GMAT考试机经复习资料.doc

目录1 咖啡香气分析仪器 Coffee Aroma Analysis Device22 印第安土著和英国殖民者对土地资源使用的不同看法 Different Views of Native Americans and English Colonists On the Use of Land Resources33 出口补贴与公司策略 Export Subsidization & Corporation Strategies54 英国零售业 English Retailers65 共生的另一种： 片脚类动物和翼足软体动物 Another Type of Symbiosis: Amphipods and Sea Butterflies76 即兴演奏与华彩乐段 Improvisation & Cadenza87 存货的生产平滑模型 Production Smoothing Model of Inventory108 文艺复兴时期画家与赞助人的关系 the Patron-Artist Relations in the RenaissancePeriord129 美国债务：从债权人到债务人 American Debt: from Creditor to Debtor1510 乌鸦有逻辑思维能力吗？ Do Ravens Have the Ability of Logical Thinking?1611 二战是如何影响英国女性就业的？ How does the Second World War Influence Women Employment?2212 超新星 Supernova2313 白垩纪灭绝说的影响力 the Impact of Cretaceous Extinction Theory2414 西班牙裔水权 Hispanic Water Right2415 月球起源 the Origin of the Moon2516 工厂与客户定制服务 Factories & Customized Service3017 鸟类灭绝与红、绿名单 Birds Extinction & Red/Green List3318 二手书拍卖 Used-Book Auction3419 鉴定古画年代的技术 the Technology of Determining the Age of Paintings3420 学习曲线与员工学习新技术 Learning Curve & Employees Learning New Technologies3621 人类活动与生态系统 Human Activities & Ecosystem3722 商标专利法 the Patent Law of Trademark3823 品牌商标对创造力的影响 Exposure to Brand Logos Increases Creativity3924 浅层地震与深层地震 Shallow Earthquake & Deep Earthquake4225 拉美文学 Latino Literature4626 植物空间分布模式与竞争理论 the Spatial Pattern of Plants & Competition Theories4727 早期美洲人是如何到达美洲大陆的？ How did Early Americans Reach the New World?5728 市场份额与盈利能力 Market Share & Profitability5929 水产养殖 Aquaculture5930 AFL对政府医疗保障的态度6031 Bebop音乐 Bebop Music6332 科学起源于什么时候？ When did Science Generate?6433 希腊考古验证 Check the Authenticity of an Archeological Object Found in Greek6534 影响职工流动率的因素 Factors that Affect Turnover Among Employees6635 灰色GDP Grey GDP6636 插播广告的效果 the Effects of Interuptive Advertisements6837 社会变革 Social Change6938 董事会经常失败的原因和改进措施7039 网上广告 Banner Advertisement7340 海豚声纳 Dolphin Sonar7341 美国黑人白人移民 American Migration751 咖啡香气分析仪器 Coffee Aroma Analysis Device原始是关于科学家研发一个analyze coffee bean aroma的仪器。说原来的仪器有各种drawback。这种新仪器可以通过喷射一种叫m的物质来让不同的aroma显示出不同的color pattern，从而帮助coffee grower分析咖啡。考古Is that Folgers coffee in your cup or Maxwell House? Now you no longer have to rely on your nose to tell. Researchers have developed an analyzer that can distinguish between 10 commercial brands of coffee and can even tell apart coffee beans roasted at various temperatures for different times. The advance could help growers determine within minutes whether a particular batch of coffee is just as good as the previous one or whether its undrinkable. Researchers have been trying for years to come up with a simple way to analyze coffee. But its no easy task. The challenge is that the aroma of roasted coffee beans consists of more than 1000 compounds that change with roasting temperatures and time. Traditional methods of chemical analysis like gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry generally have difficulty distinguishing between compounds that are very similar to one another. And electronic noses, an array of dyes, and other sensors that change color or chemical properties when they react with certain molecules suffer from the same drawback. Over the past decade, chemist Kenneth Suslick and colleagues at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, have refined the electronic nose approach. In the new study, they used dyes染料 that interact strongly with other chemicals, making them more specific. They then put drops滴剂 of 36 dyes on a polymer聚合物 film薄薄的一层 the size of a