桂林电子科技大学材料科学与工程专业英语课后习题答案unit1-7.doc

桂林电子科技大学 11级Materials science材料科学 Stone age石器时代 Naked eye肉眼 Bronze age铜器时代Optical property光学性能 Integrated circuit集成电路 Mechanical strength机械强度Thermal conductivity导热 “Materials science” involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast ,”materials engineering “is ,on the basis of there structure property correlations ,designing or engineering the structure of a material that produce a predetermined set of properties。，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。从功能方面来说，材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料 Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical ,and deteriorative。固体材料的所有重要的性质可以分成六个不同的种类，机械性能、电性能、热性能、磁性能、光性能和内耗。 In addition to structure and properties , two other important components are involved in the sciences and engineering of materials , namely“processing”and“performance”.除了组织性能之外，另外两个重要的性质也包括在材料科学和工程之中，即“加工”和“特性” The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure-property relationship，as well as processing techniques of material，the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria。工程师或科学家对材料的特征、组织性能以及生产工艺越熟悉,他们就越自信和精通的在这些标准中做出明智的材料选择 On only rare occasion does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties . Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another.只有在极少数的情况下材料具有最大值或理想属性。如此，可能需要用一个属性和另一个属性交换。交叉科学interdisciplinary study 介电常数dielectric constant 固体材料solid materials 热容heat capacity 力学性质mechanical property 电磁辐射electromagnetism radiation材料加工materials processing 弹性系数（模数）elastic modulus直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。”Materials engineering “is ,on the basis of there structure property correlations ,designing or engineering the structure of a material that produce a predetermined set of properties材料加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, namely “processing” and “performance.材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的形变有关。Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force.Composite materials复合材料 nonlocalized electrons游离电子 Advanced materials尖端材料Stiffnesses硬度 semiconductors 半导体 biomaterials 生物材料 smart materials 智能材料nanoengineered materials 纳米材料工程Metals are extremely good conductor of electricity and hear, and are not transparent to visible light：a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance.金属是电和热的良导体,并且不能透过可见光:一个磨光的金属表面具有一个光泽的外形。Ceramic are typically insulative to the passage of electricity and heat, and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers.陶瓷是电和热的典型的绝缘体,并且相对金属和聚合物更具有抵抗高温和恶劣的环境。Materials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications are sometimes termed advanced materials. 用在高科技中的材料有时被称作先进材料Piezoelectric ceramics expand and contract in response to an applied electric field (or voltage); conversely, they also generate an electric field when their dimensions are altered.压电陶瓷的伸张和收缩时对外电场的一个反应，相反的，当其尺寸发生改变时，也能产生电场With the advent of scanning probe microscopes, which permit observation of individual atoms and molecules, it has become possible to manipulate and move atoms and molecules to form new structures and, thus, design new materials that are built from simple atomic-level constituents (I . e ,”materials by design”). 伴随着扫描探针显微镜的出现，可以观察到单个原子和分子，使处理和搬迁原子和分子成为一个可能的事情，这样通过建立简单的原子可以设计新材料。先进材料advanced materials 陶瓷材料ceramic materials 高性能材料high properties material 粘土矿物clay mineral 合金alloy 移植implant 玻璃纤维glass fiber 碳纳米管carbon nanotube金属元素有许多游离电子，金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons: that is ,there electrons are not bound to particular atoms.许多聚合物材料是有机化合物，并具有大的分子结构。Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements; 半导体材料的电性特征介于导体材料（如金属，金属合金）与绝缘体（陶瓷材料和聚合材料）之间。Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors（viz. metals and metal alloys） and insulators(viz .ceramics and polymers).生物材料不能产生毒性，并且必须与人体组织互相兼容。