英语四级17.doc

n 大学英语四级考试新题型解析n 第一节 四级写作主流题型n 在新四级考卷中，作文部分要求在时间30分钟之内写一篇不少于120字的短文，要求切题，语言流畅通顺，无严重语法、句法错误、意义表达清晰明白。主要写作题型如下 nn 提纲式作文是近几年来四六级考试最常见的一种写作测试模式。所谓提纲式作文，是指出题者用中文或英文就某个标题给出提纲（有时也可能没有标题），要求考生按照提纲的思路写作，不能偏离提纲。这种作文通常包括三个段落，即所谓的三段式作文。n 提纲式作文的构思表较简单。多数提纲式作文都给出两三个汉语提示句，往往可直接作为段落主题句，提纲中有几个提示句，文章就写成几段。有时所给的提示句不能充当主题句，这时需要仔细领会题目和提纲所指示的方向，自拟主题句。n 需要注意的是在提纲式作文中，请勿直接将给出的提纲翻译成汉语做每段的主题句。 nn 例证】 On Students Selecting Lectures 2006年6月四级新题型n 有些大学允许学生自主选择某些课程的任课教师n 学生选择教师时所考虑的主要因素n 学生自选认可教师的益处和可能产生的问题n 【审题】 第一段简要说明学生自选教师的现状；第二段列举选择老师的2-3个主要考虑因素；第三段简要分析学生自选教师的利弊，可采用对比法。重点在后两段。nn 【范文】 Nowadays, some universities give students the right to choose who teaches some of their classes. This has led to some debate over whether students should be given this much power. There are several factors that students consider when choosing a lecturer, including the teaching style of the lecturer, the lecturers academic background, and the lecturers reputation among students. The ideal lecturer is one who has an interesting teaching style, a diverse academic background, and a good reputation among students. There are both positive and negative aspects to allowing students to choose their lecturers. Giving students the choice encourages them to take ownership for their classes, and also puts pressure on teachers to improve their teaching quality. However, the factors that students consider might not be the ones that lead to the highest quality of education. Schools might end up with lecturers who teach interesting classes without much content. n 段首句作文是按照所给的每个段落的第一句续写，完成段落。一般来说，段首句往往是段落的主题句。这种作文要求我们在展开段落时，一定要紧扣段首句，展开的内容要有助于描述、说明或论证首句、不得游离段首句所能涵盖的内容之外，否则就会造成内容的不连贯。n 【例证】 Women in the Worldn Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today. _n With the changes in their social role, womens position in the family has been improved as well. _n In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized. _n 【审题】 各段所给的段首句可以直接作文主题句。第二句的as well 表明一、二段是并列关系；第三句中的in spite of 表明最后一段和前两段是转折关系。结合标题和各段首句，整篇文章内容大致如下：现代社会中，妇女不仅在社会而且在家庭中发挥着越来越大的作用，但妇女还没有完全解放，还存在一些问题。第一段要紧扣关键词“an increasingly important part”展开段落，着重说明妇女的社会作用体现在哪些方面。第二段要围绕关键词“womens position, family, improved”阐明妇女家庭地位的提高体现在哪些方面。最后写妇女解放还不彻底，可列举存在的一些问题。n 【范文】Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today. In many countries, more and more women are no longer housekeepers. They have their own jobs as workers, farmers or even leaders. We can say that almost all jobs that men can do are done equally well by women. Women are no longer looked down upon by society.n With the changes in their social role, womens position in the family has been improved as well. Husband and wives are now equal in the family. They cope with problems of daily life together and share happiness with each other. Also, in todays families, it is common to find men busy with cooking while women are sitting comfortably in armchairs, reading newspapers.n In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not completely realized. A number of men still jealously guard against their rights and regard women as in capable creastures. Not many women are allowed to attend important international meetings dominated by men. That is really the problem we should solve immediately. n 图表作文要求根据图表上的数据，找出所反映的某个趋势或某一问题、现象，并对该问题、趋势产生的原因进行分析。常见的图表作文有表格(table)、曲线图(line chart)、条形图(bar graph)和饼形结构图(pie chart)。n 图表作文的写作方法：1）看懂并理解图表的含义，这是写图表作文的前提；2）选择能充分说明图表主题的典型数据；3）根据分析结果和文章题目写出各段的主题句并展开讨论。n 图表作文一般可以分为三段来写：第一段，总体说明图表所反映的趋势、问题、现象，并选用典型数据进行说明；第二段，分析该问题或该现象的原因或后果；第三段，提出解决问题的办法、建议或进行展望。n 图表作文的注意事项：很多考生习惯在第一段罗列所有数据，形式单调，没有重点，篇幅又长，容易让人厌倦，而第二、三段受篇幅和时间限制，未能充分展开。合理的结构安排是：第一段简明扼要，尽量少引数据，重在点明趋势；二、三段的分析是重点，应展开。【审题】 第一段点明计算机的使用急剧增长；第二段从用途、价格、社会发展三个方面说明变化的原因；第三段指出一两个使用计算机的困难或问题。