GRE阅读笔记NO4-3-Noted.doc

NO4-3 内容 & 逻辑 定性Great comic art is never otherworldly, TS，+it does not seek to mystifyus, and it does not deny ambiguity by branding as evil whatever differs from (5) good. Great comic artists assume that SEtruth may bear all lights, and thus theyseek to accentuate contradictions in 标志词social action, not gloss over or transcend them by appeals to extrasocial(10) symbols of divine ends, cosmic purpose, 1、2、3or laws of nature. The moment of SEtranscendence in great comic art is asocial moment, born out of theconviction that we are human, even 让步，强调we are human(15) though we try to be gods. The comic SEcommunity to which artists addressthemselves is a community of reasoning, 1、2、3，+loving, joyful, compassionate beings,who are willing to assume the human(20) risks of acting rationally. Withoutinvoking gods or demons, great comic SEart arouses courage in reason, couragewhich grows out of trust in what humanbeings can do as humans.第一遍：文章结构类型：定性：人文科学的评论；定性：全文论证一个观点型；定性依据：SE均论述一个主题，没有出现however，question之类的字眼。TS：Great comic art is never otherwordly, it does not seek to mystify us, and it does not deny ambiguity by branding as evil whatever differs from good.SE：态度：great, reasoning, loving, joyful, compassionate表明+态度第二遍：长难句：适合用整体法：适合用拔笋法：单词：阅读专用词汇：ambiguity，assume，contradiction，gloss over，transcend积累抽象词汇：otherwordly 伟大的喜剧艺术从不以彼岸世界为其目标，它所追求的并不是要予人以神秘玄惑感，它并不会通过将任何与善不一样的事物烙上罪恶的印记而否认那些模棱两可的情形。伟大的喜剧艺术家们认为，真理可呈现出各种不同的表现形态，故而他们力图强调社会行为中的对立矛盾，而不是通过诉诸于那些代表着神圣目标、字宙目的、或自然法则的超社会象片符号去掩饰或超越它们。伟大的喜剧艺术中的超越瞬间乃是一个社会性瞬间，源自这样一个坚定信念，即我们终是凡夫俗子，尽管我们竭力想成为神灵。艺术家们所致力表现的那个不乏喜剧色彩的社会，是一个由那些具有理性思维能力、充满爱心、快乐、和富于怜悯之心的人类构成的社会，他们甘愿承担人类理性行动的风险。伟大的喜剧艺术根本不祈求神灵或魔鬼，相反，它激发起我们对于理性的无畏勇气，这种勇气缘自对人类作为人所能做到的一切的信心。17. The passage suggests that great comic art can be characterized as optimistic about the ability of humans to（细节题） A. rid themselves of pride（无中生有）B .transcend the human condition（not gloss over or transcend them by appeals to extrasocial symbols of divine ends, cosmic purpose,or laws of nature.与原文相反） C. differentiate clearly between good and evil（ambiguity by branding as evil whatever differs from good.与原文相反） D. avoid social conflicts（and thus they seek to accentuate contradictions in social action与原文相反） E. act rationally（who are willing to assume the human risks of acting rationally.（L20 who are willing to assume the human risks of acting rationally.原文改写）答案：(E)18. It can be inferred from the passage that the author admires great comic artists primarily for their（细节题） A. ability to understand the frequently subtle differences between good and evil（ambiguity by branding as evil whatever differs from good.与原文相反） B. ability to reconcile the contradictions in human behavior（and thus they seek to accentuate contradictions in social action与原文相反） C. ability to distinguish between rational and irrational behavior（无中生有） D. insistence on confronting the truth about the human condition（Great comic artists assume that truth may bear all lights, and thus they seek to accentuate contradictions in social action原文精确改写） E. insistence on condemning human faults and weaknesses（无中生有，condemn也是作者不大可能的态度）答案：(D)19. Which of the following is the most accurate description of the organization of the passage?（组织结构题） A. A sequence of observations leading to a prediction（没有预测） B. A list of inferences drawn from facts stated at the beginning of the passage（文章是客观叙述，没有推断） C. A series of assertions related to one general subject（全文都是一个主题的客观叙述，因此正确） D. A statement of the major idea, followed by specific examples（没有例子） E. A succession of ideas moving from specific to general（全文是从概括到具体的模式）答案：(C) It has long been known that the SE, rate of oxidative metabolism (the o-mprocess that uses oxygen to convert foodinto energy) in any animal has a (5) profound effect on its living patterns.The high metabolic rate of smallanimals, for example, gives themsustained power and activity per unit ofweight, but at the cost of requiring(10) constant consumption of food and water.Very large animals, with theirrelatively low metabolic