新世纪大学英语综合教程第三册第四单元打印版.doc

Unit 4 Book 3HealthI. Difficult Sentences1. Although both my parents died young, I have done well in this respect as regards my other ancestors. (1) What does “in this respect” refer to? (=It refers to choosing ones ancestors carefully. It is naturally humorous of Russell to say he has done well in choosing his ancestors because in reality no one can choose his or her own ancestors. )(2) Translate this sentence (=虽然我的父母皆属早逝，但是考虑到我其他的祖先，我的选择尚好。)2. A great grandmother of mine, who was a friend of Gibbon, lived to the age of ninety-two, and to her last day remained a terror to all her descendants. Why did the authors great grandmother remain a “terror” to all her descendants? (=She was in such good health that she was held in awe by her children and grandchildren right up until the day of her death.)3. If you have wide and keen interests and activities in which you can still be effective, you will have no reason to think about the merely statistical fact of the number of years you have already lived, still less of the probable brevity of your future. What does the author suggest in this sentence? (=He suggests that you should cultivate wide and keen interests and do activities in which you can be effective.)4. I never do anything whatever on the ground that it is good for health, though in actual fact the things I like doing are mostly wholesome. Do you think the author would do things harmful to his health？What is the implied meaning of this sentence?(=The author would be unlikely to do anything that is harmful to his health.) What can we infer from this sentence? (=When he does something, he never bothers about whether it does any good to his health, but in reality, the things he likes to do are mostly good for his health.)5. It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness about friends who are dead. What do we learn from this sentence? (=Undue absorption in the past does not benefit one at all.)6. It is easy to think to oneself that ones emotions used to be more vivid than they are, and ones mind more keen. (1) Paraphrase this sentence (=People tend to believe their emotions used to be more active and their minds used to be quicker than it is now.)(2) Translate this sentence (=人们很容易以为过去的情感比现在强烈，过去的头脑也比现在敏锐。)7. If this is true it should be forgotten, and if it is forgotten it will probably not be true. What is the implied meaning of this sentence?(=In this paradox the author intends to say that people of old age should not live in memories. They should try to think of what is coming in the future and do something meaningful. Only in this way will their mind and emotions remain as keen and active as they used to be. )8. But if you are one of those who are incapable of impersonal interests, you may find that your life will be empty unless you concern yourself with your children and grandchildren. Translate this sentence (=但是，如果你的兴趣无法摆脱个人感情的支配，你也许会发现，假如不关注子孙，生活就会空虚无望。)9. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. Why does the author say young men have reason to fear death? (=Because it would be a great pity if their lives have been cut short unjustly before they have had a chance to enjoy all the best things that life has to offer. )10. The best way to overcome itso at least it seems to meis to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. Paraphrase this sentence(=As your interests gradually get wider and more impersonal, the sense of your value and importance as an individual gradually disappears and you will identify yourself more and more with human life in general. )II. Words and Expressions 1. respect: n. a particular point or detail Grace was a fine womanperfect in almost every respect. APEC has made a very commendable attempt in this respect. (=Is China going to continue its measures in this respect for further improvement?) 在这方面中国可与任何国家竞争。 (=China can compete with any other country in this respect.)Collocations: in this respect 在这个方面in every respect 在各个方面in some respects 在有些方面in any respect 在任何方面in no respect 绝不2. as regards: on the subject of; concerning *All citizens are equal as regards their capacity for civil rights. *Could you elaborate on your government policy as regards environmental protection? (=As regards vegetables for the large cities, there is a big contradiction between supply and demand at present.) *至于应该穿什么衣服, 并没有硬性规定。 (=There are no special rules as regards what clothes you should wear.)3. cut off: (1) to cause sb. to die sooner than is normal (2) to remove sth. (from sth. larger) by cutting(3) to stop, interrupt or isolate(4) to separate sth. by cutting it away from the main part(Directions:) Match the above definitions with the sentences below.(1) We were cut off half way through the conversation. (=3)(2) He cut off a metre of cloth from the roll. (=2)(3) Disease cut Smith off in the best part of his life. (=1)(4) Several villages have been cut off by the snow. (=3)(5) Dont cut your fingers off! (=4) 4. inquire: v. to ask for information *She inquired of me most politely whether I wished to continue. *I will inquire (of him) about the schedule. *Learn widely, inquire earnestly, and reflect on what is at hand. (=博学,切问,近思。)Collocations: inquire about 查问; 查明inquire after 问候;问安inquire for 查询（货物）; 求见inquire into 查究;调查 CF: ask, demand, inquire & question这些动词均含有“问，询问”之意。ask最为普通，可与demand, inquire和question换用，但ask用于口语中，指提出问题让人回答。例如：I think Id better ask him who he is.demand指根据自己的权利、职责或身份认为有必要弄清情况而正式发问，常隐含命令对方回答的意味。例如：The police demanded his name and address.inquire比较正式，指为得到真实情况而详细询问或调查了解。例如：They inquired whether he would attend the meeting.question指因感到可疑或为了解情况，弄清究竟而发问，有时指一连串的发问。例如：She questioned him about his past.5. part: v. to separate or divide *The policemen parted the crowd. *She has parted from her husband. *如果我们必须分手，我希望我们分了手还是朋友。 (=If we must part, I hope we can be friends.) *The clouds parted and the sun shone through. (=云开日出。)6. exclaim: v. to cry out suddenly and loudly for pain, anger, surprise, etc.*He exclaimed that it was untrue.*She exclaimed with delight when she saw the present.(=He could not help exclaiming at how much his son has grown.)CF: cry, shout, exclaim & scream这些动词的均有“喊”、“叫”之意。cry 一般指因恐惧、痛苦、惊奇等而喊叫。shout 指有意识地高声喊叫，常用于提出警告、不满、发命令或唤起注意等。 exclaim 多指因高兴、愤怒、痛苦、惊讶等突发感情而高声喊叫。scream 指因恐惧、快乐或痛苦而发出尖叫声。(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form wherenecessary.(1) She was _ hysterically. (=screaming)(2) The police _ out a warning. (=shouted)(3) A baby can as soon as it is born. (=cry)(4) The newspaper _ against the governments action. (=exclaimed)(5) The crowd slogans and threw stones at the police. (=shouted)7. keen: adj. (1) sharp, active, sensitive *Dogs have a keen sense of smell.*He bought a knife with a keen blade.(2) intense, strong, deep *He has a keen interest in his work. *退休后，他有一种强烈的失落感。 (=After retirement, he had a keen sense of loss.)(3) eager, enthusiastic *She was not very keen on football. (=After he had dreamed his birthplace many times, he was very keen to go back.)CF: sharp, acute & keen 这些形容词均有“锐利的”、“敏锐的”、“机敏的”之意。sharp指思路、视觉、听觉等方面的灵敏、敏锐。例如：Its very sharp of you to have answered such a question. 你真够机敏的，能回答这个问题。 acute指五官、感觉、心智等方面的敏锐、深刻，一般可与sharp换用。例如：Rabbits have an acute sense of hearing. 兔子有敏锐的听觉。keen和sharp, acute一样，都可表示心智、感觉等方面的敏锐。例如：The old man has a keen sight. 这个老人目光锐利。8. on the grounds that : for the reason that *I had to retire on the grounds that I was ill. *Her claims were disallowed on the grounds that she had not paid her premium. *他没有因犯罪而受到严厉惩罚，主要是因为他年纪小。 (=He was not severely punished for his crime on the grounds that he was young.)9. guard against: to prevent sth. from happening * In these circumstances he must guard against pessimism. * We should take measures to guard against accidents. *暗箭难防。(=Hidden arrows are difficult to guard against. ) (=Her way to guard against being attacked is never to go out alone at night. )Collocations: guard against disease 预防疾病guard against bad habits 杜绝陋习guard against suspicion 避免嫌疑10. undue: adj. more than is reasonable, suitable or necessary *Many schools place undue emphasis on the proportion of students entering schools of a higher level. *He tried to exercise an undue influence upon his colleagues. (=Mr. Smith pays undue attention to book learning and formal rules.) *不要过急地处理那个问题。 (=Dont treat the matter with undue haste.) 11. cling: vi. to hold tightly; refuse to give up*Small children cling to their mothers.*As a people the Chinese cling strongly to tradition. *她坚定地抱着获救的希望。 (=She clung to the hope of being rescued.) *Cling to life and be scared of death. (=贪生怕死。)Pattern: cling to 12. suck: v. (1) to draw (liquid or air, etc.) into the mouth by using the lip muscles* Bees suck honey from flowers. *The old man was sucking at his pipe. *蚊子会吸我们的血。更糟的是，它会把毒注入我们的体内。 (=The mosquito will suck our blood. Whats even worse, it will inject poison into our bodies.) *Do not teach your grandmother to suck eggs. (=用不着教你的祖母如何吸食鸡蛋。/不要班门弄斧。