These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not cause adverse biological reactions).naked-eye肉眼，裸视 transition-elements过度金属银元素 mechanical-property力学性能atomic-number原子数 elementary-chemistry元素化学 positively-charged-protons正电荷质子 Metals behave differently than ceramics, and ceramics behave differently than polymers .金属的性质不同于陶瓷，陶瓷的性质也不同于聚合物。The atomic structure primarily affects the chemical, physical, thermal, electrical, magnetic,and optical properties .The microstructure can also affect these properties but they generally have a larger effect on mechanical properties and on the rate of chemical reaction .原子的结构主要影响化学，物理，热，电磁，光学性质，微观和宏观结构也能影响特性，但是他们通常影响力学性质和化学反应速率比较多。The strength of metals suggest that these atoms are held together by strong bonds.金属的强度表明这些原子强健组合在一起。An elements atomic number indicate the number of positively charged protons in the numcleus .The atomic weight of an atom indicate how many protons and neutrons in the nucleus 元素的原子量表明原子核正电荷质子数，一个原子量表明原子核里的质子数和中子数.微观结构microstructure电荷平衡election-balance 宏观结构macrostructure 原子量atomicnumber化学反应chemical-reaction带正电子的原子核positively charged nucleus These same 100 atoms form thousands of different substance ranging form the air we breathe to the metal used to support tall buildings从我们呼吸的空气到各种各样性质迥异的金属，成千上万种物质均是由100多种原子组成的微观结构是指能够通过显微镜观察到的而不是用肉眼直接观察到的结构，宏观结构是指可以直接用肉眼观察到的结构microstructure ,which includes features that cannot be seen with the naked eye ,but using a microstructure .Macrostructure includes features that can be seen with the necked eye .Phase transformation temperatures 相转变温度 specific gravity 比重Thermal conductivity 热导率 the melting point 熔点The acceleration of gravity 重力加速度 magnetic permeability 磁导率相对密度 relative density 沸点 boiling point 磁感应 magnetic induction热导率Thermal conductivity 玻璃转变温度 glass transition temperature有色金属 colored metal 线性热膨胀系数 linear coefficient of thermal expansion单位体积质量 mass per any unit of volumeAn object will float in water if its density is less than the density of water and sink if its density is greater than that of water. Similarly ,an object with specific gravity less than one will float and those with a specific gravity greater than one will sink.假如一个物体的密度低于水，物体能够漂浮在水上；若大于水密度，物体沉在水里。相类似地，比重较低的能够漂浮，比重较大则沉下去。Materials that cause the lines of flux to move farther apart，resulting in a decrease in magnetic flux density compared with a vacuum, are called diamagnetic. Materials that concentrate flux by a factor of more than one but less than or equal to ten are called paramagnetic; materials that concentrate the flux by a factor of more than ten are called ferromagnetic.材料引起通量路线进一步分离，导致磁通量密度降低。相对于真空称为抗磁体。能够增强磁通量多余1不少于10倍称之为顺磁体；能够增强磁通量超过10倍的称之为铁磁体。Certain ferromagnetic materials，especially powered or laminated iron，steel，or nickel alloys, have that can range up to about 1000000.Diamagnetic materials have less than one, but no known substance has relative permeability much less than one.某一个铁磁性材料，尤其是粉末状或薄片状铁、钢、镍合金具有 能够增大到1000000，抗磁性材料具有 低于1，但是有未知物质相对磁通率低于1.When a paramagnetic or ferromagnetic core is inserted into a coil, the inductance is multiplied by compared with the inductance of the same coil with an air core.当顺磁或铁磁物质被掺入线圈里，感应系数是增加相对于同类的感应线圈或空芯。化学性质是用来描述一种物质是怎样变成另外一种完全不同的物质的性质。Properties that describe how a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemical properties。相变是一种物理性质，并且物质存在四种相：固相、液相、气相和等离子体。Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases:soild,liquid,gas and plasma.当温度低于熔点时，聚合物的晶体结构破坏，但其分子仍然连接在分子链上，从而形成一种柔软和柔顺性材料。At some temperature below the melting point，they start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains，which results in a soft and pliable material.在工程材料中，渗透率通常用相对值而不是绝对值来表示。In engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute terms.the service life 使用寿命 the longitudinal direction纵向 the transverse direction横向 dynamic or cyclic loading动力载荷 the initial length of the material 材料的原始长度 elastic deformation 弹性变形 plastic deformation 塑性变形 localized deformation 局部变形 The mechanical properties of metals determine the range of usefulness of a material and establish the service life that can be expected .