英语修辞法概括.doc

Allegory寓言an expressive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances; dove - an emblem of peaceAlliteration头韵use of the same consonant at the beginning of each stressed syllable in a line of verse Fortune favors the poor.Anacoluthon错格A syntactic interruption or deviation: that is, an abrupt change in a sentence from one construction to another which is grammatically inconsistent with the first.It makes me so I just get angry.Anadiplosis反复法A rhetorical term for the repetition of the last word of one line or clause to begin the next. She gave her life；life was all she could give.Analogy 类比Similarity in some respects between things that are otherwise dissimilar.It is probably easier to make an analogy between the courses of the planets, and two trains traveling in the same direction.将行星的运行比作两列火车朝同一方向行驶可能更容易些。Anaphora 首语重复法A rhetorical term for the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses. Good food. Good cheer. Good times.Anastrophe词语倒装法，词序变位，语音变位，例：Came the dawn.Anesis症状缓和法Adding a concluding sentence that diminishes the effect of what has been said previously. She had set more track records than any woman in the country. Antimetabole倒置法A verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first but with the words in reverse grammatical order (A-B-C, C-B-A). Stops static before static stops you.Antiphrasis反语,如“The boy is a giant of 3 feet 2 inches”中 giant 的用法)A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is used in a sense contrary to its conventional meaning for ironic or humorous effect;verbal irony. Antistrophe对照乐节；反用；the section of a choral ode answering a previous strophe in classical Greek drama; the second of two metrically corresponding sections in a poemAntithesis对语，对句，对偶(常用两个平行的词、短语或句子，如：You are going；I am staying.)Antonomasia代称，换称，代名(用表述词语、头衔等代替专名，如用 his honor 指称法官，用his lordship 指称主教、法官、有爵位男子)A rhetorical term for the substitution of a title, epithet, or descriptive phrase for a proper name (or of a personal name for a common name) to designate a member of a group or class. Aporiathe expression of a simulated or real doubt, asabout where to begin or what to do or say. Aposiopesis 话语中断，顿绝(作者或说话者在不愿意或没有办法把话说完的情况下使句子突然中断)；例：The horrors I saw there but I dare not tell them. 我在那里看到的恐怖但我不敢告诉他们。Apostrophe 呼语法(在文章或演说中用第二人称称呼在场或不在场的人或拟人的事物)1.address to an absent or imaginary person2.the mark () used to indicate the omission of one or more letters from a printed wordArchaism1. (语言文字、音乐上的)拟古主义；古词语、古技术等的使用(或模拟)；古风the use or imitation of archaic words, technique, etc.an archaic word, usage, style, practice, etc.AssonanceThe repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds in neighboring words. 】(一系列词或音节中的)谐音It beats . . . as it sweeps . . . as it cleans!Asyndeton(并列词句中)连词的省略(如在“smile,shake,hands,park”中连词and的省略)A rhetorical term for a writing style that omits conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses (the opposite ofpolysyndeton). He was a bag of bones, a floppy doll, a broken stick, a maniac. Bathos突降法(在写作或说话中从庄重到平淡内容的突然转变)反高潮(高潮之后以苍白无力的低潮结尾) meaning depth) is an abrupt transition in style from the exalted to the commonplace, producing a ludicrous effect. . For God, for American, and for Yale.为了上帝，为了美国，为了耶鲁。Brachylogy简略法A rhetorical term for a concise or condensed form of expression in speech or writing My very photogenic mother died in a freak accident (picnic, lightning) when I was three, and, save for a pocket of warmth in the darkest past, nothing of her subsists within the hollows and dells of memory . . . Cacophemism A word or expression that is generally perceived as harsh, impolite, or offensive. Is it coming again tonight? Cacophonyn.刺耳的声音, 杂音 1. Harsh discordant sound; dissonance2. the use of unharmonious or dissonant speech sounds in language Compare euphony. 1.blare (像喇叭般)发嘟嘟声;发出响而刺耳的声音Catachresisis misapplication of a word, especially in a mixed metaphor 。 Another meaning is to use an existing word to denote something that has no name in the current language.Mow the beard,Shave the grass,Pin the plank,Nail my sleeve.ChiasmusIn rhetoric, a verbal pattern (a type of antithesis) in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first with the parts reversed. Nice to see you, to see you, nice! 