石油科技英语补充习题.doc

Reading comprehensionLogging and Formation EvaluationThe gamma- ray log is an example of a nuclear log. It is often run in combination with a neutron and density log which serves to estimate the porosity of a formation. The neutron sonde contains a radio- active source that emits fast neutrons which penetrate the formation and are there slowed down by collisions with atomic nuclei.1. Which of the following words can represent the word “collision” in the first paragraph? A. encounter2. According to the passage, another frequently run porosity log besides nuclear log is? B. acoustic log3. Which is necessary before the rocks water saturation can be calculated? D. salinity of the formation water4. What should we study before we can predict the lateral seismic record on the extension of hydrocarbon-bearing intervals? C. how gas, oil and water affect the logged acoustic impedance5. What are well logs recorded on nowadays? C. digital tapesDiamond Bits Diamonds used in oilfield bits are of natural origin and range from as small as 15 stones per carat to seven carats per stone in special applications. Diamonds are very abrasive resistant extremely high in compressive strength, are the hardest material known today, but are low in tensile strength and have high thermal capacity.1. Which characteristic of the diamond is extremely high?A. compressive strength2. What are the three parts of a diamond bit? B. diamonds, matrix and shank3. What can the shank of steel afford? C. structural strength4. What is the reason for using diamond bits?A. to drill less expensive5. According to the passage, what do diamond bits belong to? B. drilling toolsCirculating System for Drilling Fluids One of the essential features of a rotary drilling system is its circulating system, commonly called the mud system. For the rotary drilling system to function, fluid must be circulated downward through the drill stem, around the bit, and upward in the annular space between the drill stem and the wall of the hole or the casing.1. Which sentence is not the main purpose of the drilling fluids? D. cool the drilling stem2. What should we use to control the viscosity of the mud? C. chemicals3. What is the circulating system commonly called? B. the mud system4. What is the circulating fluid mostly made up of?A. water5. What is this passage mainly about?C. drilling fluid Test of Drilling Fluid Density Density is weight per unit of volume, once the density is determined, it may be expressed in any convenient unitfor example, in pounds per gallon(lb/gal), pounds per cubic foot (lb/cu ft), specific gravity, or in pressure gradient as pounds per square inch (psi) per 1,000 feet of mud in the hole.1. A graduated arm carrying a sliding weight is one of the components of A. a mud balance2. Which is the second step in measuring the density of the mud? D. Fill the clean, dry cup with the mud to be weighted.3. What is the passage mainly about? B. test of drilling fluid density4. Which of the following is not the unit of density?A. pounds per gallon5. How many steps are there in measuring the density of the drilling fluid? C. sevenCrew Qualifications The qualifications and experience of drilling personnel are important ingredients in ensuring rig performance and safety.A proper evaluation of a drilling contractor today should include wages paid versus competitors, number of hours worked per day, number of days off and even benefits like health insurance. All of these have an effect on the quality and ability of personnel to perform adequately.1. The important ingredients in ensuring rig performance and safety are C. qualification and experience of the drilling personnel2. Which is not often required for most land rigs? B. the qualification of well control techniques3. What does well control technique mean? B. skills in controlling wells4. Which word can explain the meaning of “crew”? D. drilling personnel5. What is the subject of this passage? B. crew qualificationsSafety Ensures Operation (2.12)Drilling crews should be instructed to watch for early signs of a washout, such as subtle decreases of a pump pressure chart or slight stroke increases to avoid costly fishing jobs. Consider running a seating nipple just above the collars to check for pressure integrity.Drill collars should be examined for visible cracks or severe corrosion before use. Connections should be inspected for cracks in the thread and stress relief areas of both the box and pin ends. Wall thickness should be verified against manufacturers specifications to prevent failures and problems.Check the capacity, pressure and weight ratings of important components before they can cause problems in an emergency. The condition of the drill line should be double checked as well as the ton- mile records. Some contractors are stretching the life of the drill line to the extent that it can cause serious safety hazards.Time taken to verify compression rating and maintenance records before drilling is a good investment when weighed against the costs associated with delays or even catastrophic failure.1. Why should the drill collars be examined for visible cracks or severe corrosion before use? ( )A. to make the workers do somethingB. to increase the drilling profitC. to avoid the costly fishing jobsD. to ensure the flexibility of the drilling fluid2. What must we check of the important components before they can cause problems in an emergency? ( )A. compression ratings and conditionB. maintenance conditionC. wall thickness and corrosionD. capacity, pressure and weight ratings3. What do deteriorated suction lines mean? ( )A. strong suction lines B. good suction linesC. corroded