金属力学性质取决于材料的系列有用性和建立的期望的使用寿命。Therefore ,multiple tests are commonly conducted to determine mechanical properties and values reported can be an average value or calculated statistical minimum value .因此，多样的测试被做是为了确定力学性质，极点的数值可能是平均数或统计量最小数。 The way a material is loaded greatly affects its mechanical properties and largely determines how ,or if ,a component will fail ;and whether it will show warning sign before failure actually occurs .材料负载很大程度上影响它的力学性质和极大的确定材料如何舍弃，也可展示一些警告信息，在失望发生之前。However ,a bar loaded in bending will have a stress distribution that changes with distance perpendicular to the normal axis .然而，一个负载木棒，使其变弯曲将有一个压力分布伴随着轴的垂直距离而变化。Elastic deformation only occurs in a material when stresses are lower than a critical stress called the yield strength .当压力低于临界压力称之为屈服强度，材料上可单性变化反应。实验样品test specimen 静负荷static loading 作用力applied force 垂直轴the normal axis 工程应变engineering strain 临界应力the critical stress 屈服强度the yield strength 应力面积stress area 应力-应变曲线stress strain curve Normally ,temperatures below room temperature generally cause an decrease in strength properties of metallic alloys ;while ductility ,fracture toughness ,and elongation usually increase .通常，温度低于室温时，金属合金的强度性质降低，而延展性、破碎韧度和拉伸性能增强。From the perspective of what is happening within a material ,stress is the internal distribution of what is happening within a material ,stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it .从材料的角度来说，应力是一种在材料内部所分布的力，它可以平衡所施加的负荷并与其发生互相作用。Engineering strain is defind as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material .工程应变可以定义为：所施加力方向的材料的改变量与材料原始长度的比值。A material with high strength and high ductility will have more toughness than a material with low strength and high ductility . 高强度和高延展性的材料比低强度和低延展性的材料的韧性高。Silicon single crystals 单晶硅 computed tomography scan电子断层扫描Magnetic resonance imaging磁共振现象The military industrial complex军事工业综合物Gross national happiness国民幸福指数The average population growth rate of the word世界人口平均增长率With impending and burgeoning societal issues affecting the human condition on our plant，the MSE community has a responsibility and an opportunity to truly make a difference by addressing the needs of the word of tomorrow needs in energy，transportation，housing，food，recycling，and health随着各种影响人类生存环境的社会问题的快速发展和逼近，材料科学与工程协会有责任，也有机会改变未来世界的需要包括能源、交通、住房、食物、循环利用及健康 Population is growing at much higher rates in the less developed countries in comparison to the average population growth rate of the word ，which is 1.4%欠发达国家的人口增加速度高于世界平均水平1.4%。Projections are that global energy use will grow by 1.7% annually until 2025, which is a faster rate than the world population growth rate据预测，直到2025年，全球能源消耗年增长率为1.7%，该数值超过世界人口增长率Moreover, average energy use per person is still more than nine times greater in developed regions than in less developed regions.且发达地区的人均能源消耗是欠发达地区的九倍多国内生产总值grass domestic product 材料科学与过程material science and engerning 经济指数economic index 卫生保健sanitation 国民生产总值gross national product 人口增长率 population growth rate然而，随着时间的变化，人类的革命与创造力，工程师满足社会需求的能力很建立工程企业的精神是永恒不变的however，some things that have been constant over time are human innovation and creativity，engineer，s ability to address societal needs，and the entrepreneurial spirit of engineering我们可以看到医学、通信学和运输工业的革命给我们生活带来的变化we have witnessed the re-shaping of our lives through revolutions that have taken place in medicine，telecommunications，and transportation industries18%的世界人口缺少安全饮用水，几乎40%缺少环境卫生设施eighteen percent of the words population lacks access to safe drinking water and nearly 40%has no access to sanitation材料与社会是相互联系的，并且我们应当认为材料科学工程的发展与影响人类生存条件的全球社会问题存在密切的关系，这是唯一理性的看法materials and society are interlinked，and it is only rational that we should see a close relation between the MSE research agenda and societal issues that affect the human condition on the globeConduction bands 导带 alkali metals 碱金属 atomic radius 原子半径 overlap of orbital energies 轨道能量重置 the ions lattice 离子晶格 solid solut