by the jury or judge at the end of a trial. indemnity /ndmnt/ TEM8If something provides indemnity, it provides insurance or protection against damage or loss. imprisonment /mprznmnt/ TEM4Imprisonment is the state of being imprisoned.invalidate /nvldet/ TEM8(invalidating, invalidated, invalidates) If something invalidates something such as a law, contract, or election, it causes it to be considered illegal. detain /dten/ CET6 TEM4(detaining, detained, detains) When people such as the police detain someone, they keep them in a place under their control. extenuate /kstnjet/ to represent (an offence, a fault, etc) as being less serious than it appears, as by showing mitigating (减少)circumstances authorize /raz/ CET6 TEM4(authorizing, authorized, authorizes) If someone in a position of authority authorizes something, they give their official permission for it to happen. plea /pli/ CET6 TEM8(pleas) A plea is an appeal or request for something, made in an intense or emotional way. oath / CET6 TEM4(oaths) An oath is a formal promise, especially a promise to be loyal to a person or country. pledge /pld/ CET4 TEM4(pledging, pledged, pledges) When someone makes a pledge, they make a serious promise that they will do something.plead /plid/ CET6 TEM8(pleading, pled, pleads) If you plead with someone to do something, you ask them in an intense, emotional way to do it. flee /fli/ CET4 TEM4(fleeing, fled, flees) If you flee from something or someone, or flee a person or thing, you escape from them. defend /dfnd/ CET4 TEM4(defending, defended, defends) If you defend someone or something, you take action in order to protect themproscribe /prskrab/ (proscribing, proscribed, proscribes) If something is proscribed by people in authority, the existence or the use of that thing is forbidden. 例：In some cultures surgery is proscribed.abstinence /bstnns/ TEM8Abstinence is the practice of abstaining from something such as alcoholic drink or sex, often for health or religious reasons. abstain /bsten/ CET6+ TEM8(abstaining, abstained, abstains) If you abstain from something, usually something you want to do, you deliberately do not do it. stipulate /stpjlet/ CET6 TEM8(stipulating, stipulated, stipulates) If you stipulate a condition or stipulate that something must be done, you say clearly that it must be done. 例：She could have stipulated that she would pay when she collected the computer. substantiate /sbstnet/ TEM8(substantiating, substantiated, substantiates) To substantiate a statement or a story means to supply evidence which proves that it is true. observance /bzvns/ TEM8(observances) The observance of something such as a law or custom is the practice of obeying or following it.例： County governments should use their powers to ensure strict observance of laws.abide /bad/ CET6+ TEM8(abiding, abided, abides) If you cant abide someone or something, you dislike them very much. impeach /mpit/ TEM4(impeaching, impeached, impeaches) If a court or a group in authority impeaches a president or other senior official, it charges them with committing a crime that makes them unfit for office. indictment /ndatmnt/ CET6+(indictments) If you say that one thing is an indictment of another thing, you mean that it shows how bad the other thing is. incriminate /nkrmnet/ TEM8(incriminating, incriminated, incriminates) If something incriminates you, it suggests that you are responsible for something bad, especially a crime. 教育didactic /ddktk/ TEM8Something that is didactic is intended to teach people something, especially a moral lesson.sermon /smn/ CET6+ TEM4(sermons) A sermon is a talk on a religious or moral subject that is given by a member of the clergy (牧师)as part of a church service. initiate /net/ CET6 TEM4(initiating, initiated, initiates) If you initiate something, you start it or cause it to happen.instruct /nstrkt/ CET4 TEM4(instructing, instructed, instructs) If you instruct someone to do something, you formally tell them to do it. 例：A doctor will often instruct patients to exercise.enlighten /nlatn/ CET4 TEM4(enlightening, enlightened, enlightens) To enlighten someone means to give them more knowledge and greater understanding about something.edify /dfa/ to improve the morality, intellect, etc, of, esp by instruction curriculum /krkjlm/ CET4 TEM4(curricula /krkjl/ ) A curriculum is all the different courses of study that are taught in a school, college, or university. discipline /dspln/ CET4 TEM4(disciplining, disciplined, disciplines) 1、Discipline is the practice of making people obey rules or standards of behaviour, and punishing them when they do not. 2、 A discipline is a particular area of study, especially a subject of study in a college or university.