辅导用构词法.doc

构词法英语词的构成有一定的规律，这种规律称为构词法。掌握构词法知识对我们更好地理解词义、认识新词和扩大词汇量都有重大意义。在测试中，能够提高我们的阅读理解能力。英语主要有三种构词法：派生法、合成法和转换法。一、派生法：在一个词的词根（base）的前面或后面加上词缀（affix）, 产生新词，这种构词法称为派生法（derivation）。（派生词在阅读理解中不作为生词）。加在前面的词缀叫前缀(prefix), 加在后面的词缀叫后缀(suffix).（一）后缀：许多名词、形容词、副词和动词都是由词根加后缀构成的。(后缀一般只改变词性，不改变词义)1 构成名词的常用后缀有：(1) -er, -or, -ess, -ist, -ee, -ian, -ese, -ant等用于构成表示人或物的名称-er: teacher, worker, thinker, reader, employer cooker-or: actor, sailor, visitor inventor ， translator n. 翻译家，译者 competitor n. 竞赛者，比赛者 -ess: actress, princess, lioness -ist: scientist, dentist, chemist artist， cyclist骑自行车的人，pianist n. 钢琴家 novelist n. 小说家 -ee: employee, trainee, absentee, payee interviewee 被面试的人 -ian: musician, technician(技师), physician, Russian Asian Canadian Indian-ese: Japanese, Chinese, -ant: assistant, inhabitant ( 居民) servant n. 仆人，佣人-(2) -ance, -ence, -tion, -ics, -ing, -ity, -ment, -ness, -sion, -th, -ty, -ure，-age, -al等用于构成表示行为、性质、状态等的抽象名词。-ance：acceptance, assistance, attendance guidance importance insurance -ence: difference, confidence absence convenience defense existence-tion: repetition, preparation, introduction application action collection celebration-ics: physics, economics politics n. 政治 gymnastics-ing: wedding, building, crossing beginning being 物，生物，人 boating 划船 我、drawing-ity: possibility, reality, popularity, similarity minority n. 少数；少数民族 majority n. 大多数equality n. 平等 -ment: development, government, judgment movement advertisement n. 广告 agreement n. 同意amusement n. 娱乐announcement n. 通告，通知 appointment n. 约会 development n. 发展，发达，disappointment n. 失望；沮丧-ness: illness, happiness eyewitness n. 目击证人 fairness n. 公平；公正goodness n. 善良，美德 kindness n. 仁慈；善良 -sion: decision revision permission n. 允许， possession n. 所有，拥有；财产，所有物admission n. 准入, 接纳 conclude v. 完成，结束 conclusion n. 结论；结束 discussion n. 讨论，辩论 expression n. 表达；词句；表示，说法；表情 impression n. 印象，-th: growth, truth, health length n. 长，长度strength n. 力量，力气 width -ty: safety, cruelty poverty. difficulty n. 困难，费力 -ure: failure, pleasure mixture n. 混合物 departure n. 离开，启程 exposure -age: postage shortage teenager n.（1319岁的）青少storage n. 贮藏；package n.一包，一袋，一盒-al: arrival survival refusal proposal burial n. 埋葬 2. 构成形容词的常用后缀有：-able, -ible, -al, -ful, -less, -ish, -ive, -ous, -an, -ic, -ly, -y, -ant, -ent, -ary, -en, -some等-able： comfortable acceptable reasonable a. 合乎情理的 enjoyable a. 愉快的； changablea.易变的， suitable a. 合适的，适宜的 -ible: responsible permissible possible -al : accidental critical ( 批判的) environmental practical a. 实际的，适用的 racial a. 种族的 technical a. 技术的，工艺的 agricultural a. 农业的 central a. 中心的，中央的；-ful: useful grateful helpful hopeful a. 有希望的harmful a. 有害的；grateful a. 感激的forgetful a. 健忘的，cheerful a.兴高采烈的-less: fearless homeless helpless endless a. 无止境的； 没完的 cordless a. 无线的careless a. 粗心的useless a. 无用的tasteless a. 无滋味的 -ish: childish selfish foolish a. 愚蠢的，傻的 -ive: active decisive (决定性的) attractive a. 迷人的，有吸引力的 aggressive a. 侵略的comprehensive indicative-ous： famous continuous( 连续不断的) ambitious dangerous a. 危险的 humorous a. 富于幽默的 mountainous a. 多山的 nervous a. 紧张不安的 poisonous a. 有毒的，致命的 various a. 各种各样的-ic: historic scientific heroic fantastic a.(口语)极好的，美妙的，energetic a. 精力旺盛的 basic a. 基本的 -ly: lively friendly (n.+ly) likely lovely brotherly sisterly motherly-y: dirty windy sunny thirsty snowy cloudy dusty a. 尘土般的，尘土多的-ant: hesitant significant(重大的) ignorant, significant, observant, important-ent: different dependent diligent, silent, excellent, frequent-ary: secondary imaginary stationary , revolutionary， temporary-en: golden woolen wooden, -some troublesome handsome burdensome, lonesome tiresome a. 