高考英语专项复习非谓语.doc

高考英语专项复习非谓语动词常考点清单一 非谓语动词的句法功能主语宾语宾补表语定语状语不定式动名词分词常考点清单二 分词、不定式做宾语补足语的用法要点 1、 分词、不定式做宾语补足语的区别1、 感官动词 see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice 等词的宾语补足语有四种形式，以see为例。（1）see+宾语+do 看见宾语做了（2）see+宾语+doing 看见宾语正在做（3）see+宾语+done 看见宾语被做（4）see+宾语+being done 看见宾语正在被做I heard her singing an English song just now.I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room.Id like to see the plan carried out.注意：不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表示完成或者状态。I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone.I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.2、 使役动词let后家复合宾语时，有两种情况： （1）let +宾语+do 让宾语做 （2）let +宾语+be done 让宾语被做 My fathers just had his operation and the doctor wont let me see him yet. Let the work be done immediately. 3、leave 后接非谓语动词作宾补时，意为“使处于某种状态”（1） leave sb doing sth 让某人一直做某事（宾语和宾补之间是逻辑上的主动关系，表示动作正在进行）（2） Leave sth undone 留下某事未作（宾语与宾补之间是逻辑上的被动关系，表示被动和完成），一般以undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched为多（3） Leave sb to do sth 留下某人做某事（4） Leave sb to be done 留下某事要做 （不定式表将来） Its wrong of you to leave the machine running. The guests left most of the dished untouched, because they didnt taste delicious. We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled.二、下列动词及动词词组后接不定式作补足语，即“动词/动词词组+sb+to do”Advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, remind, tell, want, wish, think, wait for, call on, depend on 等You are allowed to smoke here.The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat3、 注意下列结构用不定式做主语补足语，他们是sb be said/ believed/known/reported/considered/found/thought +to do/ to have done/ to be done/ to have been done/ to be doing常考点清单三 分词、不定式做定语的用法要点1、 不定式做定语1、作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等不定式后面须有相应的介词。如：The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或者 way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。如：He had no money and no place to live (in).2. 当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或者代词是不定式动词的承受着，不定式既可用主动语态，也可以同被动语态，但其含义有所不用。Have you got anything to send. （不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”）Have you got anything to be sent.（不定式to be sent的动作执行者是别人）3. 用不定式作定语的几种情况： （1）不定式表将来。如： The car to be caught os for his sister. （2）用来修饰被序数词，最高级或no, all, any 等限定的中心词，且与 中心词为主动关系。如： He was the best man to do the job. She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. （3）用来修饰的词是抽象名词时不用不定式，常见的有： Ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time等。如： Do you have the ability to read and write in English? I have no chance to go sightseeing.二、分词作定语1. 作定语的及物动词分词形式为：-ing, being+过去分词和过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时，用-ing; 当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行时，用being+过去分词；当被修饰的名词与分词的关系为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。如：The house being built are for the teachers.Things lost never come again! I couldnt help talking to myself.2、 作定语的不及物动词分词形式为-ing和过去分词。-ing表示正在进行，过去分词表示已经完成。如：Boiling water 沸腾的水 falling leaves 正在下落的叶子Boiled water 烧开过的水 fallen leaves 已经下落的叶子3、 不定式to be done 形式、过去分词和现在分词being done形式作定语的区别 不定式 to be done 表被动，将来 过去分词表被动，完成 现在分词being done 表被动，正在进行。Have you read the novel written by Dickens?Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students.The question to be questioned at tomorrows meeting is a very important one.常考点清单四 动名词、不定式做宾语的用法要点1、 下列动词只能用不定式做宾语，请记牢口诀 决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装 主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮 Decide/ determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help. 此外，afford, strive happen, wait, threaten等也弄不定式做宾语。 She pretended not to see me when I passed by. We agreed to meet here but so fat she hasnt turned up yet.2、 下列动词只能用动名词做宾语，请记牢口诀 考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想 避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏 禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意难逃亡 Consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon, admit, delay/put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practise, deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate, forbid, imagine, risk, cant help, mind, allow/permit, escape. 