人类学juvenile /duvnal, -nal/ CET6 TEM8(juveniles) A juvenile is a child or young person who is not yet old enough to be regarded as an adult. anthropology /nrpld/ TEM8Anthropology is the scientific study of people, society, and culture. ethnic /nk/ CET4 TEM4Ethnic means connected with or relating to different racial or cultural groups of people. minority /manrt, m-/ CET4 TEM4(minorities) If you talk about a minority of people or things in a larger group, you are referring to a number of them that forms less than half of the larger group, usually much less than half. tribe /trab/ CET6 TEM4(tribes) Tribe is sometimes used to refer to a group of people of the same race, language, and customs, especially in a developing country. Some people disapprove of this use. descent /dsnt/ CET6 TEM4(descents) A descent is a movement from a higher to a lower level or position. hybrid /habrd/ CET6+ TEM8(hybrids) A hybrid is an animal or plant that has been bred from two different species of animal or plant. Aboriginal /brdnl/ also aboriginal(Aboriginals) An Aboriginal is an Australian Aborigine. forerunner /frn/ CET6 TEM8(forerunners) If you describe a person or thing as the forerunner of someone or something similar, you mean they existed before them and either influenced their development or were a sign of what was going to happen. hominid /hmnd/ any primate of the family Hominidae, which includes modern man (Homo sapiens) and the extinct precursors of man cranial /krenl/ Cranial means relating to your cranium. 考古学invaluable /nvljbl/ CET6 TEM4If you describe something as invaluable, you mean that it is extremely useful. unearth /n/ TEM4(unearthing, unearthed, unearths) If someone unearths facts or evidence, they discover them with difficulty. scoop /skup/ CET6+ TEM4(scooping, scooped, scoops) If you scoop something from a container, you remove it with something such as a spoon. exhume /kshjum/ (exhuming, exhumed, exhumes) If a dead persons body is exhumed, it is taken out of the ground where it is buried, especially so that it can be examined in order to find out how the person died. excavate /kskvet/ TEM8(excavating, excavated, excavates) When archaeologists or other people excavate a piece of land, they remove earth carefully from it and look for things such as pots, bones, or buildings that are buried there, in order to discover information about the past. Neolithic /nilk/ also neolithicNeolithic is used to describe things relating to the period when people had started farming but still used stone for making weapons and tools. Mesolithic /mslk/ the period between the Palaeolithic and the Neolithic, in Europe from about 12000 to 3000 bc, characterized by the appearance of microliths chronological /krnldkl/ TEM4If things are described or shown in chronological order, they are described or shown in the order in which they happened. 例：I have arranged these stories in chronological order.archaic /kek/ TEM8Archaic means extremely old or extremely old-fashioned.ascend /snd/ CET6 TEM4(ascending, ascended, ascends) If you ascend a hill or staircase, you go up it. originate /rdnet/ CET6 TEM4(originating, originated, originates) When something originates or when someone originates it, it begins to happen or exist.primitive /prmtv/ CET4 TEM4Primitive means belonging to a society in which people live in a very simple way, usually without industries or a writing system. remnant /rmnnt/ CET6 TEM8(remnants) The remnants of something are small parts of it that are left over when the main part has disappeared or has been used or destroyed. porcelain /psln, -len/ CET6+ TEM4Porcelain is a hard, shiny substance made by heating clay. It is used to make delicate cups, plates, and ornaments.antique /ntik/ CET4 TEM4(antiques) An antique is an old object such as a piece of china or furniture that is valuable because of its beauty or rarity.artifact /tfkt/ TEM8(artefacts) An artefact is an ornament, tool, or other object that is made by a human being, especially one that is historically or culturally interesting. 动物学carnivore /knv/ TEM8(carnivores) A carnivore is an animal that eats meat. herbivorous /hbvrs/ TEM8Herbivorous animals only eat plants. omnivorous /mnvrs/ An omnivorous person or animal eats all kinds of food, including both meat and plants. predator /prdt/ (predators) A predator is an animal that kills and eats other animals.prey /pre/ CET6 TEM4(preying, preyed, preys) A creatures prey are the creatures that it hunts and eats in order to live.poikilotherm pikil:m n.