文献阅读与翻译-hsy.doc

翻译了1-7页，14-19页Unit 1 General Description of Literature Reading and Translation (4hrs)1. Definition of LiteratureWhat is literature? There seems no substantial difference among its definitions in different dictionaries:什么是文献？不同字典中的定义之间似乎没有实质性差异：Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English: a set of works on a particular subject; printed material, esp. giving information. (p. 639)朗文当代英语词典：在一个特定主题下的一系列作品；印刷材料，特别是在提供信息方面。（第639页）The Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English: the writing or the study of books, etc. (technical books and journalism); books dealing with a special subject. (p. 573)现代英语高级学习者词典：书籍的创作或者研究等（技术类图书和新闻）；应对一种特殊学科的图书资料。（第573页）Websters New Collegiate Dictionary: the body of writings on a particular subject (scientific literature). (p. 672)韦氏新大学词典：一个特定主题的写作主体（科学文献）（第672页）英汉案头大字典: literature文献(P. 1038) 。新英汉词典: literature(关于某一不科或专题的)文献 (p. 744)。新华词典: 文献有历史价值的、或同某一学科有关的图书资料(p.880)。From the above interpretations, we can arrive at an identical definition of literature: a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations.从上面的解释，我们可以得出一个相同的literature定义：泛指以书籍、论文或者其他文件形式的专业作品。As an important means for preserving knowledge, literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race.作为保存知识的重要手段，文献已成为人类宝贵的资源和财富，极大地促进了人类社会的进步。Professional literatures have been regarded as “intangible assets” of the whole world because they are, on the one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievements obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies; and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literature are records of precious research findings and academic achievements, and the crystallization of human civilization.专业文献被认为是全世界的“无形资产”，一方面是对前人经验或研究成果的总结、概括和发展，另一方面又积累了一代又一代。因此，在这个意义上，各种文献都记录宝贵的研究成果和学术成就，是人类文明的结晶。The word literature used in this textbook does not mean “文学”, but “文献” or “文献资料”, specifically referring to various documentations in the field of international industrial business and academic exchanges. Since literature is the general term for printed materials, it should be further classified according to what a specific documentary work is.在这本教科书中使用的文献这个词，不意味着“文学”，而是“文献”或“文献资料”，并具体指各种文档在国际工业商业和学术领域的交流。既然文献是印刷材料的总称，就应该根据具体的文献工作来进一步分类。2. Classification of LiteratureAs is known to all, we are now in an information era marked with the rapid development of science and technology. According to statistics, within the recent decade alone, the achievements in science and technology have amounted to the totality of inventions and discoveries of mankind since ancient times. Facing such a vast ocean of professional literature, how should we conduct our literature search, reading and translation? Here, we just put various literatures under the following headings:众所周知，我们现在正处于信息时代，标志着科学技术的迅猛发展。据统计，近十年来，在科学技术上取得的成就，就达到了自古以来人类的发明和发现的总和。面对这样一个广阔的专业文献的海洋，我们应该如何进行我们的文献检索，阅读和翻译？在这里，我们只是把各种文献以下面标题分类：1) Textbooks 教科书In general, a textbook is a kind of professional writing specially designed for the students in a given branch of learning. Textbooks are compiled in a rigidly scientific, systematic and logical way. Comparatively, the content of a textbook is mature and well established, because it has been compiled through the writers careful selection, verification, discrimination, integration and comprehensive study of the subject. If you intend to acquire a general knowledge of a certain subject over a larger area, or if you want to have a preliminary understanding of a certain issue, youd better go over the relevant textbooks, which prove s the best policy.通常，教科书是专门为在一个特定的分支下学习的学生，而设计的一种专业写作。教科书是以严格的科学性、系统性和逻辑性的方式编制的。相比而言，教科书的内容是成熟和完善的，是因为作者通过精心挑选、验证、辨析、整合和综合研究而得到的。如果你打算在一个较大的领域获得某一学科的一般知识，或者你想对某个问题有一个初步的了解，你最好去通过相关的教科书，这证明了最好的策略。2) Monographs专著A monograph is “an article or short book on one particular subject or branch of a subject that the writer has studied deeply” (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, p. 704). It is also a “detailed scientific account, esp. a published report on some item of research” (The Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English, p. 632). The content of a monograph usually includes the history and present status of a particular subject, observed data, experimental methods and results, existing problems and the developing trend, various viewpoints and discussions of different schools of thought, research achievements and further exploration, and so on. A monograph usually functions as an important guide for the reader to understand the particular study comprehensively and deeply.