rates, cansurvive well on a sporadic food supply,but can generate little metabolic energy(15) per gram of body weight. If only SE，oxidative metabolic rate is considered,therefore, one might assume thatsmaller, more active, animals couldprey on larger ones, at least if they(20) attacked in groups. Perhaps they could SEif it were not for anaerobic glycolysis, a-gthe great equalizer. +Anaerobic glcolysis is a process in TSwhich energy is produced, without(25) oxygen, through the breakdown of muscleglycogen into lactic acid and adenosine ATPtri-phosphate (ATP), the energyprovider. The amount of energy that canbe produced anaerobically is a function(30) of the amount of glycogen present-in all 0.5%vertebrates about 0.5 percent of theirmuscles wet weight. Thus the anaerobicenergy reserves of a vertebrate areproportional to the size of the animal.(35) If, for example, some predators hadattacked a 100-ton dinosaur, normallytorpid, the dinosaur would have beenable to generate almost instantaneously,via anaerobic glycolysis, the energy of(40) 3,000 humans at maximum oxidativemetabolic energy production. This SEexplains how many large species havemanaged to compete with their moreactive neighbor: the compensation for(45) a low oxidative metabolic rate isglycolysis.There are limitations, however, to this SE, ，转折compensation. The glycogen reservesof any animal are good, at most, for(50) only about two minutes at maximum effort, after which only the normaloxidative metabolic source of energyremains. With the conclusion of a burstof activity, the lactic acid level is(55) high in the body fluids, leaving thelarge animal vulnerable to attack untilthe acid is reconverted, via oxidativemetabolism, by the liver into glucose,which is then sent (in part) back to the(60) muscles for glycogen resynthesis. Duringthis process the enormous energy debtthat the animal has run up throughanaerobic glycolysis must be repaid, adebt that is proportionally much greater (65) for the larger vertebrates than for thesmaller ones. Whereas the tiny shrew can replace in minutes the glycogen usedfor maximum effort, for example, thegigantic dinosaur would have required(70) more than three weeks. It might seemthat this interminably long recoverytime in a large vertebrate would provea grave disadvantage for survival. Fortunately, muscle glycogen is used +(75) only when needed and even then only in whatever quantity is necessary. Only in times of panic or during mortal combatwould the entire reserves be consumed.科学家长期以来已知，氧化新陈代射（oxidative metabolism，亦即使用氧气将食物转化为能量的过程）的速度，在任何动物身上，会对其生存方式产生重大的影响。例如，小动物较高的新陈代谢率，以其体重的每单位计算均能赋予动物以持续不断的能量和活动能力，但其代价是，要求它们不间断地消耗水和食物。而大动物，以其相对低的新陈代谢率，仅凭着不规则的食物供应即可安然无恙，但以体重的每一克来计算，几乎不能产生任何新陈代谢能量。倘若仅仅考虑氧化新陈代谢速度的话，人们或许会假设，那些较小的、较为活跃的动物可以捕食较大的动物，至少是如果它们成群结队发起攻击的话。或许它们能做到这一点，假若不是因为无氧糖酵解（anaerobic glycolysis）这一举足轻重的均衡因素的话。无氧糖酵解指的是这样一个能量产生的过程：在没有氧气的情况下，通过将肌肉糖原（muscle glycogen）分解成为乳酸（lactic acid）和三磷酸腺苷（adenosinetriphosphate，简称ATP），一种提供能量的物质。以无氧方式（anaerobically）产生的能量的数量，是所存在的糖原数量的一个函数在所有脊椎动物（vertebrate）身上，大约是其肌肉湿重的0.5%。因此，一头脊椎动物的无氧能量储备是与该动物的尺寸大小成正比的。例如，如果某些食肉动物向一头100吨重的恐龙一般表现得迟缓呆钝发起攻击的话，这头恐龙极有可能几乎在瞬间内，通过无氧糖酵解，产生出相当于3000个人在最大程度上氧化新陈代谢能量产生过程中所产生的能量。这足以解释许多庞大的动物种类如何得以成功地与它们那些更为活跃的“邻居”相竞争抗衡的：对于较低的氧化新陈代谢率，动物的补偿机制就是糖酵解。然而，这种补偿机制也不乏缺陷。任何动物的糖原储备在全力以赴的搏斗中最多只能维持两分钟的有效时间，在此之后，仅剩下通常的氧化新陈代谢能量来源。随着一阵剧烈活动的终结，体液（body fluid）中的乳酸含量极高，致使大动物陷入一种易受攻击的状态，直到乳酸通过氧化新陈代谢过程，由肝脏重新转化成葡萄糖（glucose），这些葡萄糖随后部分地被传送回肌肉进行糖原的再合成（glycogenresynthesis）。在此过程中，动物通过无氧糖酵解迅速积累起来的巨大的能量缺失（energy debt）必须予以弥补，从比例上看，这种能量的缺失对于较大的脊椎动物要远甚于较小的脊椎动物。例如，虽则体小的 仅在几分钟之内就能补充殊死搏斗中所消耗的糖原，而庞然大物恐龙却需要三个多星期的时间。这似乎会让人觉得，大脊椎动物身上这种没完没了的漫长复原期将对其生存构成一严重不利的影响。值得庆幸的是，肌肉糖原只是在必需的时候才会被使用，而即使在这些时候也只是按必要的数量来使用。唯有在惊慌失措之际，或在生死攸关的撕杀中，全部的糖原储备才会被彻底耗竭。文章结构类型：混合型文章，新观点弥补旧观点的缺陷+解释现象型。It has long been known that.，Perhaps they could if it were not for anaerobic glycolysis, the great equalizer. the compensation for a low oxidative metabolic rate is glycolysis. There are limitations, however, to this compensation.先指出oxidative metabolism的缺陷，然后引出Anaerobic glcolysis的概念去弥补这个缺陷。单词：1.