令人厌倦的3. 构成副词的常用后缀有：-ly -ward(s) -wise -ly : calmly extremely clearly actively wrongly slowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, happily, friendly-ward(s): forward backward northward, downward4. 构成动词的常用后缀有： -ise/ ize -en -ify等-ise/ ize: normalize ( 正常化) modernize memorize realize summarize criticize,-en : widen sharpen lengthen strengthen soften , shorten, quicken, deepen-ify: beautify simplify purify , terrify, satisfy vt. 满足，使满意 notify（二） 前缀 （前缀一般不造成词类的转变，而只是引起词义上的变化）1 前缀中有相当一部分可构成反义词，如：un- dis- in- im- ir- il- non- de- 等un- ： unimportant unhappy unexpected undo 解开 unlock unlike unable, unknown, uncommon, uncomfortable, unfair, dis- : dislike dishonest dissatisfy, disappear, disorder, disagree disability n. 残疾；无能 disadvantage n. 不利条件；弱点 in- : informal inconvenient indirect inactive, incapable, inpatient, incorrect im- : impossible impolite immoral (p, m前) impersonal, immature, impracticalir- ： irregular irresponsible irresistible adj. 不可抵抗的 irreplaceable 不可替代的il- : illegal illogicnon- : nonsense(废话) non-exist Non-existent, non-interference, non-conductor, non-stop 2. 另有一些词缀表示其它意思re- (重新)： rewrite reform reread redo remarry, reunite, recyclemis- ( 错误地)： misspell misunderstand misfortune misbehavior mismatch misdirectionco- （共同）： cooperate co-exist co-author co-worker co-manage anti- （反，防）：anti-fascist anti-clockwise(逆时针的) anti-Japanese war anti-freeze， anti-wrinkle ，anti-virus ， anti-agingex- （前）： ex-president ex-husband ex-wife ex-boyfriend ex-headmasterfore- （预先，前）： forecast （预测）forehead forenoon foresee forefront 最前面 forefather 祖先self- （自我的）： self-service self-control self-study self-confidence self-introductionsuper- （超级，上层）：superman(women) supermarket superpower, 超级大国 supergirlsub- （下面的）： subway subconscious( 下意识的) subtitle, subcontinent, subway， subdivideinter- （之间的，互相）：interact international interchange internet interfacetrans- （跨越，移）： transport transmit translate transplant transworld transformsemi- （一半）： semi-final (半决赛)semi-circle semi-conductor 半导体 semi-automatic 半自动的 semi-formal 半正式vice- （副）： vice-chairman vice-president vice-premier 副总理 vice-manager vice directoruni- （单） uniform(一致的)unicycle unisex男女皆宜的 bi- （双）：bicycle bimonthly (双月的) bilingual tri- （三）： triangle tricycle triplets三胞胎multi- （多）： multinational multilateral (多边的) multiracial multicultural multichoice multifunctionalauto- （自己的，自动的） automation autobiography (自传) autonomous mid- （中间）：midday midnight mid-east midautumn n. 中秋 over- （上，过于） overpass (天桥) overdo over-estimate oversimplify overweight overbelieve二、合成法由两个或以上的词合成一个新词，这种构词法称为合成法（compounding）。 合成词有的要用连字符连接，有的则直接连在一起。1 合成形容词构成合成形容词的常见方法有：形容词+名词+ed warm-hearted 热心的 noble-minded 高尚的 good-tempered middle-aged, cold-blooded形容词+现在分词 good-looking easy-going 好说话的 fine-sounding free-thinking副词+现在分词 hard-working 勤劳的 far-reaching 深远的 farseeing 目光远大的名词+现在分词 peace-loving heart-breaking 令人心碎的 epoch-making 划时代的 beauty-loving,名词+过去分词 state-owned 国有的 heartfelt 由衷的 man-made, water-covered,副词+过去分词 widespread 广泛的 well-known 著名的 well-prepared形容词+名词 high-class 高级 large-scale 大规模的 first-class, full-time, part-time名词+ 形容词 seasick airsick duty-free 免税的 world-famous, day-long2 合成名词构成合成名词的常见方法有：名词+名词 silkworm 蚕 blood-test 验血 rainstorm horseback , banknote, newspaper, cellphone,形容词+名词 darkroom 暗室 madman 疯子 dryland back-yard, forehead,动名词+名词 waiting-room sleeping-pill hiding place, reading-room动词+名词 pickpocket 扒手 push-button 按钮 breakwater 防水提名词+动名词 handwriting sun-bathing 日光浴动词+副词 get-together聚会 breakthrough 突破副词+动词 out-break 爆发 downfall 垮台 income outnumber3 合成动词：构成合成动词的常见方法有：名词 + 动词 sleepwalk 梦游 hand-pick 手捡副词 + 动词 uphold 拥护 overthrow 推翻 undergo 承担形容词+动词 white-wash 粉刷 blacklist 列入黑名单 mass produce 批量生产三、 转化 在词形不变的情况下，一个单词由一种词类转化为另一词类，称为转化法（conversion）。 