nickel5分钱. The pigments颜料；色素 in the dyes belonged to a range of chemical classes, including metalloporphyrins (a class of molecules which give blood and chlorophyll their distinctive colors); pH indicators; and molecules that change color with certain chemical vapors. The device produced a pattern of colors as each coffees mixture of volatile compounds interacted with the dyes. When the investigators pumped vapors from various coffees including Starbucks Sumatra Roast and Folgers Grande Supreme Decaf-over the arrays, all generated unique color patterns, like a molecular fingerprint, they report this month in Analytical Chemistry. The array doesnt give any information about the individual compounds in the aromas. The important thing is that we can easily tell the difference between different roastings and coffees, notes Suslick. And that should help growers quickly and cheaply analyze problems with coffee, such as burnt flavors, during their initial screening process says food scientist Felix Escher at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich. The applications for the kind of device created by Suslicks team go beyond coffee, says chemist Pavel Anzenbacher Jr. at Bowling Green State University in Ohio. Similar arrays, he notes, could be used in everything from detecting explosives to spotting contaminants in toothpaste.问题Q1：为什么咖啡成分那么难鉴定？Q2：和血液标记的相似处是什么？2 印第安土著和英国殖民者对土地资源使用的不同看法 Different Views of Native Americans and English Colonists On the Use of Land Resources原始Native American Vs 英国殖民者说是：Native American 买地给英国殖民者，这文章一共三段儿，前两段。忘啦最后一段儿是说Native 把地买给英国人之后仍然拥有在这块儿地儿上HUNTER& GATHERING跟其他的一些权利，就等于说英国人就买了个冠名权之类的华而不实的东西。这里有题哟然后第一段有道题，但是忘记是啥了。就记得当时盯着第一段儿看到屏幕都要烧了。考古V117还是18世纪的时候，英国的一个colonist（名字中有个William）与Native American Indian之间的一次有合同的土地交易，这次交易比较有Indian的特色，那就是Indian人出售的只是土地上的自然资源的使用权，比如摘果子、狩猎、打鱼的权利等，还有Indian部落的萨满（类似Shamanism）有权利代表部落其他人出售土地。V2好像是说 Native america和England colonists的。说他们对ownership of land 这个conception的不同理解。通过某一次一个什么人跟EC买了块地的例子表现出不同。好像EC是觉得你买了我的地你只是有了与我分享的权利，我还是可以在这地上打猎生活神马的。然后NC的观点就不同。反正主要是阐述观点如何不同神 马神马的V3说British colonist and North American对land transaction理解的不同。说他们是最早的有record的土地交易。然后列举说某个村里面的一些哥们订了一些合同的条款，里面用到了一些制订terms的词汇，说可以通过这些词汇推测出一些关系。比如in name of sb就可以表明可以代替全村人买人土地。还说到妇女也可以参与进来，是一种sovereignty system. 下面的一段应该说的是他们对买土地的理解的不同。好像north Indian买土地不是买土地本身，而是买土地上面的东西，比如土地上面出现的那些deer啊什么的。V4第一段：美国原住民（native American）M部落和殖民者签署了一早期土地协议，6个native American签名，其中的两个A和B，申明他们以部落另外的人的名义（in the name of xxx），签署这个协议（这儿有第一个题）问native American签协议时行为说明那一点说明他们可以代表部落其他成员处置土地资源）第二段：继续第一段说明。其中提到一个CR题，native American眼中的土地所有权，是在土地上打猎、游牧的权利。出让后，他们一样可以在此居住（用and 连接），一个题问native American这一看法类似于什么，我选的是在某一领域的石油开采权。（另外的选项是在超市买东西云云），另外一道题问西方殖民者如何看待土地，（我在前面提到，选视其为可以交换的商品）。问题Q1：主旨题A1：说明两者在看待土地问题的区别Q2：印第安部落的萨满有什么权利A2：他们有代表部落其他人的权利Q3：5个选项中描述William和当地印第安人的土地交易哪个是tureA3：这次交易provides one of the earliest trade recordsQ4：类比题目，问5个选项中哪个与William和当地印第安人的土地交易类似A4：出售coastal oil drill的权利，因为都是利用土地上面的资源，而不是真正买了土地Q5：British colonists对土地交易的理解A5：这一点在尾段第二段最后明确总结，原著民把土地看成一种经济权利的来源，殖民者视之为可以交换的产品treated commodity3 出口补贴与公司策略 Export Subsidization & Corporation Strategies考古V1还有一个是一些国家支持export就subsidize出口的那些公司，是其它国家的公司，因为没有补助，结果有了competitive disadvantage。从战略上讲，有三种方法可以对付这个。第一个是提供更好的产品和相关服务。第二个是神马忘了。第三个是说那个没有补助的公司如果是multinational corporations的的话，应该让坐落在那个给补助的国家的分公司生产产品然后返销进那个国家。V2第一段：某些国家的政府对出口公司提供补贴，增加这些公司的出口竞争力，能以更低的价格出口；第二段：有出口补贴的公司，相较于某些国家无出口补贴的出口公司，更具有优势。无出口补贴的公司需关注一些战略，弥补没有出口补贴的劣势；第三段：提出没有出口补贴的multi公司存在另一种可能性。如果在乎增加利润更甚于有效发展，则可以采取让位于host country的子公司生产，从而获得出口补贴，增加其竞争力。问题Q1：有的时候分公司所在国提供的条件不是很好，这个公司提供其他4个什么什么来增加自己的竞争力。