对偶句的)交错配列Circumlocution委婉曲折的说法is an ambiguous or roundabout figure of speech. In its most basic form, circumlocution is using many words (such as a tool used for cutting things such as paper and hair) to describe something for which a concise (and commonly known) expression exists (scissors).saying bakers dozen instead of thirteenClimax高潮On English Rhetorical Device，Climax is one kind of expressive rhetorical devices The proper use of it can not only strengthen the power of sentences， express the meaning more clearly， but also make the sentence pattern more orderly and more rhythmic 。He has gone； he has escaped； he has broken away他走了，他逃跑了，他脱身了。Conduplicatio关键词连珠Figure of repetition in which the key word or words in one phrase, clause, or sentence is/are repeated at or very near the beginning of successive sentences, I answered their questions truthfully, including questions about my private life - questions no American citizen would ever want to answer.DiacopeA rhetorical term for the repetition of a word or phrase broken up by one or more intervening words. It is the tragedy of the world that no one knows what he doesnt know; and the less a man knows, the more sure he is that he knows everything.DistinctioA rhetorical term for explicit references to various meanings of a word-usually for the purpose of removing ambiguities. It would be a long while before I would come to understand the particular moral of the story. Dysphemism粗直语用法, 粗直语The substitution of a more offensive or disparaging word or phrase for one considered less offensive. The opposite is euphemism. Adjective: dysphemistic.Though often meant to shock or offend, dysphemisms may also serve as in-group markers to signal closeness. 粗直语是委婉语的反面，粗直语被用于对听众或读者对某事的态度造成负面影响，或者降低其可能含有的积极联想。.Speakers resort to dysphemism to talk about people and things that frustrate and annoy them, which they disapprove of and wish to disparage, humiliate and degrade. Curses, name-calling and any sort of derogatory comment directed towards others in order to insult or to wound them are all examples of dysphemism.For example, if someone at a formal dinner party were to publicly announce Im off for a piss, rather than saying Excuse me for a moment, the effect would be dysphemistic.EchoismThe formation of words by imitating sounds (see also onomatopoeia) 拟声Ellipsisis a series of marks that usually indicate an intentional omission of a word, sentence or whole section from the original text being quoted. 省略EnallageA figure of syntactic substitution in which one grammatical form (person, case, gender,number, tense) is replaced by another, usually ungrammatical form. 语法形式替代EnthymemeIn rhetoric, an informally stated syllogism with an implied premise. Enumeration列举Enumeration is one of the most common and most reliable rhetorical devices. Having been alerted to the idea that there are three points to listen for, the reader/listener hones in on those ideas. Enumeration provides markers or signs for the reader/listener to follow, hopefully preventing him/her from becoming lost along the way.2. Drugs may be given by mouth, by injection, by inhalation, rectally, or through the skin.EpanalepsisEpanalepsis repeats the beginning word of a clause or sentence at the end. The beginning and the end are the two positions of strongest emphasis in a sentence, so by having the same word in both places, you call special attention to it: 1.Water alone dug this giant canyon; yes, just plain water. Epanorthosis 换语An epanorthosis is a figure of speech that signifies emphatic word replacement 。 thousands, no, millions! EpiphoraA rhetorical term for the repetition of a word or phrase at the end of successive clauses 。Take whatever idiot they have at the top of whatever agency and give me a better idiot. Give me a caring idiot. Give me a sensitive idiot. Just dont give me the same idiot.”EpistropheA rhetorical term for the repetition of a word or phrase at the end of successive clauses 。 For no government is better than the men who compose it, and I want the best, and we need the best, and we deserve the best. EpithetonAttributing to a person or a thing, a quality or a description sometimes by the simple addition of a descriptive adjective; sometimes through a descriptive or metaphorical apposition.1. An adjective or phrase that is used to describe sb. Or sths character or most important quality, especially in order to give praise or criticism. (尤用于褒贬人或事物特征或性质的)表述形容词或修饰语: The film is long and dramatic but does not quite earn the epithet epic.