利用SCMC 真实语境提高中学生英语交际能力.doc

附件：全国优秀教育硕士专业学位论文推荐表 单位名称：沈阳师范大学 填表日期：2008年 12 月 25 日论文题目利用SCMC 真实语境提高中学生英语交际能力作者姓名论文答辩日期学科专业方向孙英2006.11.9学科教学（英语）攻硕期间及获得硕士学位后一年内获得与硕士学位论文有关的成果发表学术论文(题目，刊名,时间，社会影响)在英汉语言对比中渗透德育发表在北京教育 普教版2005 年10 月期，获北京市教委“把德育体现于每一学科”征文二等奖任务型的逆向英语课堂教学模式发表在沈阳师范大学学报2006 年10 月期动感校园2006年9月发表在英语辅导报七年版第11期论文所产生的实际影响(对作者工作及所在单位工作)通过论文的撰写，促进了自己的学术水平和教师职业专业化水平的提高。多方面跨学科地丰富了理论知识，把理论运用到实际教学中，并加以创新，自己的教育理念改变了，工作能力也得到提高，更适应新时代对教师的要求。不能只做教书匠，要做教育家，关注培养学生的全面发展，自己也具备了教育教学研究的能力，使自己走在教育改革的前沿。出版专著(名称、出版社、出版时间)获奖项目(名称、等级及时间）2006 年7月循序渐进培养与提高中学生英文写作能力获沈阳市和平区“十五”教科研课题项目一等奖2005年12月在全国中学生英语能力竞赛中指导八年级学生梅玉获一等奖，获国际英语外语教师协会中国分会，国家基础教育实验中心外语教育研究中心颁发的一等指导教师证书。2004年获北评为沈阳市和平区先进教师中文论文摘要(论文选题的意义,论文运用的主要研究方法,主要研究成果,主要参考文献)外语教学的最终目的是培养学生的交际能力, 强调语言功能的交际法在实际英语教学中并没有取得理想效果。在课堂交际活动中,由于语法和言语结构没有得到充分的练习和巩固，造成学生言语输出的大量错误，直接影响语言的准确性与流利性。作为外语学习者，学生在言语输出的低层次阶段没有形成自动化，难以在交际表达时同时考虑言语的内容与结构，学生常常焦虑担心出错。另外，非真实的目标语言环境和交际任务、有限的接触与使用目标语言的机会，导致学生的消极应付行为,学生的口语交际能力即使经过几年的学习也没有得到提高。多媒体与网络越来越多地应用于外语教学，作为电脑技术的重要部分，电脑实时同步交互为英语学习者提供了更多的，轻松方便的， 经济的，不受时间地域限制的与英语本族语言者进行真实交际的机会。SCMC 兼具文本交互与语音交互的特点，它符合言语输出的过程和机制，类似于真实交际，但它降低了交际过程的速度，使交际者有时间考虑言语的内容与形式，因而有可能弥补课堂交际的不足。本文通过实验，用问卷调查和口语测试的方法比较实验组（利用电脑实时同步交互）和控制组（在传统课堂交际环境下），通过数据的分析，推断出电脑实时同步交互在情感方面对英语学习者具有降低焦虑感，提高学习兴趣与动机，形成正确的学习态度的作用，对学习者的口语能力水平具有提高的作用，对学习者的交际能力具有促进的作用。ReferencesAnderson, J. R. (1982). Acquisition of cognitive skill. Psychological Review, 89,369-406.Arnold, J. (2000). Affect in Language Learning. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.Brown, H. D. (2002). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.Chun, D. M. (1994). Using Computer Networking to Facilitate the Acquisition ofInteractive Competence. System, 22 (1), 17-31.De Bot, K. (1992). A bilingual production model: Levelts Speaking model adapted. Applied Linguistics, 13 (1), 1-24.De Bot, K., & Schreuder, R. (1993). Word production and the bilingual lexicon. In R. Schreuder & B. Weltens (Eds.), The bilingual lexicon (pp. 191-214). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Ellis,R.(2000). Second Language Acquisition. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.Gass, S. (1997). Input, Interaction and the Second Language learner. Mahwah: Lawrence Erbium Associates, Inc. Han, Bocheng. (2000). Statistics in Foreign Language Teaching and Research. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.Herrings, S. (Eds). (1996). Computer Mediated Communication: Linguistic, social and cross cultural perspectives. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Hymes, D. (1972). On Communicative Competence, in Pride, J. B. and Holmes, J. (eds). Sociolinguistics, 269-285. London: Penguin.Kelm, O. R. (1992). The use of synchronous computer networks in second language instruction:A preliminary study. Foreign Language Annals, 25 (5), 441-454.Kern, R. (1995). Restructuring classroom interaction with networked computers: Effects on quality and characteristics of language production. Modern Language Journal, 79 (4), 457-476.Krashen, S. (1985). The Input Hypothesis. New York: Longman.Levelt, W. J. M. (1995). The ability to speak: from intentions to spoken words. European Review, 3 (1), 13-23.McLauglin, B. et al., (1983). Second-language learning: an information-processperspective. Language Learning, 33:135-158.Oxford, R. L. (1999). Anxiety and the Language Learner. In Jane Arnold (eds.).Affect in language learning(C). Cambridge University Press.Payne, J. S., & Whitney, P. J. (2002). Developing L2 oral proficiency through sychronous CMC: Output, working memory, and interlanguage development. CALICO Journal, 20, 7-32.Pellettieri, J. (2000). Negotiation in cyberspace: The role of chatting in the development of grammatical competence. In M. Warschauer & R. Kern (Eds.), Network-Based Language Teaching: Concepts and Practice. New York: CambridgeUniversity Press.Pica, T., Holliday, L., Lewis, N., & Morgenthaler, L. (1989). Comprehensible output as an outcome of linguistic demands on the learner. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 11, 63-90.Schmidt, R. (1992). Psychological mechanisms underlying second language fluency. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 14, 357-385.Swain, M. (1985). Communicative competence: Some roles of comprehensible input and comprehensible output in its development. In S. Gass and C. Madden (Eds.), Input and second language aquisition. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Wen, Qiufang. (2004). Applied Linguistics Research Methods and Thesis Writing.Beijing: Foreign language teaching and research press.Widdowson, HG. (1978).Teaching Language as Communication. Oxford University Press. 专家推荐理由 论文选题比较有新意，具有较强的理论意义和实践意义。文章的结构清晰合理，文献部分逻辑性强，内容充实。研究的问题清楚明确，研究设计比较科学严谨，具有较高的信度和效度，得出的数据比较准确可靠。结论部分针对性较强，得出的结论也比较令人信服。文章思路清晰文笔流畅，较好地完成了论文写作任务。 专家签字：范革新单位推荐意见同意推荐学位评定委员会分会主席（签章）：赵大宇 单位公章 2008年12月31日说明：学科专业方向包括教育管理、教育技术、小学教育和学科教学，其中学科教学要说明具体方向，如学科教学（数学）。本表可复印、附页。编 号：类别全日制研究生教育硕士同等学力硕士学位论文题 目： Facilitating Secondary School EFL Learners Communicative Competence Via Synchronous CMC利用SCMC真实语境促进中学生英语交际能力 所 在 院 系 外语学院 学 科 专 业 学科教学(英语) 指 导 教 师 白志刚 研 究 生 孙英 学位授予单位 沈阳师范大学沈阳师范大学研究生处制Facilitating Secondary School EFL Learners Communicative Competence Via Synchronous CMCA ThesisSubmitted tothe Faculty of the School of Foreign LanguagesShenyang Normal UniversityIn Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of EducationProgram in Foreign Linguistics and Applied Linguisticsby Sun YingShenyang, LiaoningAugust 2006iiThis thesis was accepted as meeting the research requirements for the Degree of Master of Education._ Date _Advisor_ Date _Thesis Committee Member_ Date _Thesis Committee MemberApproved:_ Date _ Chair of Oral Defense Committee _ Date _Dean of School of Foreign LanguagesAbstractThe communicative approach which aims at enhancing learners communicative competence hasnt achieved satisfying results after years of classroom implement. Because of the overemphasize on L2 function and the neglect of linguistic forms, EFL learners speak neither accurately nor fluently, together with the inauthentic communicative activities and anxiety cause learners task avoidance behaviour. To achieve real communication, ELT activities should realize the roles of output (triggering function, hypothesis testing, metalinguistic function, etc); the roles of interaction (meaning negotiation, feedback, modified interaction, clarification, noticing, scaffolding, zone of proximal development) and the roles of affective factors (motivation, attitude, anxiety) in SLA; it should follow language production process and mechanism, so the research is based on these theories. As the synchronous computer-mediated communication has a great resemblance with real interaction, it also has the unique feature of both text interaction and voice interaction, which slows down the process of language production, so the speakers will have time to plan before the speech, thus itll probably make up the ineffectiveness in class communication. The research is undertaken in experiment, with the comparisons of the questionnaires and the comparisons of the pretest/posttest of oral evaluation between the control group (in classroom communication) and the experimental group (in SCMC), through statistics analysis, the study proved that SCMC has effects on reducing anxiety, enhancing interest and motivation in L2 learning, improving oral capability, facilitating communicative competence. The study explores an effective way of increasing learners exposure and use of the target language with native speakers in a more authentic, motivated, convenient, economical and less anxious environment. Key Words: communicative competence, synchronous computer-mediated communication, L2 production, CALL摘要外语教学的最终目的是培养学生的交际能力,强调语言功能的交际法在实际英语教学中并没有取得理想效果。 在课堂交际活动中,由于语法和言语结构没有得到充分的练习和巩固，造成学生言语输出的大量错误，直接影响语言的准确性与流利性。作为外语学习者，学生在言语输出的低层次阶段没有形成自动化，难以在交际表达时同时考虑言语的内容与结构，学生常常焦虑担心出错。另外，非真实的目标语言环境和交际任务、有限的接触与使用目标语言的机会，导致学生的消极应付行为,学生的口语交际能力即使经过几年的学习也没有得到提高。