有个except题目就是选哪一个不是属于这个4个A1：出口公司帮助客户在他们的国家做marketQ2：Multinational应该采取什么策略？A2：应该让坐落在那个给补助的国家（host country）的分公司生产产品然后返销进那个国家Q3：作者说最后一句话想暗示什么？A3：出口补贴可以增加利润rather than有效发展Q4：主旨题A4：describe steps that help the exporters 和有补贴的对手竞4 英国零售业 English Retailers考古V1有一个jj里面没有， 是讲英国公司零售业的，其中跟美国和西欧的retailer进行了对比。美国进入壁垒小融资方便，在美国竞争大。英国的边际收益大但是效率底，因为进入壁垒比较大。西欧管理效率高。英国的房租高，所以retailer market profit也高。文章里有括号的一句话出了题，意思是以前英国没有管制，不过现在有了。文章长度一屏，感觉不难。V21995， 1960年代在英国的零售商和美国的零售商和欧洲的零售商比较。第一段讲英国的零售商和其它国家的不一样。把英国和其它欧洲和美国的零售商作比较，美国进入壁垒小，融资方便，所以竞争激烈。欧洲的管理效率高第二段讲英国的零售商的margin profits高，因为它们的管理方式好。而且为什么它们的margin profits高呢，因为它们入这行的门槛高，门槛为啥高呢，因为rental prices高。文章里有括号的一句话出了题，意思是以前英国没有管制，不过现在有了问题Q1：主旨题A1：比较英国和西欧美国的零售市场Q2：1995年英国跟西欧的零售业有什么相似之处？A2：法规严格，定位点在说英国在80年代法规松绑后面有括号now reversedQ3：英国的retailer收益高的原因？A3：因为英国很少retailer可以付得起高的房租，我的理解是竞争者少，在文中最后一段定位Q4：英国有啥不一样呢？A4：管理方式好Q5：问英国市场为什么more like EURO than USA？A5：政府政策的管理影响比较大5 共生的另一种： 片脚类动物和翼足软体动物 Another Type of Symbiosis: Amphipods and Sea Butterflies考古The nature of this relationship is puzzling. It is difficult to discern how carrying another organism around can be advantageous. We speculated that in fact, amphipods片脚类动物 must be considerably slowed down. By carefully measuring the swimming speeds of amphipods with and without sea butterflies 翼足软体动物, we found that amphipods carrying sea butterflies moved only half as quickly as similarly sized solitary amphipods. The situation simply made no sense. In reducing their mobility, the amphipods became more vulnerable to predators and less adept at capturing prey. Why, then, would amphipods go out of their way to abduct绑架 and carry sea butterflies?Our experiments clearly demonstrated that something about the sea butterflies was repelling the fish, and we suspected that this deterrence was chemical. To find out, we conducted a second set of feeding experiments. We homogenized使均匀分布 the sea butterflies and mixed the homogenate均匀混合物 with fish-meal powder to make food pellets. As a control, we also made food pellets containing just the fish-meal powder. We offered both the experimental and the control pellets to fish, which always ate the control pellets and always rejected the pellets containing the homogenate. This provided compelling evidence that compounds might be responsible for the feeding chemical deterrence.Our experiments demonstrated to us that the sea butterfly C.antarctica synthesizes a deterrent substance that the amphipod H.dilatata exploits for its own protection. This unique association - the abduction of one species by another - is unprecedented in the annals历史记载 of behavioral and chemical ecology. Some decorator crabs are chemical ecology known to cover their upper carapace外壳 with a variety of objects, including the occasional sponge that might harbor defensive chemistry. But this appears to be a nonselective behavior. Crabs haphazardly decorate themselves with whatever is at hand.The association between the sea butterfly and the amphipod falls within the definition of symbiosis, where two dissimilar species live together in an intimate association. However, none of the relationships defined within the broad context of symbiosis - parasitism, commensalism or mutualism -appear to suitably describe the sea butterfly-amphipod relationship.Parasitism寄生 implies that one species associates with another to the detriment of one of them对某人某事物有害. Often, the parasite feeds off the tissues or body fluids of its host. Mutualism互利共生 describes a relationship where both species benefit from the