阅读专有名词：equalize, reserve, torpid, compensation, consume2.积累重要专业词汇：oxidative metabolism, oxygen, anaerobic glycolysis, lactic acid, vertebrate3.积累抽象词汇：breakdown, burst, function20. The primary purpose of the passage is to（写作意图题） A. refute a misconception about anaerobic glycolysis（文章是在解释anaerobic glycolysis，没有反驳，也没有误解） B. introduce a new hypothesis about anaerobic glycolysis（不是假说，是一个理论） C. describe the limitations of anaerobic glycolysis（重点不是解释anaerobic glycolysis的缺陷） D. analyze the chemistry of anaerobic glycolysis and its similarity to oxidative metabolism（无中生有） E. explain anaerobic glycolysis and its effects on animal survival（既包括解释anaerobic glycolysis的概念，还包括anaerobic glycolysis如何作用动物，既符合TS，也照应了首句）答案：(E)21. According to the author, glycogen is crucial to the process of anaerobic glycolysis because glycogen（针对TS的细节题） A. increases the organisms need for ATP（文章是转化，曲解） B. reduces the amount of ATP in the tissues（无中生有） C. is an inhibitor of the oxidative metabolic production of ATP（无中生有） D. ensures that the synthesis of ATP will occur speedily（无中生有） E. is the material from which ATP is derived（Anaerobic glcolysis is a process in which energy is produced, without oxygen, through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid and adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP), the energy provider. 定位L23-28，Glycogen的作用是转换成ATP，原文的精确改写）答案：(E)22. According to the author, a major limitation of anaerobic glycolysis is that it can（针对SE的细节题） A. produce in large animals more lactic acid than the liver can safely reconvert（a debt that is proportionally much greater for the larger vertebrates than for the smaller ones，比较对象不对） B. necessitate a dangerously long recovery period in large animals（It might seem that this interminably long recovery time in a large vertebrate would prove a grave disadvantage for survival，定位L7073，原文精确改写） C. produce energy more slowly than it can be used by large animals（无中生有） D. consume all of the available glycogen regardless of need（muscle glycogen is used only when needed and even then only in whatever quantity is necessary.与原文相反） E. reduce significantly the rate at which energy is produced by oxidative metabolism（无中生有）答案：(B)23. The passage suggests that the total anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the vertebrates size because（针对关系的细节题）（依据：The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen present-in all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles wet weight. Thus the anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the size of the animal.） A. larger vertebrates conserve more energy than smaller vertebrates（无中生有） B. larger vertebrates use less oxygen per unit weight than smaller vertebrates（无中生有） C. the ability of a vertebrate to consume food is a function of its size（应该是the anaerobic energy of a vertebrate reserves） D. the amount of muscle tissue in a vertebrate is directly related to its size（the amount of glycogen=0.5%muscles wet weight.，muscles wet weight=size,因此，the amount of glycogen are proportional to the vertebrates size） E. the size of a vertebrate is proportional to the quantity of energy it can utilize（关系反了）答案：(D)24. The author suggests that, on the basis of energy production, a 100-ton dinosaur would have been markedly vulnerable to which of the following?（罗马数字题）With the conclusion of a burst of activity, the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconvertedI. Repeated attacks by a single smaller, more active adversary（文章没说）II. Sustained attack by numerous smaller, more active adversariesIII. An attack by an individual adversary of similar size（文章没说，不能自己随意臆测啊，我错选了D） A. II only B. I and II only C. I and III only D. II and III only E. I, II, and III答案：(A)25. It can be inferred from the passage that the time required to replenish muscle glycogen following anaerobic glycolysis is determined by which of the following factors?