suction lines D. uncracked suction lines4. Running a seating nipple just above the collars is to check for ( )A. pressure integrity B. pressure of the pumpC. compression ratings D. condition of the engine5. What should we inspect on both the box and pin ends of connections? ( )A. pressure rating of thread and stress relief areasB. cracks of the drill collarC. deterioration of the drill lineD. cracks of thread and stress relief areasCBCADKnowing Field Size Distribution Crucial in Estimating Profitability (3.5)Knowing the distributions of field sizes for play types in crucial to predict profitability of plays. To predict the financial performance of a play over time one must know the distribution of field sizes for that play. Basinwide distributions of field sizes, although interesting, are of no use for economic purposes unless there is only one play type in the basin. For economic analyses, field size distributions must be played specific.Many large fields tend to be discovered very early in the history of a basin because they fairly obvious. It may not be realistic to include these fields in the distribution. Field size distributions should be constructed for oil and gas independently rather than on a barrel of oil equivalent basis because the exploratory economics are different for each commodity.Many companies believe they can successfully target only the largest fields in a play. The typical field size distribution shows that the odds of discovering a large field are small. For this reason, targeting only the largest fields in a competitive basin may lead to poor economic performance.Competition causes companies to take greater risks in order to remain a player. This competition eventually drives both the reserve size and the success rate to the economic limit of the low cost players and drives the high cost players out of the play.1. The word “predict” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ( )A. think over B. foresee C. calculate D.judge2. What is the main subject of this passage? ( )A. Field Size Distribution B. large oil fieldsC. oil companies D. competitions in the oil market3. What does the word “target” in the third paragraph mean? ( )A. to watch B. to drill C. to sell D. to find4. Why targeting only the largest fields in a competitive basin may lead to poor economic performance? ( )A. there are a lot of large fields in a competitive basinB. there are no large fields in a competitive basinC. the odds of discovering a large field are too smallD. it is too easy to discovering a large field in a competitive basin5. According to the passage, which company can remain a player in the competitions? ( )A. players who take risksB. players with great ambitionsC. the high cost playersD. the low cost playersBADCD4.1As civilizations grew more complex, better methods of communication were needed. The written word, carrier pigeons, the telegraph, and many other devices carried ideas faster and faster form man to man . In recent years one type of machine ,the electronic computer has become increasingly important in lives of all the people in the industrialized nations of the world . Computers are now widely used aids for communication, calculation, and other activities. Their effect becomes more important every day.Computers can work through a series of problems and make thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired. Computers can reach solutions to problems in a fraction of the time it takes men to do the job. Computers can replace men in dull, routine tasks, but they are not creative and cannot exercise value judgments. Computers have no originality; they work according to the instructions given. There are times when computers seem to operate like mechanical “brains”, but their achievements are not very spectacular when minds of men can do.1. What does the passage mainly discuss? ( )A. The brains of humanB. The brains of computersC. The using of computersD. Civilizations2. According this passage, which sentence among the following sentences is true ( ) A. Computers can work well all than man. B. Computers cannot work well all than man. C. In some field, computers can work well than man. D. Computers can do noting.3. The word “spectacular” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ( )A. magnificent B. professional C. significantly D. foundational4.The sentence in the last paragraph “Computers can reach solutions to problems in a fraction of the time it takes men to do the job.” is closest in meaning to ( )A. The time of computers work is longer than man do.B. The time of computers work is as same as man do.C. Computers work slowly.D. Computers work very fast. 5. The word “dull” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ( )A. interesting B. not interesting C. happy D. good CCADB4.5Computer program input generally has some structure; in fact , every computer program that does input can be thought of as defining an “input language” which it accepts. An input language may be as complex as a programming language, or as simple as a sequence of numbers. Unfortunately, usual input facilities are limited, difficult to use ,and often are lax about checking their inputs for validity.Yacc provides a general tool for describing the input to a computer program. The Yacc user specifies the structures of his input, together with code to be invoked as each such structure is recognized. Yacc turns such a specification into a subroutine that handles the input process; frequently, it is convenient and appropriate to have most of the flow of control in the users application handled by this subroutine.1. What does the passage mainly discuss? ( )A. The communication of computers B. The brains of computersC. The using of computersD. Computer programs 2. According this passage, which sentence among the following sentences is true ( )A. Computer program input is very easy.B. Computer program input is like language of animal.C. Computer language is difficult to use.D. There is only one computer language in the world. 