英美文学史(作家及作品).doc

English LiteratureGeoffrey Chaucer: the Father of English Poetry the Founder of English Realism the Master of modern English language The pioneer of the English RenaissanceBeowulf: National epic of the Anglo-Saxons The story of Beowulf is a folk legend which reflects the feature of the tribal world. John Milton: Blank verse 双韵体、革命诗人John Donne: peculiar conceits奇喻 metaphysical school形而上学派John Bunyan: The pilgrims progress 天路历程Daniel Defoe: Father of English novels 英国现代小说之父Jonathan Swift: Father of English stylisticsHenry Fielding: The founder of English realistic novel 小说艺术之父Alexander Pope: 英语诗歌艺术之父Robert Burns: The poet of peasants 农民作家Lyrical Ballads: The beginning of romantic revivalWalter Scott: The father of historical novel 历史小说之父Old English Literature(mid 5th-mid 11th)Background: Roman conquest A.D 78 Anglo-Saxon settled in English Old English From tribal to feudalismMedieval English Literature (1066-14th末）Background: Norman conquest in 1066 French and Latin prevail Division into class conflictsGeoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales -the rising the bourgeoisie of Britain -praise mans energy, intellect, wit and love of life -satirize the evil of and degeneration of the noble and corruption of the church -French rhymed stanza: heroic couplet 两行一韵:a-a-b-b-c-c-d-d-e-e-f-f-g-g -create the famous terza rima 三行诗 run on line跳行 -show a true life picture, the first smooth English -the foreshadow of the coming the English Renaissance Troilus and Criseyde 1383 William Langland: Piers the PlowmanThe English Renaissance(14th-17th)Background: politically-Henry VIII-Tudor dynasty -break with Rome -new religious dogma protestantism -Queen Mary-反新教，互相妥协 Economically-the closure movement -Commercial expansion -exploration and travel -colony Culturally-Renaissance Military-with SpainWilliam Caxton: the first English printer Thomas More: UtopiaWilliam Shakespeare:-Comedy: A mid summer Nights Dream The Merchant of Venice As you like it Twelfth Night -Tragedy: Hamlet、Othello、King Lear、Macbeth Romeo and JulietMain features: realistic writing Imitation and adaptation Language master Diversified writing skills and methods:song, sonnet, couplet, blank verseSonnets 十四行诗 a-b-a-b-c-d-c-d-e-f-e-f-g-g - five feet One foot 一个重音和一个或一个以上的非重音 Iambic Pentameter抑扬格Edmund Spenser: The Shepherd Calendar The Faerie Queene Achievement: the Spenserian stanza 9-line stanza-a b a b b c b c c Iambic pentameter五步格, iambic hexameter六步格Christopher Marlowe: Tamburlaine、The Jews of Malta、Doctor FaustusBen Jonson(the successor of Shakespeare)-comedy: Every man in His Humour Volpone Bartholomew Fair Fox The Alchemist -tragedy: Sejanus CatilineFrancis Bacon: Advancement of Learning New instrument The essays “knowledge is power”Translational periodJohn Milton: Paradise Lost Paradise Regained Samson AgonistesJohn Donne: Songs and SonnetsJohn Bunyan: The Pilgrims progress18th English Literature (end of 17th-18th )Background: The Glorious Revolution in 1688 ended in a compromise between the aristocracy and bourgeois. English became constitutional monarchy and power passed from the King to the Parliament and the cabinet minister. The Industrial Revolution The Enlightenment marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe. An expression struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism.Daniel Defoe: Robinson CrusoeJonathan Swift: Gullivers TravelsHenry Fielding: Joseph Andrews Jonathan Wild Tome JonesSamuel Richardson: Pamela Alexander Pope: An Essay on ManSentimentalism and Pre-romanticismSentimental novel: The vicar of WakefieldSentimental poetry: Elegy written in a country churchyard Features: 1. emphasize too much emotion rather than reason 2. optimistic attitude toward the goodness of humanityPre-romanticism representativesWilliam Blake: Songs of Innocence Songs of ExperienceRobert burns: My love is like a Red Red roseStyle: emphasis on natural sentiment and individual originality, showing revolutionary passion against classical tradition, followed by Shelley.19th En Historical Background:Background: Industrial Revolution French revolution, Independence of The United States Scholars and writers are dissatisfactory with the development of bourgeois, against the reason of enlightenment. Philosophers in Europe and America are active emotion ,imagination, independence, individuality and intuition of humankind prevail.Romantic MovementWilliam Wordsworth: Written in MarchWordsworth、Samuel T(aylor) Coleridge-Lyrical Ballads Percy Shelley: Ode to the West Wind Queen Mab The revolt of IslamGeorge Byron: Don Juan “She walks in Beauty”John Keats: When I have fears Ode to a nightmare Ode to a Grecian Urn “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”Jane Austin: Sense and sensibility Pride and prejudice Mansfield Park Emma Northanger Abbey PersuasionWalter Scott: Waverley Ivanhoe Rob RoyFeatures: vivifying the past, closely pay attention to the fates of individuals, All kinds of people are described, both