（罗马数字题）依据：With the conclusion of a burst of activity, the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted, via oxidative metabolism, by the liver into glucose, which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis.I. Rate of oxidative metabolismII. Quantity of lactic acid in the body fluidsIII. Percentage of glucose that is returned to the muscles A. I only B. III only C. I and II only D. I and III only E. I, II, and III答案：(E)26. The author is most probably addressing which of the following audiences?（逻辑推理题）争议题 A. College students in an introductory course on animal physiology（不明白为什么E不对，纠正研究oxidative metabolism的生物化学专家的一个错误也能说的通啊 B. Historians of science investigating the discovery of anaerobic glycolysis C. Graduate students with specialized training in comparative anatomy D. Zoologists interested in prehistoric animals E. Biochemists doing research on oxidative metabolism答案：(A)27. Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?（中心思想题） A. The disadvantage of a low oxidative metabolic rate in large animals can be offset by their ability to convert substantial amounts of glycogen into energy.（This explains how many large species have managed to compete with their more active neighbor: the compensation for a low oxidative metabolic rate is glycolysis.叙述了文章推翻旧观点的特点，也是原文的精确改写） B. The most significant problem facing animals that have used anaerobic glycolysis for energy is the resynthesis of its by-product, glucose, into glycogen.（大型动物存在这个问题，小型动物不存在，而且这个不是文章的中心思想） C. The benefits to animals of anaerobic glycolysis are offset by the profound costs that must be paid（虽然有缺点，但还不至于被抵消的程度，也不是文章主旨）. D. The major factor ensuring that a large animal will triumph over a smaller animal is the large animals ability to produce energy via anaerobic glycolysis.（无中生有） E. The great differences that exist in metabolic rates between species of small animals and species of large animals can have important effects on the patterns of their activities.（It has long been known that the rate of oxidative metabolism (the process that uses oxygen to convert food into energy) in any animal has a profound effect on its living patterns.从文章的态度看，这个说法是有问题的，而且这个也不是文章的中心思想）答案：(A)The dark regions in the starry night SEsky are not pockets in the universethat are devoid of stars as had long been thought. Rather, they are dark SE, 转折 (5) because of interstellar dust that hides 特殊短语，Ithe stars behind it. Although its visual 让步effect is so pronounced, dust is only a minor constituent of the material,extremely low in density, that lies(10) between the stars. Dust accounts forabout one percent of the total mass of 1%interstellar matter. The rest ishydrogen and helium gas, with small h,h-gamounts of other elements. The(15) interstellar material, rather like terrestrial clouds, comes in all shapesand sizes. The average density ofinterstellar material in the vicinity ofour Sun is 1,000 to 10,000 times less (20) than the best terrestrial laboratory vacuum. It is only because of the 强调句，特殊短语enormous interstellar distances that solittle material per unit of volumebecomes so significant. Optical(25) astronomy is most directly affected, for although interstellar gas is perfectly 让步transparent, the dust is not.在繁星满天的夜空，那些暗黑无光的区域并不是像人们长期以来所想象的那样，是宇宙中不存在星际的孤立小块区域。事实上，它们之所以暗黑无光，是因为星际尘埃（interstellar dust）将它们遮掩在尘埃之后。尽管尘埃的视觉效果是如此彰著，但它仅构成了存在于星星之间密度极低的物质的一个微不足道的组成部分。尘埃在星际物质的总质量中只占约百分之一的比例。余下部分由氢气（hydrogen）和氦气（helium）构成，附带少量的其它元素。星际物质极类似于地球的云，呈现出多种多样的形状和尺寸大小。在我们太阳的附近区域，星际物质的平均密度要低于地球上最佳实验室真空1,000至10,1000倍。只是因为星际距离是如此之遥远，以致于每单位体积中如此少的一点点物质才会如此影响重大。光学天文学（optical astronomy）受到的影响最为直接，因为虽然星际气体是全然透明的，但尘埃却并非如此。文章结构类型：新观点推翻旧观点型，The dark regions in the starry night sky are not pockets in the universe that are devoid of stars as had long been thought. Rather, they are dark because of interstellar dust that hides the stars behind it。有旧观点的特征，后面出现转折。单词：1.阅读专有名词：effect, accounts for, significant2.积累重要专业词汇：interstellar, hydrogen, helium gas17. According to the passage, which of the following is a direct perceptual consequence of interstellar dust?（细节题，定位L46，Rather, they are dark because of interstellar dust that hides the stars behind it.） A. Some stars are rendered invisible