建筑英语考试必备材料.doc

该文件为国际项目建设下的招标和中标指明了一条系统的途径，其准备帮助业主/工程师接受具有强大竞争力的投标以及相关的投标文件以便相关工作能够快速高效的完成，与此同时，该文件努力提供机会和激励给具有相应资格的承包商，使其能够对项目招标邀请函作出简便答复，希望能够借此程序的实施将投标消耗最小化，并保证所有投标人能够得到一个公平和等同机会在公平和竞争的前提下来提交邀请。This document presents（介绍）a systematic approach for tendering and awarding of contracts（签订合同）for international construction projects. It is intended to assist the employer / engineer to receive sound competitive tenders（公开投标）in accordance with the tender（招标）documents so that they can be quickly and efficiently assessed. At the same time, an effort has been made to provide the opportunity and incentive（鼓励）to contractors to respond easily to invitations to tender for（投标）projects which they are qualified to implement. It is hoped that the adoption of this procedure will minimize tendering costs and ensure that all tenderers receive a fair and equal（公正与公平）opportunity to submit（提交）their offers（建议）on a reasonable and comparable（同等的）basis.确定采购方式与招标形式。在本文件的内容中，“项目”这个词包括从建设某一特定有形资产的初步构思，一直到雇主对竣工的工程最终验收这一过程中的全部阶段。项目可按照不同的策略去组织和执行。何种策略最适合项目的目标，取决于项目的性质和复杂程度、融资渠道、项目的生命周期费用、雇主的技术和管理能力，以及总体的政治、经济环境等。项目策略确定了项目执行的方式，决定了参与各方所扮演的角色，并在某些情况下规定了项目今后运营的方式。因此，各方之间的合同好关系以及每方的权利、义务和风险在很大程度上也是由项目决定的。在项目的执行阶段，招标是保证按照竞争的条件来采购工程的一种方式。策略的选择属于一项重大的决策，它能产生深远的影响。策略一旦制定，则保证它在整个项目的执行过程中得以遵照执行是十分重要的，不严格遵照该策略，可能导致采购过程中的疏漏，引起索赔和争端，致使参与各方付出额外费用。原则上讲，能够单独订立合同的项目的任何部分均可以采用招标形式。在项目策略决定之后，在工程师的辅助下，雇主应尽快确定项目采用的采购方式和招标方式。采购方式和招标方式由确定下列各项内容而确定：（1）招标项目的各个部分（2）将采用的合同条件（3）授予合同的标准（4）招标程序这些基本的先决条件一旦确定并在雇主和工程师之间达成一致意见之后，便可以开始计划招标何时进行，以及采用何种方式了。如果由于不可预见的原因导致在项目后面的阶段必须改动招标的原则和形式时，则必须对此类变动涉及的影响认真地加以考虑和判定。编制招标计划。本文件所述之招标程序意指，为项目的每一部分单独招标须执行的系列工作。此类工作要按系统的、迅速的方式来进行，这一点是很重要的。因而，对这些工作要认真计划，并纳入项目的总体计划中。一般说来，在项目的初期阶段，要准备一份关于项目各项重要工作的初步总体计划。作为最低要求，该计划应包括项目的主要阶段，即：项目确定招标程序设计施工验收并应确定与每一阶段相关的所有里程碑日期。为项目某一具体部分的招标应按照项目总体计划进行。为了确保做到这一点，应为项目每部分的招标程序的执行制定详细计划。最为最低要求，这些计划应明确规定每个拟签合同所涉及的下列各项工作的期间和截止日期：编制招标文件编制资格预审文件对投标人进行资格预审接收投标书开标评标授予合同在每项计划中应考虑到雇主作出必要的决定和给出规定的批准所需的时间。关于这些工作每项的内容和范围进一步的情况将在本文件的以下各节中给出。资格预审文件的编制。概述：建议进行资格预审是为了保证所收到的投标书均来自那些雇主/工程师确信有必要的资源和经验能圆满完成拟建工程的承包商。资格预审的目的是为了确定有资格的公司名单，同时还确保招标具有一定的竞争性。为了达到这些目的和鼓励承包商对招标邀请做出反应，允许通过资格预审的公司不要超过七个，除非雇主或贷款机构的规则另有规定。Establishment of Procurement Method and Form of TenderingIn the context（上下文）of this document the word “project covers all the stages from the initial idea to construct a given physical asset（有形资产）to the final taking-over（接收）by the employer of the completed work.Projects may be organized and implemented in accordance with different strategies. Which strategy is best suited for the purpose depends on, for example, the nature and complexity of the project, the access to finance（融资渠道）, life cycle（生命周期）costs of the projects, the technical and administrative capability of the employer and the general political and economic environment.The project strategy defines（规定）the way in which the project will be implemented, determines the role of each party involved and, where appropriate（适当处）, specifies（指定）the way the project will operate. To a large degree contractual relationship（合同关系）between the parties and their individual rights, duties and risks are thereby also determined by the project strategy.At the implementation stage of a project, tendering serves as a method to ensure that the work is procured（获得）at competitive terms（条件）.The choice of strategy is a major（较重要的）decision which has far-reaching consequences（深远意义）. Once a strategy has been settled it is of great importance that it be followed（遵循）throughout the implementation of the project. Lack of （没有）strict adherence（遵守）to the strategy may lead to flaws in the procurement process（获取过程）, resulting in claims（索赔）, disputes（争端）and extra cost for all concerned.Any part of a project which can be covered by a separate contract may in principle（通常） be made subject to（根据）tendering. As soon as the project strategy has been decided, the employer, assisted by his engineer, should establish procurement methods and forms of tendering to be used in the project.The procurement methods and forms of tendering are established by determining: （1）The parts of the project for which tenders are to be sought（试图获得）;（2）The conditions of contract to be adopted;（3）The award criteria; and （4）The tendering procedure.Once these basic preconditions（前提）have been determined and agreed between the employer and his engineer, the planning of when and how the tendering can be carried out may commence.If, for unforeseen（无法预料的）reasons, changes in principle and form have to be made at a later stage in the project the implications（含意）of such changes have to be considered and assessed carefully.Preparation of ProgrammesThe tendering procedure, as described in this document, implies that certain activities have to be carried out in connection with（连同）each part of the project for which a separate tender is to be called（招标） .It is important that these activities are carried out in a systematic and timely（适时的）manner. They should therefore be planned carefully and incorporated in（并入）the programme for the project.Normally, preliminary overall programme covering all major activities of the project is prepared in the initial stage of the project. As a minimum（作为最低要求）, such programme should comprise the main phases of the project, that is:-Project definition-Tendering procedure-Design-Construction-Taking-overand should establish all milestones of significance in connection with（与.有关的）each phase.Calling tenders for a given part of the project should be carried out in compliance with（按照）the overall programme.In order to ensure this compliance（一致性）, detailed programmes should be made for implementing the tendering procedure for each part of the project. As a minimum, these programmes should specify duration（持续时间）and deadlines（最终期限）for the following activities in connection with each potential contract.-Preparation of tender documents-Preparation of prequalification（预审）document-Prequalification of tenderers-Obtaining tenders-Opening of tenders-Evaluation of tenders-Award of contractTime should be allowed（留出）in each programme for the employer to make necessary decisions and give required approvals（批准）. Further information about content and scope of each of these activities is given in the following section of this document. Prepration