association. Commensalism共栖 describes organisms that live in benign良性的, 无危险的and neutral or association with one another. Neither of the latter two interactions appropriately describes what we have observed, and parasitism provides only a very weak analogy to it. We feel that a new term might be needed to describe the antagonistic symbiosis that seems to describe most accurately this unique interaction.In this association the antagonist benefits greatly from the relationship. Remember that the amphipod must sacrifice its mobility and speed. Clearly the defense it acquires offsets these drawbacks. The sea butterfly, on the other hand, is at the mercy of the amphipod任由某人某事物摆布或控制. While it is being carried around, it cannot feed to sustain its energy问题Q1：主旨题A1：解释了一种phenomenon/categoryQ2：问H动物这种行为会产生什么后果？A2：A: it will be more subject to predation.E: it will not move as quickly as it could.我觉得是不能游得那么快了。Q3：有个infer题：就是通过HA不是1或2种寄生你能得出什么结论？A3：反正就不是一起去的利益也不是一个会损害另一个的利益，Lz选的是一个得利另一个不受伤害Q4：高亮题，全段高亮，解释第三段的作用A4：第三段就是解释这种现象的，说了这个现象跟之前发现的3种理论都不符合。然后给出一个新的解释Q5：框架A5：提出现象，解释现象，总结新category6 即兴演奏与华彩乐段 Improvisation & Cadenza考古The art of embellishmentimprovising cadenzas, adding ornaments, taking other opportunities for creativity in performanceis a hot topic in classical music these days. For generations, conservatories preached absolute fidelity to the score: do what the composer wrote and nothing more. The problem is that the scores of prior eras can leave quite a bit to the performers imagination, and the earlier the piece the sparser the notation. Modern musicians specializing in the Renaissance and the Baroque have led the way in looking beyond the printed page: the great viol player Jordi Savall improvises heavily in his appearances with Hesprion XXI, and Richard Egarr, in a new recording of Handels organ concertos, responds imaginatively to passages marked “ad libitum.” The notion of adding unwritten material to Classical and Romantic works is more outr, especially in instrumental music, but it is gaining ground. At this summers Mostly Mozart Festival, both the pianist Robert Levin and the violinist Joshua Bell presented their own cadenzas, giving spark to what might have been routine events.Cadenzas sprang up突然开始或存在 in the early eighteenth century, when composers began indicating brief episodes where the performer should play freely, delaying a final cadence. They appeared not only in opera but also in instrumental pieces, especially in the closing sections of concerto协奏曲 movements乐章. Musicians had been embellishing the score乐谱 for centuries, and perhaps the cadenza华彩乐章 was a way of bringing improvisation即兴演出 under control, corralling控制，占有 it. Mozart, as composer and pianist, brought the practice to its peak; one of his contemporaries stated that cadenzas should be dreamlike in their logic, expressing “ordered disorder,” and Mozarts playing evidently had that quality. (He wrote out cadenzas for many of his concertos, so his performances may not always have been spontaneous.)Beethovencarried on the traditionthe darkly rumbling cadenza that he devised for Mozarts D-minor Piano Concerto is a fascinating case of one composer meditating on深思，沉思 anotherbut he also helped tokill it. In the first movement of the “Emperor” Concerto, the soloist is told not to make a cadenza but to play “the following”a fully notated solo. Performers gradually stopped working out their own cadenzas, instead turning to a repertory of written-out versions. Opera singers retained more freedom, especially