自考本科词汇学重点.doc

第一份an allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. For example,the allomorphs”-ion/-tion/-sion/-ation”are the positional variants or the same suffix.Derivation or affixation is a process of forming new words by addition of a word element such as a prefix suffix or combining form to an already existing word.for example,the word”unfair”is formed by adding the prefix”un-”to the already existing word fair第二份Conversion： is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into f another word-class without the addition of an affix. For example, the verb attack (as in “The enemy attacked us at night”) corresponds to the noun attack (as. in The enemy launched an attack on us at night”); and the relationship may be seen as parallel to that between the verb “invade”(as in “The enemy invaded us at night”) and the noun “invade” (as in “The enemy launched an invasion on us at night.”). A bound morpheme is one which cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound. For example,”in-“in”unkind” Elevation of meaning refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of importance, or a word meaning takes a turn for the better in the course of time. For example, the word “marshal” originally meant “a horse tender”, but it now means “officer of highest rank”.第三份： polysemy:polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages.There are words that have two or three senses,and the most commonly used ones can have as many as over a hundred.However,when a word is first coined,it is always monosemic.But in the course of development,the same symbol must be used to express more meanings,the result is polysemy.For example,the word fair has various meanings,(of results)average,quite good,(of attitude, behaviour)just and honest,importial,(of the weather)clear and sunny,(of amount)satisfatiry,abundant,etc.32.Neoclassical formation:denotes the process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek.For example,the word telephone.第四份：Synonymy is the semantic relation of similarity. For example, the pair of words “beautiful” and “pretty”.Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base. Prefixes modify the meaning of the base, but they do not generally change its word-class. “re-”in “rewrite” is a typical example.第五份：Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is ocined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.for example,the verb”resurrect” was formed from the noun”resurrection”by removing the supposed derivative suffix”-ion”第六份Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full from or both of which are not in their full form, for example, “new scast”(news+ broadcast) and “brunch”(breakfast+lunch).Homony refers to a linguistic phenomenon in which pair or groups of words,though different in meaning,are three types of homonyms; a perfect homonyms,e.g.”meet” as in “I meet him every day” and “meet” as in “a sports meet”; b homophones,e.g.”dear”and “dear”,”son”and”sun” c homographs,e.g.”lead” (v.guide or take,esp.by going in front) and “lead” (n,easily meltedmetal of a dull bluish-grey colour).第七份An idiom may be defined as a combination of two of more words which are usually strcturally fixed and semantically opaque,and function as a single unit of meaningl.”a feather in sbs cap”is a typical example.Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. For example, the verb attack (as in The enemy attacked us at night.) corresponds to the noun attack (as in The enemy launched an attack on us at night.); and the relationship may be seen as parallel to that between the verb invade (as in The enemy invaded us at night.) and the noun invade (as in The enemy launched an invasion on us at night.).第八份Clipping:is the deletion of some part of a longer word to give a shorter word with the same meaning .it is sometimes called abbreviation.inflectional affixes：an inflectional affix serves to express such meaning as plurality，tense， and the comparative or superlative degree. It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. Nor does it change the word class of the word to which it is affixed. “-ing (present progressive tense),-er (comparative degree),-s/-es (plural form)”are all good illustrations of what is an inflection morpheme.第九份Primary meaning:From the diachronic point of view,poly is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one menaing.,this first meaning is the primary meaning.for example,the primary meaning of the word “hand”is”the terminal part of human arm beyond wri32.The social cause of word meaning change:change in word meaning resulting from a constant verbal traffic between common words and various technical words is referred to as social cause of semantic changes.As a result of the constant verbal traffic between common words and echnical words,some technical words have lost their specialized meanings and have come to be used in more general senses.For example,:feedback:was originally a technical word in electricity,it now means response in common use.Caralyst,originally in chemistry,means sb or sth that helps to bring aboutchangein common use.st” 第十章The historical cause of change of word meaningBy historical cause , we mean that the meaning of a word changes while the object which it denotes has changed ,although the word retains its original form.The word car ,for example ,originally meant “two-wheeled Celtic war chariot”, but is now used to denote an entirely different means of transport. The word atom ,originally meant “particle that cannot be further divied ”, but now scientists have found out that atom can be split ,the word remained intact, though.The central meaningSynchronically , polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time . the central meaning of a word can be considered the most frequently occurring meaning.For example ,the central meaning of the word prevent is “to keep from happening”, that of the word power ,”ability to do or act , particularly faculty of body or mind”, that of the word haed ,”the uppermost part of the body “,etc.