这部影片篇幅长,戏剧性强,不过还不能誉为”史诗”2. (especially AmE) an offensive word or phrase that is used about a person or group of people别称；诨名；绰号：Racial epithets were scrawled on the walls.墙上涂写着一些带有种族歧视的称谓。Epizeuxis(为强调所作的)紧接反复,重复(如：Alone, alone, all all alone. Alone on a wide wide sea.)A rhetorical term for repetition of a word or phrase for emphasis, usually with no words in between. EuphemismA euphemism is a word or phrase that is used in place of a disagreeable or offensive term. When a phrase becomes a euphemism, its literal meaning is often pushed aside. unplanned landing for plane crash Euphony和谐的声音sound patterns used in verse to achieve opposite effects: euphony is pleasing and harmonious; cacophony is harsh and discordant. Euphony is achieved through the use of vowel sounds in words of generally serene imagery. The mild-eyed melancholy Lotos-eaters came. EuphuismEuphuism is a peculiar mannered style of English prose. It takes its name from a prose romance by John Lyly. It consists of a preciously ornate and sophisticated style, employing in deliberate excess a wide range of literary devices such as antitheses, alliterations, repetitions and rhetorical questions.A sharp sore hath a short cureExemplum an anecdote that supports a moral point or sustains an argument, used esp in medieval sermons 。Expletive shit!1 an interjectory word or expression, frequently profane; anexclamatory oath.2.a syllable, word, or phrase serving to fill out.3.Grammar . a word considered as regularly filling the syntacticposition of another, as it in It is his duty to go, or there in There is nothing here.Hendiadys 重名A figure of speech in which two words joined by and express an idea that is more commonly expressed by an adjective and a noun. Elwood: What kind of music do you usually have here?Claire: Oh, we got both kinds. We got country and western. Homeoteleuton同韵脚is the repetition of endings in words. Homeoteleuton is also known as near rhyme.2 Hypallage 换置A figure of speech in which an adjective or participle (an epithet) grammatically qualifies anoun other than the person or thing it is actually describing. His coward lips did from their color fly.HyperbatonHyperbaton is a figure of speech in which words that naturally belong together are separated from each other for emphasis or effect. This kind of unnatural or rhetorical separation is possible to a much greater degree in highly inflected languages, where sentence meaning does not depend closely on word order.The Gods sent not corn for the rich men only Hyperbole(修辞的夸张法) is that describes something as better or worse than it really is. Hyperboles are exaggerations to create emphasis or effect. As a literary device, hyperbole is often used in poetry, and is frequently encountered in casual speech. Her wrinkles weigh more than she does! Elizabeth（她的皱纹比她更重） HypophoraHypophora, also referred to as anthypophora or antipophora, is a figure of speech in which the speaker poses a question and then answers the question.Do you know the difference between education and experience? Education is when you read the fine print; experience is what you get when you dont.Hysteron Proteron is a rhetorical device in which the first key word of the idea refers to something that happens temporally later than the second key word. The goal is to call attention to the more important idea by placing it first.Putting the cart before the horseInnuendo 影射，暗讽An innuendo is an indirect intimation about a person or thing, especially of a disparaging or a derogatory nature. It can also be a remark or questionIronyIrony is the use of words to express something other than and especially the opposite of the literal meaning. 1.The great irony is that despite all his explanation nobody believed him.最具讽刺意味的是：尽管他竭力解释，可没一个人相信他。2.Thats really lovely, that is! he said with heavy irony.那真是可爱极了，真的!他故意说反话。IsocolonA rhetorical term for a succession of clauses or sentences of approximately equal length and corresponding structure.Nothing thats beautiful hides its face. Nothing thats honest hides its name. Litotes间接肯定法间接肯定法(Litotes)是指用反对语的否定表达肯定的正面的意义的一种修辞手段。Understatement for rhetorical effect (especially when expressing an affirmative by negating its contrary)1.This is no small accomplishment.这可是一个不小的成就。