(2) to absorb *Plants suck up moisture from the soil *The cleverest students can suck up as much knowledge as teachers can give them.(3) to pull sb. or sth. with great power and force it into or out of a particularplace *He was sucked into a life of crime. *I dont want to get sucked into the conflict.13. indifferent: adj. (1) not caring about or noticing; not interested in *How can you be indifferent to the sufferings of starving people? *It is quite indifferent to me whether you go or stay. *探险家们将征途上的危险置之度外。 (=The explorers were indifferent to dangers of the expedition.)(2) not particularly good; mediocre; fairly bad*an indifferent book (=质量较差的一本书) *an indifferent cook (=手艺平平的厨师)Pattern: be indifferent to/towards14. render: vt. (1) to give, present or offer *We call on you to render assistance. *Many companies come to the customers house to render service. *Render good for evil.(=以德报怨。)(2) to cause to be in a particular condition *He was rendered helpless by the accident.*“Trips to Chinas five great mountains render trips to other mountains unnecessary, and a trip to Huangshan renders the trip to the five great mountains unnecessary.” *他身体肥胖到摸不到自己的脚趾。 (=His fatness renders him unable to touch his toe.)15. oppress: vt.(1) to rule unjustly or cruelly *Women are often oppressed by men in the past.(=The rich oppress the masses by their control of the political systems.) (2) to cause sb. to feel worried, uncomfortable *The heat oppressed him and made him ill. *战争的威胁使我们忧心忡忡。 (=The threat of war oppressed us all.)16. cheat: v. (1) to deceive or trick *They were caught cheating in the exam. *The company cheated taxman in order to get more profits. *考试作弊是不道德的。 (=Its immoral to cheat in a test.)(2) to take sth. from (sb.) deceitfully *He was cheated (out) of his rightful heritage. *They were cheated of victory. (=他们的胜利之果被别人骗走了。)Pattern: cheat sb. (out) of sth.N.B. 注意该词的词性变化，它的名词为：cheat 。CF: cheat, deceive, trick & fool这些动词均含有“欺骗”之意。cheat较为普通，指用蒙蔽他人的手段取得所需之物，尤多指在赢利的买卖中骗人。例如：*He cheated the old woman out of her money. 他骗了老妇人的钱。deceive指用虚假外表使人信以为真，或蓄意歪曲事实，或造成错误印象使人上当受骗。例如：*We were deceived into believing he could help us. 我们受骗了， 还以为他会帮助我们。trick指用阴谋诡计等骗得信任或得到所需之物。例如：*She tricked me into admitting responsibility. 她哄骗我承担责任。fool指把某人当傻瓜，愚弄欺骗某人。例如：*Dont fool me again. 别又把我当傻瓜。17. achieve: vt. (1) to complete or accomplish; to get (sth.) done *Ive achieved only half of what I hoped to do. *We were all exhausted, but felt we had achieved a lot. (=You will never achieve anything if you dont work harder.)(2) to gain or reach by effort *By the age of 25 he had achieved his ambition of becoming the world champion in figure skating. *As a result of advertising, weve achieved a big increase in sales this year. *想一切都成的人必将一事无成。 (=One who wants to achieve everything will achieve nothing.)CF: accomplish, achieve, fulfill & complete这些动词均含有“完成”之意。accomplish指成功地完成了规定的工作、计划、任务等，侧重强调达到预期目的的整个过程。achieve指通过持续的努力而完成或实现，特别强调由于非常努力，克服困难后达到目的。fulfill指达到预定的目标，如计划的完成、职责的履行、诺言的实现、任务的完成等。complete指完成一件指派或预定的任务，或完善、完整未完成的部分。18. overcome: vt.(1) to successfully control a feeling or a problem that prevents you from achieving sth.; to defeat *I managed to overcome my fear of darkness. *他抵制了再次吸食毒品的强烈诱惑。 (=He overcame a strong temptation to take drugs again.)(2) of smoke or gas makes sb. sick or unconscious *He was sent to hospital after he was overcome by gas fumes.Collocations: be overcome by fatigue筋疲力尽 be overcome by grief悲伤过度 be overcome by emotion不胜感触 be overcome by liquor醉酒 be overcome by fumes被烟薰倒19. recede: vi. to move back or away *She could see the lights of the ship receding on the horizon. *The sense of duty dominates all else, and personal claims recede. *潮起潮落。 (=The tides advance; the tides recede.) (=We reached the open sea and the coast receded into the distance.) 20. merge: v. (1) to combine; to join things together to form one thing *We have decided to merge these small firms into one large company. *Where does this stream merge into the Rhine? *这家银行和其主要对手合并了。 (=The bank merged with its major rival.) *A hundred rivers may merge in one. (=百川汇宗。)(2) to fade or change gradually *Twilight merged into darkness. *One end is blue, one end red and the colors merge in the middle.*The water and the sky merge in one color. (=水天一色。)(=His fear gradually merged into curiosity to know what was happening.)21. carry on: (1) to continue (doing sth.)(2) to conduct or take part in(3) to manage(4) to flirt with or have a love affair with(Directions:) Match the above definitions