转化后的词义与转化前的词义通常有密切的联系，但有时差异也很大。chair n. 椅子 v. 主持nurse n. 护士 v. 护理bridge n. 桥 v. 以桥连接oil n. 油 v. 上油slow adj. 慢的 v. 减慢second num. 第二 v. 赞成forward adv. 向前 v. 转交有些双音节词转换后，重音发生变化。通常名词重音在前，动词重音在后。Contest 比赛 / 竞争 contrast 对比/ 形成对比Export 出口 / 出口 present 礼物 / 赠送Suspect 嫌疑犯 / 怀疑练习：1 写出下列词的名词形式employ act wait inhabit argue(employment action waiter/waitress inhabitant argument)paint decide feel prepare marry( painting decision feeling preparation marriage)please seize inquire refuse approve ( pleasure seizure inquiry refusal approval )accept difficult warm confident short(acceptance difficulty warmth confidence shortage )2 给下列词加上适当后缀构成形容词cheer decide friend agree apply ( cheerful decisive friendly agreeable applicablefame continue poet ignore day ( famous continuous poetic ignorant daily )accident snow science second trouble (accidental snowy scientific secondary troublesome ) wood talent India America comfort( wooden talented Indian American comfortable )3 给下列词加上适当前缀构成反义词connect dress true accurate moral (disconnect undress untrue inaccurate immoral )able resistible possible dependent cover(unable irresistible impossible independent uncover )regular understand order happy practical(irregular misunderstand disorder unhappy impractical )personal pack legal centralize( impersonal unpack illegal decentralize )词汇、语法综合训练（用括号中单词的适当形式填空）1. To my regret, your explanation is _ (satisfy). satisfying2. John and Tom had a _ (understand), but they have made it up now. misunderstanding3. Looking up, I saw her eyes fixed on me in _ (curious). curiosity4. Now he realized money is not everything, it is important to be _ (health) physically and mentally. healthy5. Every child looks forward to Christmas with great _ (eager). eagerness6. He was disappointed so often that he became _ (hope). hopeless7. Recently the boy has shown some _ (improve) in his study. improvement8. The little girl has obtained her mothers _ (permit) to go camping this Sunday. permission9. The boss showed such _ (patient) that he cut short my explanation. patience10. The policeman held up his hand so that children could cross the road in _ (safe). safety11. Singing after supper with me is one of my grandpas _ (relax). relaxation12. Everyone looked fresh and _ (energy) after the Spring Festival. energetic13. Many problems still exist that stand in the way of Chinese womens _ (contribute) to the society. contribution14. He said that he had never seen such a _ (imagine) film before. imaginary15. The mayor made a number of _ (construction) suggestions for those who attended the meeting. constructive16. Your suggestion is good, but there are some _ (practice) difficulties in adopting it. practical17. It seems there is something _ (mystery) about his family background. mysterious18. Nowadays some readers think they can not rely on the _ (accurate) of the media report. accuracy19. _ (ultimate), it depends on yourself whether you decide to buy the house. ultimately20. Facts and figures are given to make students realize the _ (necessary) of learning English. necessarity21. _ (admit) to the school is by entrance exam only. admission22. He was promoted to a post of great _ (responsible). responsibility23. The only _ (accessible) to the main building is along that dark corridor. access24. The teacher gave her personal _ (approve) to the exam rules. approval单选题1. That man was_ enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.A.