n 【范文】We can find from this chart that the average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week has increased sharply. In 1990, it was less that 2 hours; and in 1995, it increased to almost 4 hours; while in 2000, the number soared to 20 hours.n Obviously computers are becoming more and more popular. There are several reasons for this. First, computers facilitate us in more aspects of life. Also, the fast development of the Internet enlarges our demands for using computers. We can easily contact with friends in remote places through the Internet. Besides, the prices of computers are getting lower and lower, which enables more students to purchase them.n Along with the time spent on computers, there arise some problems. The most serious one is that many students are spending so much time playing PC games so that they ignore their studies. It is urgent to let the students use computers in a proper way.第二节 常见写作体裁及常用句型n 近年的四级作文凸显两大趋势：n 实用性增强n 到目前为止，虽然议论文占绝对优势，但近年来应用文上升的势头很猛，书信、解说词、见证书、竞选演说、欢迎词、祝贺词、招聘书等频频出现，集中体现了大纲对实际运用语言能力的要求。n 注重综合能力的考核n 四级作文从倾向于单纯考查某一文体，逐渐过渡到几种文体的结合。如2003年6月的考题An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident, 第一、二段要求描述时间、地点和事件，属明显的记叙文，最后一段要求分析车祸的原因，有议论文的性质。再如2004年6月的 Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction 是一篇解说词，属应用文，但同时要求说明和描写。这表明四级作文命题越来越灵活。n 就话题而言，四级作文主要有三大类：社会热门话题、校园生活和日常生活话题,如教师节、英语口试、计算机的使用、求职面试、上大学的费用等等，因此，平时应尽量偏向这几方面的主题进行练习。 议论文是通过摆事实、讲道理来阐述自己观点的文体。议论文一般用三段式来写，由论点、论据、结论三部分组成。论点可以在开头也可以在结尾，论据可以是实例、名言、谚语、数据或道理。说理过程要环环相扣、步步深入。从理论到归题，结构要严谨，论证要周密，例证要充分、翔实、可信。常见的四级考题出现的议论文及常用句型如下：n 第一类：1.有些人认为n 2.另有一些人认为，n 3.我的观点n 分析：阐述性议论文n 每段的写法：包括三部分：1. 论点 2.论证 3.结论 可供参考的句型n A. 描述他人观点可套用的句型：n 1. When it comes to/ Faced with, quite a few people claim /argue that , but other people view it differently.n 2. As far asis concerned , opinions vary widely .n 3. Some people believe .Others claim.Still others arguen 注意：用来表示观点的动词有：claim , argue, assume, think of, advocate, maintain ,object to ( 反对),support等，要学会在句子中变换使用。n B.描述个人观点可套用的句型：n 1. I quite agree with .that n 2. Personally, I am in favor of the former/the lattern 3. To my mind, I am on the side of the view with following reasons.n 4. For my part, I side with as the result of the following considerations,n 5. In my opinion/ view,n 6. As I see it,n 7.It seems to me that n 8.As far as I am concerned, 注意：此部分仍可参照上述表示观点的动词。n 第二类:1.现象或重要性n 2.原因n 3.建议或展望 n 【例证】 Harmfulness of Fake Commoditiesn 可以参考的句型:n A 用来表述重要性或优缺点的:1. .plays a key /vital role in 2. is of vital importance to .3. The importance of cannot be overstated.4. Great importance has been attached to 5. The merit of lies in many ways.6. poses a tremendous threat to .7. the disadvantages of cannot be ignored .8. can cause a lot of side-effects.9. Every coin has two sides ,so does the matter of .10. The negative aspects of are also obvious.n B.用来阐述原因的:1 .is due to a couple of factors. One major factor is 2.contribute to . On the one hand ., on the other hand 3. One may attribute /ascribe /owe .to.4. A number of factors can account for /explain /result in.For one thing ,for another.5. There are many reasons for but generally they can come down to three. n C.用来展望未来或提出措施的1. It can be predicted that 2. It is clear /it goes without saying that we have a long way to go before3. Now we are entering a new era which is characterized by We know for sure that in the future4. It is anticipated that this upward/downward trend will continue /persist.5. Measures /Action should be taken to .6. One suggestion to the is7. One major solution to is 8. It is time something was done to cope withOn the one hand, on the other hand 9. Only in this way can we .10. several possible solutions have been put forward. One isanother is Undoubtedly there is a long way to go beforen 第三类:1.选择 2.对比3.结论 n 【例证】 Buy a house in the city or in the suburbsn A. 可参考的句型:n 比较段落可参考的句型1. Compared with , 2. The advantages of outweigh those of3. It is to say whether the advantages outweigh the disadvantages or vice versa.4. Another important difference is while 5.just as 6. .differs from in several ways.n B.