（用no small表示great) .Metaphor 暗喻A figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made between two unlike things that actually have something in common. Between the lower east side tenements the sky is a snotty handkerchief.MetonymyIn rhetoric, metonymy (IPA: /mtnmi/) is the use of a word for a concept or object associated with the concept/object originally denoted by the word.Metonymy is a figure of speech has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. 该辞格的修辞方式是故意不用需要说明的人或物的本来名称，而是借用与该事物密切相关的事物名称来替代，即借用乙事物的名称替代甲事物的名称，而甲乙两事物虽不属同类，却在某一方面有着密切的相关性，当提到乙事物时便能自然而然地联想到甲事物，故译为“借代”。The White House supports the bill (using White House instead of President.OnomatopoeiaOnomatopoeia is a word that imitates or suggests the source of the sound that it describes. Onomatopoeia (as an uncountable noun) refers to the property of such words. Common occurrences of onomatopoeias include animal noises, such as oink or meow or roar. 声词（Onomatopoeia）是以模仿事物或动作的声音而构成的词。Words like rustle and gargle are illustrations of onomatopoeia . 词像沙沙和漱口有插图的象声词。OxymoronAn oxymoron is a figure of speech which is formed by the conjoining of two contrasting, contradictory terms to produce a special effect. An oxymoron is a compressed paradox.（用两种不相调和或截然相反的词语来形容某一事物, 在矛盾中寻求哲理, 这种修辞手法叫做矛盾修饰法。）She read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile.她带着含泪的微笑读了这封盼望已久的信。Paradox a statement or expression so surprisingly selfcontradictory as to provoke us into seeking another sense or context in which it would be true (although some paradoxes cannot be resolved into truths, remaining flatly selfcontradictory, e.g. Everything I say is a lie). ParalipsisParalipsis is a kind of irony, a rhetorical trick by which the speaker or writer emphasizes something by professing to ignore it.假省笔法 “I will not speak of her unsavory past”,Parallelism 平行，对应Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. New roads; new ruts.ParonomasiaNoun Rhetoric.1.The use of a word in different senses or the use of words similar in sound to achieve a specific effect, as humor or a dual meaning; punning.2. a pun.双关语, 俏皮话, 文字游戏Rings on her fingers and bells on her toes, She shall have music wherever she goes Paronomasia 双关语A rhetorical term for punning, playing with words. A good farmer is nothing more nor less than a handyman with a sense of humus.Periphrasis 迂回说法a style that involves indirect ways of expressing thingsPersonification拟人A trope or figure of speech (generally considered a type ofmetaphor) in which an inanimate object or abstraction is given human qualities or abilities. Oreo: Milks favorite cookie.Pleonasm 梵语 is the use of more words or word-parts than is necessary for clear expression: examples are black darkness, or burning fire. Polysyndeton连词叠用A rhetorical term for a sentence style that employs manycoordinating conjunctions Let the white folks have their money and power and segregation and sarcasm and big houses and schools and lawns like carpets, and books, and mostly-mostly-let them have their whiteness. Praeteritio (=paraleipsis)【语法学】假省笔法(省略重要部分反而加强意义的方法或故意省略重要部分而引人注意) suggesting by deliberately concise treatment that much of significance is omitted;pretended omission for rhetorical effect; Praeteritio is mentioning something whilst saying it cannot be discussed.e.g Let us make no judgment on the events of Chappaquiddick, since the facts are not yet all in. A political opponent of Senator Edward KennedyProlepsisIn rhetoric, foreseeing and forestalling objections to anargument. Prosopopoeia 拟人法is a rhetorical device in which a speaker or writer communicates to the audience by speaking as another person or object. Pun双关语（pun）是英语中一种常见的修辞手法。该修辞格巧妙利用词的谐音、词的多义或歧义等，使同一句话可同时表达不同意义，以造成语言生动活泼、幽默诙谐或嘲弄讥讽的修辞效果，使人读来忍俊不禁、英语中双关语的构成通常需要两个基本条件，即双重情境（double context）和多义词或同音异义词。Seven days without water makes one weak. Rhetorical QuestionA question asked merely for effect with no answer expected. The answer may be obvious or immediately provided by the questioner Marriage is a wonderful institution, but who would want to live in an institution?SarcasmSarcasm is a sharp, bitter, or cutting expression or remark; a bitter jibe or taunt, usually conveyed through irony or understatement. dont work too hardto a lazyScesis Onomaton 近义强调 is a rhetorical technique1 in which a speaker or writer emphasizes an idea by repeatin