第一份an allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. For example,the allomorphs”-ion/-tion/-sion/-ation”are the positional variants or the same suffix.Derivation or affixation is a process of forming new words by addition of a word element such as a prefix suffix or combining form to an already existing word.for example,the word”unfair”is formed by adding the prefix”un-”to the already existing word fair第二份Conversion： is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into f another word-class without the addition of an affix. For example, the verb attack (as in “The enemy attacked us at night”) corresponds to the noun attack (as. in The enemy launched an attack on us at night”); and the relationship may be seen as parallel to that between the verb “invade”(as in “The enemy invaded us at night”) and the noun “invade” (as in “The enemy launched an invasion on us at night.”). A bound morpheme is one which cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound. For example,”in-“in”unkind” Elevation of meaning refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of importance, or a word meaning takes a turn for the better in the course of time. For example, the word “marshal” originally meant “a horse tender”, but it now means “officer of highest rank”.第三份： polysemy:polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages.There are words that have two or three senses,and the most commonly used ones can have as many as over a hundred.However,when a word is first coined,it is always monosemic.But in the course of development,the same symbol must be used to express more meanings,the result is polysemy.For example,the word fair has various meanings,(of results)average,quite good,(of attitude, behaviour)just and honest,importial,(of the weather)clear and sunny,(of amount)satisfatiry,abundant,etc.32.Neoclassical formation:denotes the process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek.For example,the word telephone.第四份：Synonymy is the semantic relation of similarity. For example, the pair of words “beautiful” and “pretty”.Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base. Prefixes modify the meaning of the base, but they do not generally change its word-class. “re-”in “rewrite” is a typical example.第五份：Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is ocined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.for example,the verb”resurrect” was formed from the noun”resurrection”by removing the supposed derivative suffix”-ion”第六份Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full from or both of which are not in their full form, for example, “new scast”(news+ broadcast) and “brunch”(breakfast+lunch).Homony refers to a linguistic phenomenon in which pair or groups of words,though different in meaning,are three types of homonyms; a perfect homonyms,e.g.”meet” as in “I meet him every day” and “meet” as in “a sports meet”; b homophones,e.g.”dear”and “dear”,”son”and”sun” c homographs,e.g.”lead” (v.guide or take,esp.by going in front) and “lead” (n,easily meltedmetal of a dull bluish-grey colour).第七份An idiom may be defined as a combination of two of more words which are usually strcturally fixed and semantically opaque,and function as a single unit of meaningl.”a feather in sbs cap”is a typical example.Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. For example, the verb attack (as in The enemy attacked us at night.) corresponds to the noun attack (as in The enemy launched an attack on us at night.); and the relationship may be seen as parallel to that between the verb invade (as in The enemy invaded us at night.) and the noun invade (as in The enemy launched an invasion on us at night.).第八份Clipping:is the deletion of some part of a longer word to give a shorter word with the same meaning .it is sometimes called abbreviation.inflectional affixes：an inflectional affix serves to express such meaning as plurality，tense， and the comparative or superlative degree. It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. Nor does it change the word class of the word to which it is affixed. “-ing (present progressive tense),-er (comparative degree),-s/-es (plural form)”are all good illustrations of what is an inflection morpheme.第九份Primary meaning:From the diachronic point of view,poly is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one menaing.,this first meaning is the primary meaning.for example,the primary meaning of the word “hand”is”the terminal part of human arm beyond wri32.The social cause of word meaning change:change in word meaning resulting from a constant verbal traffic between common words and various technical words is referred to as social cause of semantic changes.As a result of the constant verbal traffic between common words