subject-verb Agreement.doc

主谓一致，是指主语和谓语动词要保持人称和数上的一致。主 谓 一 致 的 三 个 原 则A 坚持向前看 语法一致是指主语和谓语在单复数形式上的一致关系，主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；反之，谓语动词用复数形式。My child has no intention of spending a vacation with me.My children have no intention of spending a vacation with me.B 坚持向后看。 意义一致是说谓语动词的单、复数要取决于主语所表达的概念，而不取决于表面上的语法标记。1.主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。The majority of primary school teachers are women.2.主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。No news is good news. Billiards is becoming more and more popular in some cities.C 就近原则 就近原则是指当主语由两个或两个以上名词或代词组成时，谓语动词的数要与它紧邻的名词或代词的数一致。There is a square table and some chairs in the center of the dining-room.Either your students or William knows this.提示: 一般说来，究竟何时采用何种原则，应视英语习惯用法而定。但在实际使用中，如果对上述三种原则捉摸不定时，遵循语法一致的原则是一种比较稳妥的方法。并列主语的主谓一致A 由and连接的并列主语1.用and (或both.and) 连接并列主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。A hammer and a saw are useful tools.当and连接的两个名词是指组合到一起的一件完整的或成套的东西，或表示同一个人或一种概念时，谓语动词要用单数形式。The writer and teacher is speaking at the meeting.英语中并列结构表示整体概念的有：iron and steel/ a needle and thread /aim and end/going to bed early and getting up early 早睡早起 a watch and chain 一块带链的表 a cart and horse 一辆马车a coat and tie/bread and butter/a knife and fork 2.一个名词为几个并列形容词所修饰时，这时主语和谓语动词的一致关系一般遵循语法一致的原则。Clever and slow students are treated alike. A black and white kitten was found in the garden yesterday.比较: A black and a white dogs are playing in the yard. A black and white dog is playing in the yard. 3.在each.and each., every.and every., no.and no.等结构之后，谓语动词用单数形式。Each boy and each girl has an apple. Every hour and every minute is precious. No bird and no beast is seen on the lonely island.4.在某些成语中，一些并列主语用and相连时，其后谓语用单数。All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.B 某些词组采取就近原则 以or, either.or, neither.nor, not.but, not only.but also等连接的名词(代词)作并列主语时，谓语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的原则。Neither he nor I am willing to go shopping today.Not the students but their teacher is invited to the party.Are either you or he to go there? Neither is.C 就前一致原则。主语后跟有as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, like, rather than, together with, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。The manager, rather than the workers, is responsible for the loss.Nobody but three policemen was on the spot.单一主语的主谓一致A 形复意单的名词作主语 形复意单的名词作主语(即形式为复数，意义为单数)，按意义一致的原则，用作单数意义时，谓语用单数，反之，谓语用复数。1.许多学科名称，如mathematics, physics, economics, politics，以及news等名词作主语时，动词用单数。News is traveling fast nowadays.2.用作国名、组织机构、书名、报刊名等复数形式的专有名词作为整体对待，谓语用单数。The Times reports the news of the strike.Great Expectations was written by Dickens in 1860。注意：如果山脉、群岛、瀑布等名称作主语时，谓语动词用复数。The Great Lakes lie between the USA and Canada.The Philippines are in the western Pacific Ocean southeast of China. The Niagara Falls are the falls on the Niagara River.3.一些形复意单的名词，包括有成双成套部分的衣物或工具名称，作主语时，谓语用复数。My blue trousers have been worn out.注意： 这些名词如用a pair of修饰时，谓语动词用单数。The shoes are under the bed. The pair of shoes is under the bed. 4.单、复数同形名词作主语时，按意义一致的原则，用作单数意义时，谓语用单数；用作复数意义时，谓语有复数。这类名词有：sheep, deer, fish, means, works, species, Chinese, Japanese等。The (This) glass works was set up in 1986.注意： 当这类名词前有a, such a, this, that, every修饰时，谓语用单数；有all, such, these, those修饰时，谓语用复数。Every means has been tried out without much result. All means have been tried out without much result.B 集合名词作主语 集合名词表示有若干个体组成的集合体，如army, audience, class, club, company, crowd, government, group, party, population, team, union等。1.集合名词作主语时，若表示整体概念，谓语动词用单数，若表示构成该集合体的成员，则谓语动词用复数。