驳斥段落可参考的句型：1.At the first sight, .appears to be entirely positive / beneficial. However, further analysis reveals drawbacks to2.It is true that ,but it does not mean/follow/say that On the contrary, we should3. It is understandable that , However, this is not to say4.The main problem with this view is 注意：请勿直接说：It is totally wrong to thinkn 第四类 ： 1.概念过程2.举例说明3.个人观点 n 【例证】 Haste Makes Wasten 概念段参考句型：1. There is an old saying /proverb,.which suggests /indicates that2. There are a couple of /various approaches /accesses to 3. There is a correlation between and 4. As a famous saying /philosopher once put it ., it is clear that .n 举例段参考句型：1. History is filled with examples. A good case in point is that .another good illustration is 2. Take .as an example3. One case in point is Another case in point is that 4. It is the same case with .It is also truen 第五类 图表作文1. 描述图表2. 引起变化的原因3. 结论n 图表作文要求考生通过对图中数据的分析来阐明一种事实，反映某种变化趋势，然后，借助自己已有的知识，挖掘其背后的原因。主要有以下几种形式：n A.表格（table/chart）作文n B.曲线图（graph）作文n C.饼状图（pie diagram）作文n D.条形图（bar diagram）作文n E.树状图（ tree diagram）作文n 做这种作文时要注意以下几点：n 1). 仔细研究图表，注意图表上的参考时间和数据的计量单位，弄清这些数据间的关系，分析数据背后的趋势；n 2). 注意时态的正确使用。若图表中没有年代、月份等参考时间，时态用一般现在时；反之，则用一般过去时，但转述参考时间中当前部分的信息时，使用一般现在时。n 3). 此类作文一般分三段，第一段简要说明该图表反映的总情况；第二段以数据为依据进行综合、分析、比较、对照，总结出数据背后的事实、异同、变化等；第三段发表个人感想。n 下面是图表作文常用句式，可参考:1.The chart /table /graph/bar/pie/figure shows /summarizes/presents a striking/remarkable difference between/among .2.The graph.shows/describes/illustrates/indicates/reflects/reveals/demonstrates/that the number of /the percentage ofincreased/rose/grew/decrease/fell/dropped/declined considerably between and3.The period saw /witnessed .increase in the number of4.If we compare with/to, we can easily see the similarities between 5.From the above-cited data, we can conclude that6.The differences between andare as follows.n 描写图表趋势的常用句型： 1. We can see from the table / graph / chart that 2. This chart / diagram /table shows / indicate / illustrates / points that 3. It can be seen / concluded from the table/ chart that 4. As is revealed / shown in the table / graph 5. There is a significant /great difference between 6. There is a sharp contrast between n 用于比较、对比的常用句型： 1. A is times as much as B. 2. The number of A is times as much as that of B. 3. The number /figure / percentage has doubled / tripled / quadrupled, compared with / in comparison with n 表示“上升下降”、“增加减少”的常用句型： 1. The number of increased / rose /grew (suddenly /sharply / steadily / gradually) fromto 2. There was an increased / a rise in the number of 3. There was a downward / upward trend of /that 4. There was a decrease / reduction / decline /drop in the number of fromto 二 记叙文n 记叙文就是记叙人物的经历或事件的发生、发展和变化过程的文章。n 写记叙文时要交代清楚六大要素：时间、地点、人物、事件、起因、经过、结果，即When, Where, Who, What, Why, how。n 一般文章的开头交待事件发生的时间、地点，然后叙述事件本身。n 文章的结尾有两种方式：一是用事件的结束作为文章的自然结尾，文章的主题通过事件叙述的字里行间得到暗示；二是文章的结尾说明事件的意见，点明主题。n 写记叙文时，还必须注意时态（较多使用的是一般过去时或一般现在时）。n 【例证】An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident 2003年6月四级真题n 假设你在某日某地目击一起车祸，就此写一份见证书。见证书必须包括以下几点：n 车祸发生的时间地点n 你所见到的车祸情况n 你对车祸原因的分析 三 应用文n 书信n 书信的写作格式比较固定，其重点仍然是用英语解释或说明一件事情的能力。这里就格式应注意的问题列举如下：n 称呼：在书信的开头，一般用Dear + 称呼, 如Dear Mr Wang等。n 英文书信中，称呼后一般用逗号，不用冒号。n 书信最后部分为签名，要注意题目一般已假设你是“某某”，不要用自己的真实姓名。n 考试时一般不要求写日期，不必画蛇添足。n 注意：1） 不要套用汉语的形式，写出your student, your son等客套语。 2 )不要套用中文书信的套话。n 书信主要包括邀请信、投诉信、感谢信、求职信、道歉信等普通社交信，主要写作方法如下：开头部分点明写信的意图；主体部分展开说明问题、介绍情况或描写事件；结尾部分提出愿望或表达感谢、祝福。n 常见书信的一些常用句型：n 投诉信：n I am writing to inform you that I am dissatisfied with/express my dissatisfaction with/atn I very much regret to inform you thatn I would like to have this matter settled by the end of n We will appreciate your willingness to make up for the loss.n I hope that the above situation will be improved as soon as possible.n 求职信n I am writing to ex