此外，be used to, lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, cant stand, give up, feel like, insist on, thank you for, apologize for, be busy in, have difficulty/trouble in, have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), spend time (in)等动词词组也要动名词做宾语。如：He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk losing the good opportunity.3、 下列动词或动词词组既可以跟动名词做宾语，也可以跟不定式做宾语，但是意义上有区别，要特别注意 1、forget to do sth 忘记做某事 remember to do sth 记住要做某事 Forget doing sth 忘记曾经做过 remember doing sth 记住曾经做过 Regret to do sth 遗憾要去做某事 stop to do sth 停下来去做某事 Regret doing sth 后悔做过某事 stop doing sth 停止做某事 Mean to do sth 打算做某事 cant help to do 不能帮助做某事 Mean doing sth 意味着做某事 cant help doing 情不自禁做 2、在动词allow advise, forbid, permit后直接跟动名词做宾语；如果是被动语态的话，则使用不定式。 We dont allow smoking in the hall. Smoking is forbidden here but you are allowed to smoke. 3、动词need, require, want 做“需要”时，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或者不定式的被动形式作宾语，表示事情需要被做。这时动名词的主动形式表被动。此外，need, require, want后可以接名词或者代词作宾语，然后接不定式做宾语补足语，表示“需要/想要/要求某人做某事”。 To be done Need/want/ require doing Sb to do sth4、 动词不定式在介词but, other than 后面时，如果介词前面有行为动词do的某种形式，那么介词后的不定式不带to，否则就要带to。如： We could do nothing but/ other than wait. He had no choice but to wait. 另外在cannot choose but, cannot help but, cannot but, had better, would rather后面的不定式也要省略to.如： He cannot choose but stay on. I cannot but agree to his terms. You had better come here on time. I would rather stay than otherwise.5、 不定式做动词tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out等的宾语时，前面常带引导词how, what, whether, where, when, who等，但why后面不加to的不定式。常考点清单五 分词、不定式做状语的用法要点1、 不定式做状语 Helen had to shout to make herself heard above the sound of the music. 海伦不得不大声说话，以便能在如此大声的音乐中被人听见。（表目的） He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left. 他匆忙到了火车站结果发现火车已经出站了。（表“意外或事与愿违”） My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China. 我的祖母看到了中国的解放。 （表示结果） To look at him, you would like him. 看看他，你就会喜欢他。 （表条件） 某些形容词作表语，表示喜、怒、哀、乐，后面接不定式表示原因。 I am very glad to see you. I am sorry to hear about your failure in business.在带有enough或者too的句子里，也常有不定式做状语，表示程度。 He was too excited not to say a few words. He is old enough to go school.注意：强调动词不定式所表示的目的时，动词不定式可用in order to 或者 so as to+动词原形。So as to 不用于句首。如： He got up early in order to catch the first bus. The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.2、 分词作状语 1、分词作状语时其形式的选择形式意义doing与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系与句中谓语动词同时发生，或者基本上同时发生Have done与句中主语为逻辑上的主动关系，先于谓语动词发生done与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系Being done与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系与句中谓语动词同时发生，一般做原因状语置于句首Having been done与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，先于谓语动词发生2、 分词作状语的基本原则 分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。分词作状语必须和句子主语含有逻辑上的助威或者动宾关系，否则一般不能使用分词作状语。3、分词作状语的句法功能 分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while或when引出。如： When offered help, one often says Thank you. or Its kind of you. (时间) Be careful while/when crossing the street. (时间) Separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. (原因) Generally speaking, when taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.(条件) He glanced over at her, noting that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together. (结果) Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. (让步) The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. (伴随)4、 独立成分作状语 有些分词或不定式做状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有generally speaking一般来说, frankly speaking坦白的说, judging from/by根据判断, considering/o consideration考虑到, to tell you the truth说实话, seeing.考虑到, supposing假设，如果, saving除了，除非, assuming即使, admitting即使, given如果, provided/providing如果, compared with/ to与相比 Judging from his accent, he is from the south. Considering your health, youd better have a rest. To tell the truth, i am a little tired. 5、独立主格结构 非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构。独立主格结构的特点是：独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等是逻辑上的助威或者动宾关系独立主格结构一般有逗号与主干分开。独立主格结构的构成是： 名词（代词）+分词 名词（代词）+形容词 名词（代词）+副词 名词（代词）+不定式 名词（代词）+介词短语 With/without+名词（代词）+宾补 The test finished(=When the test was finished), we began our holiday. The president assassinated(=After the president was assassinated), the whole country was in deep sorrow. Weather permitting(=If weather permits), we are going visit you tomorrow. He came out of the library, (with) a large book under his arm.常考点清单六 分词、不