when it came to interpolating插入 bravura大胜的尝试,勇气的举动(显示演奏家技艺的壮丽的乐段) high notes音调, but they, too, grew more cautious. Improvisation became the province of church organists and avant-gardists, the latter often taking inspiration from jazz.Classical advocates of the practice believe that it is not only historically valid but intellectually enlivening使（某人某事物）更活跃或更愉快. For a recent paper in NeuroImage, Aaron Berkowitz and Daniel Ansari studied what happens cognitively when someone improvises; they observed increased activity in two zones of the brain, one connected to decision-making and the other to language. Even if a soloist extemporizes即席演奏 for only a minute, the remainder of the performance may gain something intangible. Levin, the Harvard-based musician who for decades has been the chief guru宗师 of classicalimprovisation, believes that performances need to cultivate risk and surprise.Otherwise, he says, music becomes “gymnastics体操 with the affectation装模作样，故弄玄虚 of emotional content”a phrase that sums up uncomfortably large tracts of modern music-making.问题Q1：Beethoven对Cadenza的发展起到什么作用 Q2：哪些人用了Cadenza的方式Q3：最后一段第一句话中提到的那种人可能赞成什么观点Q4：问第二段中提到的C什么的那个人（我也没搞清楚是不是个人）是为了什么Q5：传统的Candeza的支持者的观点Q6：问那个科学家还是历史学家会同意哪种关于cadenza以下那种说法7 存货的生产平滑模型 Production Smoothing Model of Inventory考古V1第一段：inventory-smoothing理论/model的思想是，用库存(inventory)作为buffer,应付可能出现的产品需求的突然增长。这样公司就不用改变当前的生产，production level就会保持稳定 (这里有题)第二段：根据这个理论，production的variance会下降。而且如果需求增加，sales的variance会增加。但是经过科学家调查，发现production比sales的variance要高，而且他们（或者是sales和inventory，不影响整体阅读）的variance是correlated.这说明要么这个理论有问题，要么还有其他因素影响了调查结果。第三段：第一句话是，科学家所做的调查是基于aggregate level的（后面有问这句话的作用，我选：提供了possibility that masks对单个企业的应用）。这样一些seasonality的数据可能被忽略。但是有科学家对单个企业做调查，也不能证实这个modelV2第一段：inventory-smoothing理论/model的思想是，用库存(inventory)作为buffer,应付可能出现的产品需求的突然增长或减少。这样公司就不用改变当前的生产，production level就会保持稳定第二段：根据这个理论，production的variance会下降。而且如果需求增加，sales的variance会增加。但是经过科学家调查，发现production比sales的variance要高，而且他们是correlated.这说明要么这个理论有问题，要么还有其他因素影响了调查结果。第三段：第一句话是，科学家所做的调查是基于aggregate level的，这样一些seasonality的数据可能被忽略，所以不能反映individual firm的情况（后面有问这句话的作用，我选：提供了possibility that masks对单个企业的应用）。有科学家专门对individual firm做调查，但也与inventory-smoothing理论不符。问题Q1：主旨A1：讨论一个模型并研究其不可靠性Q2：Inventory-smoothing里面问inventory primarily concerned with？A2：JJ里那道类似的选的是使生产保持恒定，但是我考的时候感觉peaks and valleys of sales 那个选项好像更好，意思大概就是消除销售峰谷的影响，因为有另外两个选项都是说恒速生产这同一个意思。Q3：最后一段提到aggregate data说明什么A3：suggest the possibility that aggregate data masked the applicability of the model to individual company8 文艺复兴时期画家与赞助人的关系 the Patron-Artist Relations in the RenaissancePeriord考古V1关于文艺复兴时期的画家和他们的赞助人（也就是花钱让他们画画的人）之间的故事先是A的观点（名字不记得了，代号吧）说不太清楚这两类人是不是有很明确的关系，即赞助人本身不太懂艺术吧，然后是B的观点（两者是并列的）说很少有证据表明赞助人干预艺术家作画吧。然后是C的观点（应该是作者要肯定的观点）说举了很多例子说赞助人对画家指手画脚，要求很多，甚至一些细节，然后举了个例子。第二段又进一步说了C的观点，大概也就是作者的进一步支持吧，不太清楚内容了。V2文艺复兴时期画家和赞助人对于作品的决定权/细节。（主旨题，有考）第一段现有2人说patron对于artisit和作品影响甚微，然后来1个反驳说有影响，举例PA主教可以决定PB画家画的scene能出现与否（有考）。后一段再展开，各种artist & patron的互相影响的例子V3第一段好像讲了两个人的观点，第一个人的观点我忘了，此处没出题，另一个人认为赞助商在锁定某个画家之前是经过了详细的调查的，对画家的风格有了详细的了解。举了一个某画家画某教堂顶的壁画的例子，是米开朗琪罗还是拉斐尔来着，说那个教堂的主教对画家所画的壁画内容是保留权力的。文章第二段讲了第三种观点，但好像还是第一段中持第二个观点的那个人提出的，好像是又过了段时间以后，他又研究了画家和赞助商的关系，又提出的新观点。即赞助商和画家的关系有了一个gap的bridge之类的变化，即画家可以按照自己的意愿进行艺术创造，但初稿完成后要拿给赞助商看，赞助商常常会有不同的意见，会要求画家修改，画家再拿回去改；赞助商也可以在之前提出建议意见要求什么之类的。V4Patron-Artist Relations in the Renaissance The subject of artist-patron relations has been a touchy（指问题 情况等）需小心处理的（因可能引起争议或不悦）one since the beginning of the phenomenon. Nowadays it does not take such great precedence, as the artist leans more toward a personal,