专著，在一个特定的学科或分支学科，作者对此进行了深入的讨论或简短的研究。（朗文当代英语词典，第704页）。另外一个解释，一个“详细的科学的解释，尤其是一份公布的报告上的一些项目研究”（现代英语高级学习者词典，第632页）。专著的内容一般包括特定学科的历史和现状，观察到的数据，实验方法和结果，存在的问题和发展趋势，不同流派的观点和讨论，研究成果和进一步探索，等等。一本专著，通常作为读者对特定研究全面和深入了解的重要指南。3) Papers论文Papers are the most important and reliable sources for textbooks, monographs, and all the other documentary works. A complete paper is usually composed of the following elements: title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references, etc. (detailed description and exemplification of these elements in a professional paper are given in a separate textbook entitled Paper Writing and Publication, by Hu Gengshen, et al., Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2000.) A paper usually deals with a relatively specific topic, and with a comparatively narrow subject.论文是来源于教科书、专著和所有其他文献作品的最重要、最可靠的资源。一个完整的论文通常含有以下要素：标题、作者、单位、摘要、关键词、引言、理论分析和/或实验描述、结果与讨论、结论、致谢、参考文献等（这些元素的详细描述和例证，在一个单独的教科书论文写作和出版，由胡庚申等人，北京：高等教育出版社，2000年）。一篇论文通常涉及一个相对具体的话题，和一个相对狭窄的学科。4) Encyclopedias百科全书An encyclopedia is “a book or set of books dealing with every branch of knowledge, or with one particular branch, in alphabetical order.” The difference between a dictionary and an encyclopedia is that “A dictionary explains words and an encyclopedia explains facts.” (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, p.361) As a basic reference book of generalized and summarized knowledge, an encyclopedia is usually compiled by many experts of many branches through many years. The contents of an encyclopedia, therefore, are comparatively mature and correct. It virtually serves as an important information retriever, providing comprehensive and systematic information about everything.The information retriever as such also includes yearbooks, dictionaries, guides, handbooks, and the like.百科全书是“处理每一个分支，或一个特定的分支的知识，并按字母顺序排列的一本书或一套书”。与词典的区别在于“词典解释词义，百科全书解释事实。” （朗文当代英语词典，第361页）作为一个广义和总结知识的基本的参考书，百科全书的编纂通常是许多学科的专家通过多年来的努力。因此，百科全书的内容，是比较成熟和正确的。它实际上起一个重要的信息检索的作用，提供有关一切的全面的、系统的信息。像这样的信息检索还包括年鉴、字典、指南、手册等。5) Periodicals期刊A periodical is a series of publications that appear at regular intervals. Periodicals are of various categories. From the perspective of names, for example, they are journals, acta, magazines, bulletins, rapid communications, letters, proceedings, records, abstracting services, reviews, indexes, etc., which constitute the main body of literature.Periodicals are characterized by being large in number and in variety, extensive in content and in circulation, mixed in language and in form, etc.Along with the rapid development of science and technology, periodicals have been rapidly increasing and have been gradually professionalized, integrated and computerized.期刊是一系列定期出现的出版物。期刊种类繁多。从名字的角度，分别有期刊、学报、杂志、简报、快速通信、信、程序、记录、提取服务、评论、索引等，这些构成主体的文学。期刊具有数量多、种类多、内容广泛、流通性广、语言形式多样等特点。随着科学技术的飞速发展，期刊已迅速增加，已经逐渐专业化，集成化和计算机化。6) Special Documentation特殊文件The so-called special documentation refers to all the printed materials that are non-books or non-periodicals. This special documentation mainly includes: standards, patent documents, trademarks, copyrights, contracts/agreements, reports, conference papers, dissertations (or theses), Product specifications, government publications, proposals, technical archives, electronic hypertexts, etc. Though neither books nor periodicals published regularly or publicly, the special documentation proves to be most effective resources for information retrieval. Insofar as literature search and reading are concerned, this kind of special documentation should not be overlooked. On the contrary, it calls for our special attention-that is why we have placed special emphasis on special documentation in the present textbook.所谓“特殊文件”指的是所有非书籍或非期刊的印刷品。这个特殊的文件主要包括：标准、专利文献、商标、版权、合同/协议、报告、会议论文、学位论文（或论文）、产品规格、政府出版物、建议、技术档案、电子超级文本等等。尽管定期书籍和期刊发表或公开，特殊的文档是被证明是信息检索中最有效的资源。在文献检索和阅读的过程中，这种特殊的文档是不可忽视的。相反，它要求我们特别注意，这就是为什么我们有特别强调在目前的教科书中特殊的文档。Notes:注释：1. journals, Acta, magazines, bulletins, rapid communications, letters, proceedings, records, abstracting services, reviews, indexes, etc. 会刊，学报，杂志，通报，快讯，通信稿，会议录，文献记录，世界文摘服务，评论，索引等2. hypertext 超级文本 (指信息高速公路上的文件)3. Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature科学文献的语言特征Stylistically, literature is a kind of formal writing. Compared with an informal writing which usually utilizes an informal tone and colloquial language, a formal writing is a more serious approach to a subject of great importance and it avoids all colloquial expressions. Since the functions of scientific literature are to reveal creative research achievements, facilitate professional information retrieval, and help improve the development of science and technology, it deals objectively with the study of facts or problems; analyses on literature are based on relevant data, not on personal feelings, and discussions or conclusions are made on the basis of specific experiments or investigations.在风格上，文学是一种正式的写作。一个非正式的写作通常采用非正式的语气和口语，与之相比，正式写作是对于一个非常重要的主题采用更正式的方法，它避免了所有的口语表达。因为，科学文献的功能是揭示创造性的研究成果，促进专业信息检索，并帮助提高科学技术的发展，它客观地处理的事实或问题的研究，基于相关数据分析文学，而不是个人感情，并在具体实验或调查的基础上讨论或得到结论。Syntactically, scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures, and in most cases is rather unitary. Frequently used are indicative sentences, imperative sentences, complex sentences, and “It be + adj. (participle) + that .” sentence patterns, etc.在语法上，科学文献具有严格的语法结构，并在大多数情况下是比较单一。常用的是指示句，祈使句，复杂句，“是+形容词。（分词）+”的句型，等等。Morphologically, scientific literature is featured by high specialization, the use of technical terms and jargons, unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word. There are more compound words, Latin and Greek words, contracted words, noun clusters and so on in scientific literature than in other informational writing.从形态上看，科学文献的特点是专业化程度高，技术术语（和行话）的使用，明确的含义和固定意义的词。在科学文献中，相比其他信息写作，有更多的复合词，拉丁语和希腊语词，简约的词，名词簇等。Besides, non-verbal language is also very popular in various literatures such as signs, formulas, charts, tables, photos, etc. for the sake of accuracy, brevity, and clarity.除此之外，在各种文献中，为了准确、简洁和清晰的目的，非口语语言也很受欢迎，如标志、公式、图表、表格、照片等。Different literatures may have different linguistic features although they do have similar characteristics in common. The linguistic features of an individual literature will be discussed together with the specific category of documentation in the corresponding Unit of this textbook. To learn the linguistic features of various literatures will be beneficial not only to documentation reading but also to the translation and writing of such documentary works.不同的文献有不同的语言特征，但它们的共同特征是相似的。个别文献的语言特点，将在这本教科书的相应单元，讨论具体类别的文件。学习各种文学作品的语言特点，不仅有助于文献阅读，也有利于对此类文献的翻译与写作。4. Search for Relevant Literature搜索相关文献The search for relevant literature needed for professional study and research has become a practical skill for professionals. This is important because an effective way of literature search and reading will facilitate our information retrieval within a shorter period of time. In fact, everyone may have his/her own way of literature search and reading. And the following are some usual approaches:对于专业学习和研究所需相关文献的搜索，已成为一种实用的专业技能。这是很重要的，因为文献检索和阅读的有效途径将在较短的时间内有助于我们的信息检索。事实上，每个人都可以有他/她自己的文学阅读和阅读方式。以下是一些常用的方法：1) Global Search全局搜索By “global search” we mean to search for materials around the subject in a larger dimension or within a wider range, i.e., conducting the extensive reading. For example:通过“global search”，我们的意思是在一个更大的范围内，或更广泛的范围内寻找材料的主题，即进行广泛的阅读。例如：(1) Search for relevant books through the Classified and Specified Catalogues.通过分类目录或专题目录查找相关书籍。(2) Search for periodicals through the Newspapers and Journals Indexing.通过全国报刊索引查找期刊。(3) Search for domestic literature through the Domestic Sci-tech Data Catalogues.通过国内资料科技目录检索国内文献。(4) Search for current foreign literature through the Sci-Tech Translation Bulletin.通过科技译文通报寻找当前外国文学作品。(5) Search for literature at home and abroad through INTERNET, WWW (World Wide Web), and other electronic retrieval means.通过互联网检索国内外文献，万维网（World Wide Web），和其他电子检索手段。2) Specific Search特定搜索By “specific search” we mean to search for literature about a certain topic within a specific area or in a narrower scope. For example: 通过“specific search”，我们的意思是在特定区域或更窄的范围内寻找某个特定主题的文学作品。例如：(1) Select some most-related papers for intensive reading.选择一些最相关的文件进行强化阅读。(2) Expand the scope of the reading only on the basis of the references of the selected papers.在选定文件的基础上，扩大阅读范围。(3) Try to find out relevant “reviews” on the topic so as to know the authoritative comments, the experts views, the global developing trend and the general on-goings, etc.找出相关的“评论”的话题，要知道权威的评论，专家的观点，全球发展趋势及情况一般，等。