科技英语模拟训练题.doc

科技英语模拟训练题Passage 1. The Internet, then known as ARPANET, was brought online in 1969, which initially connected four major computers at universities in the southwestern US . The early Internet was used by computer experts , engineers, scientists, and librarians. There was nothing friendly about it. There were no home or office personal computers in those days, and anyone who used it, whether a computer professional or an engineer or scientist or librarian, had to learn to use a very complex system. The Internet matured in the 1970s as a result of the TCP/IP architecture. As the commands for E-mail, FTP , and telnet were standardized, it became a lot easier for non-technical people to learn to use the nets. It was not easy by today s standards by any means, but it did open up use of the Internet to many more people in universities in particular. Other departments besides the libraries, computer, physics, and engineering departments found ways to make good use of the nets - to communicate with colleagues around the world and to share files and resources. In 1991, the first really friendly interface to the Internet was developed at the University of Minnesota. The University wanted to develop a simple menu system to access files and information on campus through their local network. Since the Internet was initially funded by the government, it was originally limited to research, education, and government uses. Commercial uses were prohibited unless they directly served the goals of research and education. This policy continued until the early 1990s, when independent commercial networks began to grow.1. How many computers were connected to the initial Internet in 1969 ? ( )A. Ten B. Four C. Twenty D. Three2. Only( )could use the early Internet. A. computer experts, engineers, scientists, and librarians B. any experts, engineers, scientists, and librarians C. computer experts, engineers, scientists, and students D. experts, engineers, and scientists in universities in US3. The Internet became a lot easier for non-technical people to learn and use because of the common( ) A. commands B. protocols C. topologies D. architecture4. The first really friendly interface to the Internet appeared with the introduction of a ( ) system for files and information access. A. computer B. operating C. menu D. application5. Which statement is not true according to Passage C? ( ) A. Many more people in universities began to use the Internet in the 1970s, but it wasnt as user-friendly as todays standards.B. The restrictions to commercial uses changed as the independent commercial networks were not funded by the government.C. Commercial uses were allowed for the early Internet if they directly served the goals of research and education.D. The early Internet was logged in from home or office personal computers.2.A computer virus is a computer program that is created to make and spread copies of itself. The program may however also be designed to have other effects on the systems it infects, ranging from the annoying to the disastrous. Virus attacks are growing rapidly these days. According to BusinessWeek, the 76,404 attacks reported in the first half of 2003 nearly match previous years total number . As new antivirus tools are more powerful than before, the virus writers are getting a lot smarter with newer and creative ways to attack network systems. Lets first examine some common virus types: Basic Virus - a piece of software code that is developed to attack computers and network systems via email or Internet connections. It quickly replicates itself and gradually attaches to files, programs or the hard drive.Trojan Horses - This is a program that doesnt replicate when entering a system but can be effectively used to open back doors. Trojan Horses allow hackers to take control over a particular system or to steal very important data.Worm - this type of virus is able to spread itself automatically over the network from one computer to the next. During a worm attack, users computers get infected without even having to click open email attachment or any program, etc.Since it is very difficult to avoid the virus, your best defense is a powerful antivirus program. In order to fight with such viruses, the software vendors should focus on making their products more robust. This may ask for a trade-off between user-friendliness and security. In specific cases it may require line-by-line inspection, code retooling and even systems automation to defend the installed programs.6A computer virus is a computer program that is created to make and spread ( ) of itself. Aprograms Bvirus C copies Dfiles7Worm spread itself except by ( ). Anetwork BE-mail Cprogram Dhardware8Antivirus program can scan and ( )virus. Aclean Bproduce Creplicate Dmake9Trojan Horses ( )Aquickly replicate itself and gradually attache to files, programs or the hard drive.Binfect the computer without even having to click open email attachment or any program.Callow hackers to take control over a particular system or to steal very important data.Davoid the virus to attack computer.10According to Business Week, the ( ) attacks reported in the first half of 2003 nearly match previous years total number . A 86,404 B 76,404 C56,354 D34,876Passage 3 Arctic MeltEarths North and South Poles are famous for being cold and icy. Last year, however, the amount of ice in the Arctic Ocean fell to a record low1.Normally, ice builds in Arctic waters around the North Pole each winter and shrinks during the summer. But for many years, the amount of ice left by the end of summer has been declining.Since 1979, each decade has seen an 11.4 percent drop in end-of-summer ice cover2. Between 1981 and 2000, ice in the Arctic lost 