【动物学】变温动物，冷血动物rodent /rdnt/ TEM8(rodents) Rodents are small mammals which have sharp front teeth. Rats, mice, and squirrels are rodents. scavenger skvind n.1. 捡垃圾者2.清道夫3. 【生物学】食腐动物microbe /makrb/ (microbes) A microbe is a very small, living thing, which you can only see if you use a microscope. reptile /rptal/ CET6+ TEM4(reptiles) Reptiles are a group of cold-blooded animals which lay eggs and have skins covered with small, hard plates called scales. Snakes, lizards, and crocodiles are reptiles. homothermhum:m n. 恒温动物primate /pramet/ (primates) A primate is a member of the group of mammals that includes humans, monkeys, and apes.mollusk(molluscs) （美）A mollusc is an animal such as a snail, clam, or octopus which has a soft body. Many types of mollusc have hard shells to protect them. coelenterate /slntret, -rt/ any invertebrate of the phylum(门) Cnidaria (刺细胞动物formerly Coelenterata), having a saclike (囊状的)body with a single opening (mouth), which occurs in polyp(珊瑚虫) and medusa(水母) forms. Coelenterates include the hydra(水螅), jellyfishes(水母), sea anemones(海葵), and corals vertebrate /vtbret/ TEM8(vertebrates) A vertebrate is a creature that has a spine. Mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish are vertebrates. finch /fnt/ (finches) A finch is a small bird with a short strong beak. fowl /fal/ TEM4(fowls) A fowl is a bird, especially one that can be eaten as food, such as a duck or a chicken. horde /hd/ TEM8(hordes) If you describe a crowd of people as a horde, you mean that the crowd is very large and excited and, often, rather frightening or unpleasant. insect /nskt/ CET4 TEM4(insects) An insect is a small animal that has six legs. Most insects have wings. Ants, flies, butterflies, and beetles are all insects. beast /bist/ CET4 TEM4(beasts) You can refer to an animal as a beast, especially if it is a large, dangerous, or unusual one. worm /wm/ CET4 TEM4(worming, wormed, worms) A worm is a small animal with a long thin body, no bones, and no legs. aquatic /kwtk/ TEM4An aquatic animal or plant lives or grows on or in water. amphibian /mfbn/ TEM8(amphibians) Amphibians are animals such as frogs and toads that can live both on land and in water. 经济toll /tl/ CET4 TEM4(tolling, tolled, tolls) When a bell tolls or when someone tolls it, it rings slowly and repeatedly, often as a sign that someone has died. 敲 (常指丧钟); asset /st/ CET4 TEM4(assets) Something or someone that is an asset is considered useful or helps a person or organization to be successful. fortune /ftn/ CET4 TEM4(fortunes) You can refer to a large sum of money as a fortune or a small fortune to emphasize how large it is. indigent /nddnt/ Someone who is indigent is very poor.penury /pnjr/ Penury is the state of being extremely poor. bidding /bd/ If you do something at someones bidding, you do it because they have asked you to do it. drawback /drbk/ CET6 TEM4(drawbacks) A drawback is an aspect of something or someone that makes them less acceptable than they would otherwise be. 缺点; exponent /kspnnt/ CET6+ TEM8(exponents) 是指相同因子相乘的因子个数。例如:a =aalease /lis/ CET4 TEM4(leasing, leased, leases) A lease is a legal agreement by which the owner of a building, a piece of land, or something such as a car allows someone else to use it for a period of time in return for money. redress /rdrs/ TEM8(redressing, redressed, redresses) If you redress something such as a wrong or a complaint, you do something to correct it or to improve things for the person who has been badly treated. compensation /kmpnsen/ CET4 TEM4(compensations) Compensation is money that someone who has experienced loss or suffering claims from the person or organization responsible, or from the state. levy /lv/ CET6 TEM4(levying, levied, levies) A levy is a sum of money that you have to pay, for example, as a tax to the government. ration /rn/ CET6+ TEM4(rationing, rationed, rations) When there is not enough of something, your ration of it is the amount that you are allowed to have.rebateTEM8(rebates) 名词读作ribet。动词读作rbet。A rebate is an amount of money which is returned to you after you have paid for goods or services or after you have paid tax or rent. merchandise /mtndaz, -das/ CET6+ TEM4Merchandise is products that are bought, sold, or traded. currency /krns/ CET4 TEM4(currencies) The money used in a particular country is referred to as its currency. inventory /nvntr/ CET6 TEM4(