室内环境与健康英文版.ppt

IndoorAirPollution ReasonsforSpecialConcern 75 90 oftimespentindoors Timedependsonseason age gender healthstatusManyairpollutantsknowntobehazardoustohealthareemittedindoorsIndoorenvironmentstrappollutants Levelsmaybe2to5timeshigherthanoutside AirInsideaBuildingCanBePollutedasaResultof Energyconservationmeasures Airtightening ofbuildings Ventilation通风 standardslowered 流通空气Buildingoccupancy Humanactivitiesinsidethestructure Gas offfromsyntheticbuildingmaterials 合成的 人造的 综合的Relianceonforcedairventilationsystems Biogenicpollutants Aeropathogens病原体 物 Aeroallergens医高空过敏症 气源性致敏原Infiltrationfromoutdoors渗透 Moldsandfungi combustionsources animaldander outdoorairpollution Reactivityofpollutants Poorhousingconditions Verminandpests有害物害虫 寄生虫 害兽 害鸟 歹徒 SourcesofIndoorAirPollutants SourcesofIndoorAirPollutants MoreSourcesofIndoorAirPollutants MoreSourcesofIndoorAirPollutants TheStackEffect AirPollutionintheHome AirExchangeRate Rateatwhichairisreplacedinthestructurebyexternalair外部的 客观的 医 外用的 外国的 表面的n 外部 外面 AverageforAmericanhome 0 7to1 0airchangesperhour Tightlysealedhomeswithoutprovisionsforandexchange 0 2airchangesperhourMake upair fromoutside Before1973 15cubicfeetperminute cfm perperson立方英尺 分 After1973 5 0cfmperperson EnvironmentalTobaccoSmoke ETS SelectedToxinsandCarcinogensinCigarette毒素致癌物质 Ratioofselectedtoxic T andcarcinogenic C agentsinside stream SS smokeandmainstreamsmoke MS 侧流烟 Source Samet J SelectedToxinsandCarcinogensinCigarette毒素致癌物质 Ratioofselectedtoxic T andcarcinogenic C agentsinside stream SS smokeandmainstreamsmoke MS 侧流烟 TobaccoSmoke Women andLungCancer LungcancerinwomenaccordingtothepresenceofdirectandinvoluntarysmokingStandard FieldSurveyofIndoorRSP Fieldsurveyofindoorrespirable可呼吸的suspendedparticulates RSP ETSParticleSizeDistribution ComparisonofAirPollutantEmissions Comparisonofairpollutantemissionsfromenergyequivalentfuels kg inRoleofBiofuelsCookingandHeatingSource EmissionsofTSPinSmallStovesforVariousBiofuels Emissionoftotalsuspendedparticulates TSP insmallopencookstovesforvariousbiofuels n 家畜的 粪vt 施粪肥于 IndoorAirPollutionfromBiomassCombustion SourcesofVOCsinIndoorAir Source Samet J SelectedVOCsinIndoorandOutdoorAir Source Datafrom February1998 ScientificAmerican VOC SelectedIndoorAeroallergensandAeropathogens Bacteria Staphylococcusaureus Legionella Escherichiacoli Salmonellaspp Pseudomonasaeruginosa Mycobacter tuberculosis Klebsiellapneumoniae MoreIndoorAeroallergensandAeropathogens Yeasts 酵母 发酵粉 Candidaalbicans SaccharomycescerevisiaeViruses 微 病毒 滤过性微生物 毒害 恶毒Fungi真菌类 包括霉菌 食用伞菌 酵母菌等 似真菌的 由真菌引起 Aspergillusniger Penicilliumfunicolosum Trichophytonspp Amoeba阿米巴 变形虫Arthropods节肢动物 Mites cockroachesDander头垢 头皮屑 Cat dog hamster VOC RegulatoryJurisdictionsn 权限 Outdoorair EPA cleanairact CAA Occupationalair OSHAIndoorair apartfromoccupationalair Nospecificfederallaws StateandlocaljurisdictionsregulateairqualityinpublicbuildingsStandardsinventilationandairexchangeratesControllingactivities e g smoking LimituseofproductsthataffectairqualityPrivateresidence Mustrelyoneducation Building RelatedIllness Discrete identifiablediseaseorillness不连续的 离散的可以确认的CanbetracedtoaspecificpollutantorsourceswithinabuildingCough chesttightness fever chills muscleaches ormoreseriousoutcomesLegionnairesdisease hypersensitivity军团病 一种大叶性肺炎 超敏性pneumonitis humidifierfever肺炎增湿器 湿润器 湿度调节器 Sick BuildingSyndrome SBS Setofsymptomsassociatedwithtimespentinbuilding Respiratorytractirritation skinirritation headache dizziness nausea fatigue 疲乏头昏眼花反胃 晕船 恶心 concentrationproblemsSymptomsdiminishorceasewhenoccupantsleavethebuildingCannotbetracedtospecificpollutantsorsourceswithinthebuildingRelatedtomultiplechemicalsensitivity MCS SBS 综合病症 KeyPoints Indoors Wespendupto90 ofourlivesindoorsTheindoorenvironmentcontainsmanytoxicants eitherbecausethey reemittedindoors e g VOCsorETS orbecausethey retrappedduetoenergyconservationmeasures e g respirableparticlesorr