3) Processed Search处理搜索By “processed search” we mean to accumulate and absorb essential information in the course of literature search and reading. For example:通过“processed search”，我们的意思是在文献检索和阅读的过程中，积累和吸收的基本信息。例如：(1) Store the searched literature by careful note-taking and self-abstracting.通过仔细的笔记和自文摘检索搜索文献。(2) Sort out the searched documentation by timely putting them into different categories. 及时地把它们分成不同类别的搜索文件，以使其分类。(3) Digest/Absorb the searched information by creatively analyzing and synthesizing.创造性地分析和综合，消化和吸收检索信息。It is very important to identify and then make generalization of the essential parts of the research papers, because the author of a paper should and must present his/her achievements or research findings through these parts. For this purpose, as a researcher, one has to be good at doing retrieval reading. By retrieval reading we mean retrospect reading of the manuscript in a very careful way so as to identify, register and generalize the gist or the main parts of work, or contributions we have made in a given paper. Literally, we mean reading the manuscript in a thorough manner and making notes: (1) as to the subjects dealt with, particularly subjects concerning with new information given incidentally; and (2) as to the new result and conclusive ideas reported. Material relating to each subject should then be gathered together in a logical way; and (3) all the sentences generalizing the main ideas of all the original materials should be put together so as to be well-versed, abstract-brief, condensed, complete, yet easily readable.确定和概括的研究论文的重要部分，这是非常重要的，因为一篇论文的作者通过这些部分应该或者必须提出他/她的成就或研究结果。为了这个目的，作为一个研究者，必须擅长做检索阅读。通过检索阅读，我们的意思是，以一个非常仔细的方式回顾阅读的手稿，以确定、登记和概括的要点或主要部分的工作，或在一个给定的文件。从字面上看，我们的意思是以一个彻底的方式阅读手稿和作笔记：（1）研究对象处理，特别是关于附带新的信息的科目；（2）新的结果和结论性的观点报道。与每一个主题相关的材料应该以一种逻辑的方式聚集在一起；（3）概括所有原始材料的主要思想的所有的句子应该是放在一起，这样就可以很好地理解，抽象化，简明化，完整化，但要很容易理解的。In the final analysis, to digest and absorb useful information is the ultimate purpose of literature search and reading. This is a process of discarding the dross and selecting the essential, eliminating the false and retaining the true, proceeding from the easy to the difficult and from the outer to the inner. It is also a process of reading, selecting, sorting, synthesizing, commenting, rationalizing, systematizing, reprocessing, etc.在最后的分析中，消化和吸收有用的信息是文献检索和阅读的根本目的。这是一个丢弃糟粕和选择，除虚假，保留真实，从易到难，从外到内的基本过程。这也是一个阅读、择、整理、综合、评论、合理化、系统化、再加工等的过程。One thing that needs to be mentioned is that an awareness of information discrimination is highly necessary, for the collection and absorption of erroneous knowledge and information is harmful. Just as a western scientist says: “The fool collects data and the wise man selects them.” This remark, though drastic, is indeed philosophical.需要提到的一件事是，一种对信息歧视的认识是非常必要的，因为对错误知识和信息的收集和吸收是有害的。正如西方科学家所说的：“愚者采集资料，智者选择资料” 。这句话虽然激烈，但却很有哲理。Notes注释1. through the Classified and Specified Catalogues 通过分类目录或专题目录2. through the Newspapers and Journals Indexing 通过全国报刊索引3. through the Domestic Sci-Tech Data Catalogues 通过国内资料科技目录4. Sci-Tech Translation Bulletin 科技译文通报5. the fool collects data and the wise man selects them 愚者采集资料，智者选择资料Translation Skills (1): Translation in General and Translation of Special Literature翻译技巧（1）：一般与特殊文献的翻译Translation is a rendering of ideas or concepts from one language into another, i.e., the faithful representation in the target language of what is written or said in the original language.翻译是从一种语言到另一种语言的想法或概念的呈现，即在原文中所写或所说的目标语言的忠实再现。As a means of communication, translation plays an important role in human civilization. In the West, literary translation can be traced back to 300 BC; while in China, recorded translation activities are even earlier, dating from Zhou Dynasty (1100 BC). However, not until the recent centuries, especially by the end of the 19th century did systematic study of translation get under way. The recent decades have seen rapid development in translation theories and translation activities both at home and abroad.翻译作为一种交流的手段，在人类文明中扮演一个重要的角色。在西方，文学翻译可以追溯到公元前300年，而在中国，翻译活动是更早，记录可以追溯到周朝(公元前1100年)。然而，直到最近几个世纪,特别是19世纪末，翻译开始进行了系统的研究。近几十年来，国内外翻译理论和翻译活动迅速发展。A modern society sees an extensive use of translation on various occasions. Proper and dexterous translation helps promote mutual understanding between peoples of different cultural and social backgrounds, whereas improper rendering of words or expr