romantic imagination and realistic investigation, conservative in politicsRealistic movement (Victorian Period 1836)Historical Backgrounds: Critical realism, Victorian literature, Chartist literatureMain features-the struggling of the proletariat for its rights -critical ideas occupied great place -women writers stood on the stage of literature Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist Dombey and son David Copperfield Bleak House Hard Times A tale of two cities Our Mutual FriendsWilliam Thackeray: Vanity Fair 名利场Charlotte Bronte: Jane EyreEmily Bronte: Wuthering HeightsGeorge Eliot : MiddlemarchElizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell: Mary Barton End of 19th centuryNaturalism-George Gissing: New Grub StreetNeo-romanticism-Robert Louis Stevenson: Treasure Island Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. HydeAestheticism-Oscar Wilder: The picture of Dorian GrayProse writers-Thomas Carlyle: Sartor Resartus History of French Revolution Hero-worship Past and present -John Ruskin: Modern Painters Seven Lamps of Architecture The stones of Venice Unto this lastPoetry writers-Alfred Tennyson: In Memoriam: “Break, Break, Break” 1842 -Robert Browning: Pippa Passes The Ring and the Book My last Duchess 20th English LiteratureBackground-At home: decline of the military and political power of the English Empire, frequent strikes of the workers. Monopoly capitalism played a decisive role in economy. -Abroad: conflicts between Britain and the colonists, conflicts between the colonists, development of the other countries, the influence of the World War I, the influence of Russian Oct. Revolution, preparations of the war by Hitler and Mussolini and inevitable World War II.-Cultural Background: the development of the science and technology, “the decline of the west” caused the skepticism and disillusionment, the influence of the theory of socialism, the influence of the theory of evolution, the influence of psychology, the influence of Oriental culture.Poetry-W.B. Yeats: 1923 he was awarded the Nobel prize for literature -T.S.Eliot : the love song of J. Alfred Prufrock The waste land The Hollow men Ash Wednesday Four Quarters 1947 he was awarded the Nobel prize for literatureNovel-Joseph Conrad: Almayers Folly -Rudyard Kipling: Kim The Jungle Book The second Jungle book -James Joyce: A portrait of the artist as a young man Ulysses Finneganns Wake -Virginia Woolf: Mrs Dalloway 1925 To the lighthouse 1927 Orlando 1928 A room of ones own 1929 The waves 1931 The Years 1938 Between the Acts 1941American LiteratureWashington Irving 美国小说之父Ralph Waldo Emerson-Father of American literature -dominant spirit of the age -proponent of “the American newness” -the leading spokesman for TranscendentalismNathaniel Hawthorne-Marginal transcendentalistEzra Pound-leader of imagist poetryPuritan literature Puritan beliefs-First covenant: God and Adam, “original sin”; -Second covenant: God and Abraham, “grace” “original sin”and “grace”are two most important premises in Puritanism. -Puritan beliefs helped shape the colonial life. -Puritanism helped shape the colonial literature.Benjamin Franklin-the autobiographyAmerican romanticism(1815-1865)Early romanticism-Washington Irving: Rip Van winkle The sketch book The legend of sleepy Hollow -James Fenimore Cooper: The pioneers The last of the Mobicans The Prairie The pathfinder The DeerslayerTranscendentalism-Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature The American scholar “history”“self-reliance”“The over-soul” “the poet”“experience” “women” “Thoreau” -Henry David Thoreau:Civil Disobedience Walden -Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter The House of seven Gables The Blithedale Romance The Marble FaunLate 19th poets-Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass-song of myself (1855-1892) -Emily DickinsonAge of RealismPolitical and Social Background-1861-1865 Civil War -Scepticism of Transcendentalism -Increasing industrialization and mechanization -admiration for driving ambition and a lust for money and power -frontier spirit closed ended the idealized romantic imagination of the New World -Gilded age coming -ending of romanticism and Transcendentalism -Impact of philosophy (Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Bergson, Freud, James)Localism-Mark Twain(1843-1910): The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Roughing it -Henry James(1843-1916): The wings of Dove The Ambassador The Golden Bowl Daisy Miller The Turn of the screw -William Dean Howells(1837-1920)Features:1. concern for the world of experience, of commonplace and for the familiar and the low;2. verisimilitude of detail derived from observation;3. a reliance on the representative in plot, setting and character;4. an objective rather than an idealized view of human nature and experience.5. Local color and regional writings constitudes the early realism in American literature. Naturalism is a very important variety.Naturalism-Ham