22 percent of its thickness - becoming 1.13 meters thinner.Last summer, Arctic sea ice reached its skimpiest levels yet. By the end of summer 2007, the ice had shrunk to cover just 4.2 million square kilometers. Thats 38 percent less area than the average cover at that time of year. And its a very large 23 percent below the previous record low, which was set just 2 years ago. This continuing trend has scientists concernedThere may be several reasons for the ice melt, says Jin lun Zhang, an oceanographer at the University of Washington3 in Seattle. Unusually strong winds blew through the Arctic last summer. The winds pushed much of the ice out of the central Arctic, leaving a large area of thin ice and open water4.Scientists also suspect that fewer clouds cover the Arctic now than in the past. Clearer skies allow more sunlight to reach the ocean. The extra heat warms both the water and the atmosphere. In parts of the Arctic Ocean last year, surface temperatures were 3.5Celsius warmer than average and 1.5 warmer than the previous record high5.With both air and water getting warmer, the ice is melting from both above and below. In some parts of the Beaufort Sea6, north of Alaska and western Canada, ice that measured 3.3m thick at the beginning of the summer measured just 50 centimeters by seasons end.The new measurements suggest that melting is far more severe than scientists have seen by just looking at ice cover from above, says Donald K. Perovich, a geophysicist at the U. S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory in Hanover, N.H.7Some scientists fear that the Arctic is stuck in a warming trend from which it may never recover.练习：1. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word build in the first sentence of the second paragraph?A) Construct. B) Extend. C) Create. D) Expand.2. What is the ice cover in the Arctic by the end of 2007 summer?A) 4.2 million square kilometers. B) 11.4 million square kilometers. C) 1.13 million square kilometers. D) 38 million square kilometers.3. What are the reasons for the ice melt according to the scientists?A) Strong winds and clear skies. B) Long summer and short winter.C) Open water and thin ice. D) Light clouds and light winds.4. Why is the ice melting from both above and below?A) Because extra heat warms the air.B) Because extra heat warms the water.C) Because the temperature above the water is higher. D) Both A and B.5. What can be a possible title for the passage?A) What are scientists looking for in the Arctic Ocean? B) What are scientists doing in the Arctic Ocean?C) Why are scientists worrying about the Arctic Ocean? D) Why are scientists interested in the Arctic Ocean?Passage 4Experts Call for Local and Regional Control of Sites for Radioactive WasteThe withdrawal of Nevadas Yucca Mountain as a potential nuclear waste repository1 has reopened the debate over how and where to dispose of spent nuclear fuel and high-level nuclear waste. In an article in the July 10 issue of Science, University of Michigan2 geologist Rodney Ewing and Princeton University3 nuclear physicist Frank von Hippel argue that, although federal agencies should set standards and issue licenses for the approval of nuclear facilities, local communities and states should have the final approval on the siting of these facilities. The authors propose the development of multiple sites that would service the regions where nuclear reactors are located.The main goal, should be to provide the Unied States with multiple process that requires acceptance by host communities and states, the authors write.Ewing and yon Hippel also analyze the reasons why Yucca Mountain, selected by Congress4 in 1987 as the only site to be investigated for long-term nuclear waste disposal, finally was shelved5 after more than three decades of often controversial debate. The reasons include the sites geological problems, management problems, important changes in the Environmental Protection Agencys standard, unreliable funding and the failure to involve local communities in the decision-making process.Going forward, efforts should be directed at locating storage facilities in the nations northeastern, southeastern, midwestern and western regions, and states within a given region should be responsible for developing solutions that suit their particular circumstances. Transportation of nuclear waste over long distances, which was a concern with the Yucca Mountain site, would be less of a problem because temporary storage or geological disposal sites could be located closer to reactors.This regional approach would be similar to the current approach in Europe, where spent nuclear fuel6 and high-level nuclear waste7 from about 150 reactors and reprocessing plants is to be moved to a number of geological repositories in a variety of rock types8, said Rodney Ewing, who has written extensively about the impact of nuclear waste management on the environment and who has analyzed safety assessment criteria for the controversial Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository.词汇：radioactive adj.放射性的 shelve v.搁置 repository n.储藏地，储藏室 controversial adj.有争议的geologist n.地质学家 reactor n.反应堆，反应器 geological adj.地质的注释：1. The withdrawal of Nevadas Yucca Mountain as a potential nuclear waste repository: Nevadas Yucca Mountain：美国境内的内华达州尤卡山。nuclear waste repository：核废物处理库。美国能源部部长朱棣文 2009 年 3 月 5 日表示，拟在内华 达州尤卡山建设的核废物最终处理库将不再是美国储存高放废物的一个选项。2. University of Michigan：美国密歇根大学，建于 1817 年。3. Princeton University：美国普林斯顿大学，建于 1746 年。4. Congress: 美国国会，美国最高立法机关，由参议院(Senate)和众议院(House of Representatives)组成。5. was shelved：.被束之高阁。6. spent nuclear fuel：也叫做 used nuclear fuel，一般译为“乏核燃料”。7. high-level nuclear waste：高(强度)放(射性)核废物。8. geological repositories in a variety of rock types：各种不同岩层中的地质处置 库。