语言与社会课程论文格式模板.doc

重庆邮电大学外国语学院 课程论文语言性别差异研究综述课程名称语言与社会姓 名（居中宋体四号）系 别英语系学 号班 级指导教师论文评分2015年1月1日摘 要以中国和英语国家人们对数字的态度为根据，通过对比分析，总结了造成差异的缘由。事实上，有很多因素促成了这些差异。但宗教信仰和汉语的独特特点谐音相对而言更为重要。数字是文化的重要组成部分。对于它们的学习能够促进对文化的理解，从而在同文化和跨文化交际中发挥重要作用。【注意：摘要必须自含，即与论文独立。因此，摘要中不得出现“本文”二字，不得出现依赖于文后参考文献表的夹注或可能引起误解的缩写。】关键词：内涵意义；数字文化；宗教信仰； 谐音【注意：关键词必须是专业性名词或专业性名词短语】关键词:差异,语言,男性和女性 AbstractOn the basis of peoples different attitudes towards numbers in China and English-speaking countries, an exploration was made about the reasons for these differences by comparison and analysis. As a matter of fact, lots of factors contribute to these differences, but religion and faith of the two peoples and the distinctive characteristic (assonance) of the Chinese language are more important factors. Numbers are an important part of culture. Their study will contribute to the understanding of culture, thus facilitating intra- and inter-cultural communication. Key words: connotations, numerical culture, religion and faith, assonanceOutlineTitle: Attitudes Towards NumbersThesis Statement: Dissimilarities in Chinese culture and American culture are reflected in the two peoples differential attitudes towards numbers. 1. Introduction 2. Numerical Culture 2.1 Important Roles of Numbers in Human Life 2.2 Denotations and Connotations3. Connotations of Numbers 3.1 Favorable Meanings3.2 Derogatory Meanings3.3 Taboos4. Reasons for the Different Attitudes Towards Numbers 4.1 Religion and Faith4.1.1 Christianity4.1.2 Taoism4.2 Assonance of the Chinese Language5. ConclusionBibliography 1. IntroductionThe 21st century has witnessed a new trend of fast globalization. In this process, there must be more frequent and much closer intercultural communication and cooperation. Therefore, intercultural exchange is inevitable. Language, as a tool or a bridge for communication, plays a more important role in intercultural communication than any other time in the past. Samovar states “Language is extremely important to human interaction because it is how we reach out to make contact with our surroundings.” (Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. 2000: 205) However, due to the differences of natural environment, religion, folklore, ways of thinking and social systems among countries, language must have nationally distinctive features in respect of pronunciation, vocabulary and syntax, etc. Cultural connotations underlain the words or between the lines lead to various potential barriers and difficulties to the communication among different nations. . . . . . Through this process of analysis, we will find out that numbers are closely related to everyday life, and some number idioms bear special characteristics and profound cultural information. This study may help improve peoples awareness of cultural differences, thus enhancing mutual understanding and respect between English-speaking countries and China and facilitating intercultural communication. 2. Numerical Culture2.1 Numbers Important Role in Human LifeAccording to the Oxford Advanced Learners English-Chinese Dictionary a number means a symbol or word indicating a quantity of units. The appearance of numbers provides human beings with the way to know the quantity and makes it easier to cognize the world. Wu Huiying believed that numbers are a very important kind of language, and used frequently as a tool of thinking and communicating. (Munro 1999: 136). . . . . . In addition, numbers also have played an essential role in literature and entertainment. If the author can use them subtly, more glamour will be added to the whole works. Certainly, numbers often generate humor and interest in entertainment games. Take the riddle ninety-nine for example. Literally, it is just a number. However, it subtly contains an answer to the riddle, which is 白(white). Ninety-nine is one hundred minus one. In the Chinese language, the character of one hundred is 百. The stroke on top is the Chinese character meaning the number “one”. Therefore, the character 百(one hundred) becomes 白(white) after the stroke is removed. Games of this kind can stimulate peoples interest and enhance their wisdom. 2.2 Denotations and Connotations“Language can mean in two fundamental ways, both of which are intimately linked to cultures through what it says or what it refers to as an encoded sign(semantics), and through what it does as an action in context(pragmatics).” (Manser 2002: 119-121) Since numbers are signs of languages, their function is not simple likewise. They have denotations (the primary, surface or explicit meaning) and connotations (the implicit meaning, apart from its primary idioms composed of numbers appeared forming a particular phenomenon of numerical culture. These phrases and idioms carry the information of culture. In ancient traditions, a majority of numbers had sacred meanings and also bore superstitious implication of good or bad luck. Various kinds of nations have diverse preferences for numbers. To some extent, the understanding of the connotative meanings of numerical phrases and idioms is quite helpful for people to perceive the language and culture of other nations. Bibliography Ellis, R. 1985. Understanding Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lado, R. 1957. Linguistics Across Cultures: Applied Linguistics for Language Teachers. Michigan: University of Michigan. Quirk, Randolph. Greenbaum, Sidney. Leech, Geoffrey. Svartvik, Jan. 1972. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London. Saeed, J. I. 2000. Semantics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Res