本文以认知主义理论和二语习得理论为基础，通过分析言语输出假设，交互理论和情感因素理论在二语习得中的作用，参考了Levelt 和 de Bot 的言语输出模式，Anderson 的从陈述性知识到过程性知识的三个阶段 和 Mclaughlin 的言语加工过程的理论，认为促进与实现真正的口语交际能力的教学活动必须遵循言语输出的过程与机制,在交际活动中实现言语输出,言语交互和情感因素对二语习得的作用。 随着信息技术与因特网的发展，多媒体与网络越来越多地应用于外语教学，作为电脑技术的重要部分，电脑实时同步交互为英语学习者提供了更多的，轻松方便的， 经济的，不受时间地域限制的与英语本族语言者进行真实交际的机会。由于电脑实时同步交互兼具文本交互与语音交互的特点，它符合言语输出的过程和机制，类似于真实交际，但它降低了交际过程的速度，使交际者有时间考虑言语的内容与形式，因而电脑实时同步交互有可能弥补课堂交际的不足。本文通过实验，用问卷调查和口语测试的方法比较实验组（利用电脑实时同步交互）和控制组（在传统课堂交际环境下），通过数据的分析，推断出电脑实时同步交互在情感方面对英语学习者具有降低焦虑感，提高学习兴趣与动机，形成正确的学习态度的作用，对学习者的口语能力水平具有提高的作用，对学习者的交际能力具有促进的作用。关键词: 交际能力，电脑实时交互，二语输出，计算机辅助教学AcknowledgementsI would first like to acknowledge my supervisor, Associate Professor Bai Zhigang, who directed and supported me in the field of computer-assisted language learning from the start thinking of the thesis. Then he helped and encouraged me to continue with it at every stage of the thesis writing whenever I met any difficulties or felt puzzled with the thesis. I am extremely grateful for his valuable suggestions in the formation and completion of the very thesis.Next I would like to acknowledge those who helped in the correction of the thesis outline, such as Prof. Zhang Ping, and those who gave me feedback on this manuscript. My heartful thanks go to Associate Prof. Xing Jiawei and Gao Yanying who read through the manuscript carefully and provided many useful comments.I would also like to extend my gratitude to the scholars from abroad, Dr. Scott Payne from Pennsylvania State University, US. who sent me the sample of oral proficiency evaluation for foreign language; and Mbsdin from the University of Malaysia, who sent me some references on CALL. Equally grateful is my feeling to the friends from different countries who offered sincere help and cooperation in the SCMC with my students.Finally thanks should be also due to my parents love, support and concern.vTABLE OF CONTENTSTitle pageiApproval pageiiEnglish bstractiiiChinese abstractivAcknowledgement.vTable of contents.vi Chapter One: Introduction.11.1 A general description of the study.11.1.1 Thesis statement21.1.2 Limitation of the study.21.1.3 Means of obtaining data.21.1.4 Data presentation and analysis techniques.31.2 Need for the study.31.3 The overall structure of the thesis.3Chapter Two: Literature Review.52.1 Communicative language teaching.52.1.1Communicative approach and communicative competences.5 2.1.2 Problems in CLT classroom.72.2 Theories of SLA.92.2.1 The functions of output.92.2.2 Interactionist theory 10 2.2.3 The affective factors and language learning122.3 The process and mechanism of language production.132.3.1 Levelts speech production model.132.3.2 De Bots adapted model.152.3.3 Andersons declarative procedural knowledge model.172.3.4 Mclaughlins information processing model.182.4 Synchronous computer-mediated communication.212.4.1 CALL development 212.4.2 Interpretation and features of SCMC.22 2.4.3 Studies of SCMC and language learning23Chapter Three: Methodology263.1 Research questions.263.2 Design of the experiment.273.2.1 Subjects and settings of the research.273.2.2 Treatment and procedures of the experiment. 283.3 Instruments of the research.323.3.1 Questionnaire.323.3.2 Pretest and posttest in the experiment. 333.4 Data collection and statistical measurement34 3.4.1 Questionnaires comparisons . .343.4.2 Pretest and posttest comparisons.35Chapter Four: Results and Discussion. 374.1 Major findings374.1.1 The effect of SCMC on learners affect towards English learning.37 4.1.2 The effect of SCMC on facilitating learners oral proficiency. .394.1.3 The effect of SCMC on enhancing learners communicative competence.454.2 Limitations of the present study.494.3 Suggestions for further study.50Chapter Five: Conclusion.54References57Appendix I (questionnaires).62Appendix II (oral production interview scale).68Appendix III (speaking tasks).69viiChapter One Introduction1.1 A general description of the study The communicative approach aims at improving learners communicative