geological repositories 指的是地表以下 3001500 米的稳定的地质体中建造的 用于最终处置高放废物和乏核燃料的工程设施。处置库是一个多重屏障系统，工程屏障 由废物体、废物罐、外包装和缓冲回填材料组成，而天然屏障则是能有效阻滞放射性核 素迁移的地质体，包括花岗岩、粘土岩、凝灰岩和岩盐等。许多专家认为地质处置是安 全的，技术上是可行的，对环境是无害的。练习：1. Which of the following words can best substitute the word withdrawal in the first paragraph?A Retirement. B Canceling. C Replaced. D Disposal.2. According to Rodney Ewing and Frand von Hippel, where to locate nuclear facilitiesA should be approved by the federal government.B should be approved by local people and states. C should be approved by Congress.D is not an important issue.3. What is NOT true about the 1987 decision by Congress concerning siting of nuclear waste disposal?A Yucca Mountain was selected as the only site for a nuclear waste repository.B The selection of Yucca Mountain for nuclear waste disposal caused much controversy.C The decision by Congress was put aside due to a number of problems. D The decision by Congress was accepted by local communities.4. What does the author of the essay in the fourth paragraph want to say?A Efforts should be made to solve the problems of transportation of nuclear waste over long distance.B Efforts should be made to develop as many nuclear disposal sites in the US as possible.C Efforts should be made to develop nuclear disposal sites to suit the circumstances of the region.D Efforts should be made to build up temporary nuclear disposal sites as possible.5. What is meant by regional approach as mentioned in the last paragraph?A Waste disposal sites are located close to reactors and in places suitable for the regional circumstances.B Geological repositories are located in a variety of rock types.C Spent nuclear fuel and high level nuclear waste is moved to developing countries.D Waste disposal sites are located far away from reactors.Passage 5 From cyborg housemaids and water-powered cars to dog translators, and rocket boots, Japanese boffins have racked up plenty of near-misses in the quest to turn science fiction into reality. Now the finest scientific minds of Japan are devoting themse1ves to cracking the greatest sci-fi vision of all: the space elevator. Man has so far conquered space bypainfully and inefficiently blasting himself out of the atmosphere but the 2lst century should bring a more leisurely ride to the final frontier. For chemists, physicists, material scientists, astronauts and dreamers across the globe, the space elevator represents the most tantalizing of concepts: cables stronger and lighter than any fiber yet woven, tethered to the ground and disappearing beyond the atmosphere to a satellite docking station in geosynchronous orbit above Earth.UP and down the 22,000 mile-long (36,000km) cablesor flat ribbonswill run the elevator carriages, themselves requiring huge breakthroughs in engineering to which the biggest Japanese companies and universities have turned their collective attention.In the carriages, the scientists behind the idea told The Times, could be any number of cargoes. A space elevator could carry people, huge solar-powered generators or even casks of radioactive waste. The point is that breaking free of Earths gravity will no longer require so much energyperhaps 100 times less than launching the space shuttle. Just like traveling abroad, anyone will be able to ride the elevator into space, Shuichi Ono, chairman of the Japan Space Elevator Association, sad.The vision has inspired scientists around the world and government organizations, including NASA. Several competing space elevator projects are gathering pace as various groups vie to build practical carriages, tethers and the hundreds of other parts required to carry out the plan. There are prizes offered by space elevator-related scientific organizations for breakthroughs and competitions for the best and fastest design of carriage.First envisioned by the celebrated Master of Science fiction, Arthur C. Clarke, in his l979 work The Fountains of Paradise, the concept has all the best qualities of great science fiction: it is bold, it is a leap of imagination and it would change life as we know it. Unlike the warp drives in Star Trek, or H. G Wellss The Time Machine, the idea of the space elevator does not mess with the laws of science; it just presents a series of very, very complex engineering problems. Japan is increasingly confident that its sprawling academic and industrial base can so1ve those issues, and has even put the astonishingly low price tag of a trillion yen (5 billion) on building the elevator Japan is renowned as a global leader in the precision engineering and high-quality material production without which the idea could never be possible.The biggest obstacle lies in the cables. To extend the elevator to a stationary satellite from the Earths surface world require twice that length of cable to reach a counterweight, ensuring that the cable maintains its tension. The cable must be exceptionally light, staggeringly strong and able to withstand all projectiles thrown at it inside and outside the atmosphere. The answer, according to the groups working on designs, will lie in carbon nanotubes microscopic particles that can be formed into fibers and whose mass production is now a focus of Japans big texti1e companies.According to Yoshio Aoki, a professor of precision machinery engineering at Nihon University and a director of the Japan Space Elevator Association, the cable would need to be about four times stronger than what is currently the strongest carbon nanotube fiber, or about l80 times stronger than steel. Pioneering work on carbon nanotubes in Cambridge has produced strength improvement of about l00 times over the past five years.Equally, there is the issue of powering the carriages as