3. The word “validity” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ( )A. effectual B. dramatic C. endearing D. lovely 4. What is Yacc?A. A man B. A computer language C. A child D. A human language 5. The word “ invoked” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ( )A. transfer B vivid C. picturesque D. vitality DCABA4.10Nowadays data preparation is one of the most important activities of the staff of the computer centre. Good data preparation eliminates many false conclusions, whereas poor data preparation. For example a few wrongly punched data cards, may lead to poor results. When we remember that we are dealing with time spans of 2 ms and that, the recordings of several shots are stacked and that time differences of a few millisecond are involved in obtaining good quality results, it is easy to realize the importance of accurate data preparation for the calculating operations.In most processing systems, the incoming data from the demultiplexed tapes are recorded on external memories, for example disc memories, from which they can be recalled and processed as necessary. Each seismic trace or seismogram recorded in the disc memory has an individual address so that the computer program when needed can locate it. During the stacking process, for example there different traces each with different addresses may by located and stacked after dynamic and static correction have been applied. Stacking is very important process that we will come back to later. It is in reality much more complicated than it seemed when we discussed it of ray paths from a common depth point. 1. According this passage, which sentence among the following sentences is true ( ) A. Nowadays seismic data processing is carried out in the computer center.B. Nowadays seismic data processing is carried out in the office.C. Nowadays seismic data processing is not carried out in the computer center.D. Nowadays seismic data processing is carried out in the home.2. The word “individual” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ( ) A. separate B. separatist C. separative D separator 3.Stacking is the combing of two or more traces from ( ) A.the different reflection point B. the individual reflection pointC. the same reflection point D. the corresponding reflection point4.Staking is carried out in ( ) A. the computer centre B. the field C. the crew D. the worker5. Which sentence could be implied from this passage? ( ) A.The date for the demultiplexed tapes are recorded on the disc memories.B. The date for the demultiplexed tapes are not recorded on the disc memories.C. The date for the demultiplexed tapes are recorded on the staking.D. The date for the demultiplexed tapes are recorded on the book.AACAA7 .5One of the main objectives of energy conversion systems is to transfer energy from a receiver to some other location where it can be used to heat a working fluid. A relatively novel device tha can transfer large quantities of heat through small surface areas is the heat pipe is . The device consists of a circular pipe with an annular layer of wicking material covering the inside. The core of the system is hollow in the center to permit the working fluid to pass freely from the heat addition end on the left, to the heat rejection end on the right. The heat addition end is equivalent to an evaporator, whereas the heat rejection end corresponds to a condenser. The condenser and the evaporator are connected by an insulated section of length L. The liquid permeates the wicking material by capillary action, and when heat is added to the evaporator end of the heat pipe, liquid is vaporized in the wick and moves through the central core to the condenser end where heat is removed. Then the vapor condenses back into the wick end the cycle repeats. 1. One of the main objectives of energy conversion systems is to transfer energy from a receiver to some other location where it can be used ( ) A. change a working fluid B. to heat a working fluid C. heat a working fluid D. to cold a working fluid2. The core of the systems is _ in the center of heat pipes. ( ) A.full B. flat C. hollow D.narrow 3.The working fluid passes freely from the heat addition end _ ,to the heat rejection end _. A. on the right . on the left B.in the middle on the rightC. in the middle on the left D. on the left. on the right4. According this passage, which sentence among the following sentences is true ( ) A. The heat pipe consists of a circular pipe with an annular layer of wicking material covering the inside.B. The heat pipe is a device that can transfer large quantities of heat through large surface areas.C. The heat addition end is equivalent to a condenser whereas the heat rejection end corresponds an evaporator.D. All above are wrong.5. Which is the best topic of this passage ? A. heat pipes B.pipes C. system D. energy pipesBCDAAThe First Law of Thermodynamics 7.7The law of conservation and conversion of energy is one of the basic of laws of nature. It was first formulated by M. V. Lomonosov in the middle of the 19th century. Significant contributions to the development and substantiation of this law were made by Joule and Mayer, who established the equivalence of heat and work ,and determined the value of thermal equivalent of work. The first law of thermodynamics is p