His family are waiting for him. But the mans family was small 2.有些集合名词，如cattle, folk亲属), people, police, youth等，作主语时，谓语动词用复数，即所谓的“形单意复”。The police have caught the thief. The cattle are grazing in the field.3.有些无生命(表示物)的集合名词作主语，谓语用单数。All the furniture in my room is new. Has your luggage arrived yet?A lot of hiking equipment is needed here.C 代词作主语 1.名词性物主代词作主语时，既可以用作单数，也可以用作复数，这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。 Ours is a great country.Your shoes are black, and mine are brown.2.such, the same等指示代词作主语时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单复数。Such are her wishes.Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man with great achievements.3.关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与主句中先行词的数一致。Those who want to go for a picnic please put up your hands.在one of + 复数名词 + who/that/which引导的定语从句结构中，从句中的动词应该是复数形式。但当one之前有the, the only等修饰语时，从句的动词应是单数形式。She is the only one of the girls who sings best.4.疑问代词who, what, which作主语时，谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。Who lives upstairs? It is Xiao Wang.Who live next door? It is Li and Zhang.5.不定代词作主语时，有以下两种情况：some, all, any, none, more, most等词可以指复数名词和不可数名词，它们作主语时，视其文中的意义，判断动词用单数还是复数的形式。None are so good as those who are always ready to help others.None is so good as he.注意： 在口语中，none of + 复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数或复数均可，要以说话人所想的而定。None of the telephones works/work.some, all, any, none, more, most等词接of时，若of的宾语为不可数名词，动词用单数形式；若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时，动词用复数形式。Most of the colour blind people are men.Most of his spare time was spent in reading.D 数词、量词作主语 1.数词作主语，不论指人还是指物，谓语通常用复数。About twenty know the secret. Six are missing.2.more than one + 单数名词结构作主语，尽管从意义上看是复数，但它的谓语动词用单数形式。但more +复数名词+than one结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 More than one person has known the news.More students than one are for your proposal.3.one out of ten 或one in ten结构作主语，谓语动词应按照语法一致的原则，用单数。 One out of ten was badly injured in the accident.4.a + 单数名词 + or two结构作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。但one or two + 复数名词结构作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。A word or two is missing here. One or two friends are coming for dinner this evening.5.many a + 单数名词结构作主语，谓语动词需用单数形式。Many a passenger was killed in the accident.6.one and a half + 复数名词结构作主语，谓语动词需用单数形式。One and a half bananas is left on the table. One and a half years has passed.7.分数或百分数 + of + 名词结构作主语，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致。Three-fourths of its surface of the earth is sea.Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan.8.用plus/and表示“加”，用minus表示“减”，和用times表示“乘”时，动词多用单数，但也可用复数。Two and two is/are four. Ten times five is/are fifty.注意：用from表示“被减”，multiplied by表示“被乘”或divided by表示“被除”，其谓语动词用单数。8 from 10 leaves 2. 25 divided by 5 equals 5. 11.在a number / total of + 名词复数结构中，中心词是名词，谓语动词用复数形式。但在the number / total of + 名词复数结构中，中心词却是number或total，故谓语动词用单数形式A number of students are playing basketball on the playground.The number of pages in this book is 900.12.在a great deal of / a large amount of + 不可数名词结构作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。但large amounts of + 不可数名词结构作主语，谓语动词通常用复数。A large amount of money is spent on the project.Large amounts of money were spent on the free way.13.the rest of + 可数名词或不可数名词结构作主语，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致。 The rest of the students are watering trees. The rest of the wine has gone bad.其他情况的主谓一致A 名词性从句和非谓语动词作主语 1.不定式短语、动词-ing形式和名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 Doing experiments is a good way t