competence shifted the emphasis in FL teaching from a focus on linguistic form to activities which involve effective communication from the1970s. In the late 1980s, the ability to communicate seemed to have replaced grammatical accuracy as the measure of successful modern language learning even if grammatical errors occurred. However, the 1990s have seen the shortcomings of communicative approach being increasingly pointed out: engaging meaning and enabling communication might de-emphasize language grammar and form. Many EFL learners speak less accurately. In the post-communicative climate, theres an urgency: balancing form and function in FL teaching. EFL teachers now urgently need a solution to solve the inefficiency of CLT and to increase authentic exposure and use of the target knowledge both inside and outside of the classroom. To foster communicative competence and achieve real L2 communication, ELT activities should realize the roles of output (triggering function, hypothesis testing, metalinguistic function, etc); the roles of interaction (meaning negotiation, feedback, modified interaction, clarification, noticing, scaffolding, zone of proximal development) and the roles of affective factors (motivation, attitude, anxiety) in SLA; follow the notions of the Output Hypothesis from a psycholinguistic perspective as a basis for depicting L2 production process and for proposing mechanisms that influence L2 acquisition according to: Levelts model of language production together with de Bots adapted model, Andersons declarative knowledge to procedure knowledge as well as Mclaughlins controlled to automatic processing model.Due to the development of computer technology, the Internet in particular has become a new medium of communication that is shaping both the processes and the products of communication. While much second language teaching and learning has benefited from the employment of multimedia, its application is still relatively new to the teaching and learning of EFL in China. There still exists an empirical gap between the theories of CALL and its application in the area of ELT. The study was undertaken in experiment to find out if SCMC can facilitate secondary school EFL learners communicative competence by developing the same cognitive mechanisms underlying spontaneous conversational speech. The research questions to be addressed in the study are the following: 1. What are the effects of SCMC on learners affection towards English learning?2. Whats the effect of SCMC on facilitating learners oral proficiency?3. Whats the effect of SCMC on enhancing learners communicative competence?1.1.1 Thesis statementThe purpose of the paper is to prove and explore synchronous computer-mediated communication has an effect on increasing secondary school EFL learners exposure and use of the target language with native speakers in a more authentic, motivated, convenient, economic and less anxious environment as well as facilitating and developing their communicative competence based on Levelt et als process and mechanism of L2 production model, the theories of output hypothesis, interactionism and affective factors. 1.1.2 Limitation of the studySince the use of synchronous CMC in the EFL classroom is still a young enterprise and so far the full integration of the Internet into foreign language teaching has not yet been achieved even in advanced countries. Studies conducted so far are often small-scale, sometimes somewhat biased. Many claims have not or only partly been backed up by hard evidence, and its hard for the writer who is restricted with time and capacity to find enough references and to make a thorough, extensive and comprehensive research into the field. In addition, it is very early in experimentally examining communication competence as a result of synchronous CMC, these findings need to be replicated with different populations and different instructional treatments.1.1.3 Means of obtaining dataData mainl