外文翻译--发动机连杆

附 录 A 外文文献原文 The connecting rod is one of the five big engine, engine is important safety pieces. The quality of the connecting rod directly influence engine performance and security. The connecting rod from the structure is not complex, but the connecting rod belongs to the typical irregular parts and high accuracy, connecting rod processing technology is more complex. This article through to the connecting rod processing technology introduction, and targeted support for connecting rod broken of new technology and new materials for specific process analysis, to realize the development of the advanced nature of the connecting rod processing. The connecting rod is to transfer the power of the important moving parts, it small head with the pistons for reciprocating motion, the major part of the crankshaft rotary motion, as with the rod body in size head movement under the synthesis of swing. In addition to withstand cyclical change, as well as gas impact bear the larger the inertial force. This requires connecting rod fatigue resistance, impact resistance, and have the enough strength, stiffness and good toughness. Because the structure of the engine is different, connecting rod structure vary slightly. But its basically piston sales by KongDuan (small head end), crankshaft pin KongDuan (big head end) and rod body of three parts. The crankshaft pin KongDuan for separate structure, body and cover bolted connection. The size of the connecting rod head height of the different structure, according to a contour and high two kinds, ranging in V type engine, in order to enable the compact structure, the connecting rod often use the structure of high range. The modern high-performance engines to the requirements of the connecting rod is light weight, high strength, good stiffness, the inertial force is small, as far as possible the reinforced technology and so on. Development trend is short connecting rod structure. Engine moving parts of the weight loss, and help to reduce the energy consumption and noise； Can improve engine emissions. On short of connecting rod demand because the engine is headed in small size and large power the direction of development. The connecting rod mechanical processing of the main technical requirements herein, small head connecting rod IT7 cylindricity 0.01 mm, surface roughness Ra1.6 um The big end hole IT5 IT6, surface roughness Ra0.8 um The connecting rod size head hole center distance + 0.03 0.05 mm The connecting rod size head hole parallel degree 0.02 0.06/100 mm The big end at both ends of the big hole facing verticality 0.06 0.1/100 mm, thickness tolerance (0.05 0.08 mm), and the surface roughness Ra0.8 um. The connecting rod weight tolerance + 3 + 8 g The connecting rod in the work under the multiplex alternating load, require a high intensity, the blank of the high strength carbon steel and mostly in carbon steel alloy die forging and into. In recent years, because of the connecting rod processing using support of new technology and broken powder metallurgical technology, the development of high carbon steel, malleable iron and powder metallurgy material also is widely used. In addition, some with new form and microstructure of materials, such as composite materials, aluminum alloy material fiber reinforcement can be used. Try to reduce blank surplus, improve the precision and reduce blank cutting force and the improvement of the machining efficiency. Every car number, production requirements of the machine tool, beat short machining efficiency and high precision. Due to poor, connecting rod itself rigid in positioning and clamping point when the choice, avoid need special attention in locating produce larger error and not stable in clamping deformation and the influence of the machining accuracy. Should follow the principle of unified standards, trying to avoid the benchmark replacement, to reduce the positioning error. Because of the connecting rod weight in a special requirements, so assembly shall be properly arrange weighing, to weight, weight working group. To demand higher surface processing, according to rough, half of pure, finishing in stages and in rough finish machining can arrange between secondary surface (such as size TouYou hole, bearings lock) processing, mouth slot to make the work have full time distortion, in order to eliminate stress, ensure the precision of the processing. The connecting rod main processing process analysis： 1.Both ends of the plane processing The connecting rod surface is connecting rod surface processing and other the positioning standards and connecting rod in some automatic line of automatic conveyer base surface. The plane, and between the two end at both ends and the crankshaft pin hole with each other between the accuracy requirement of the position. The first working procedure linkage processing is processing both ends plane. In size head hole before finishing, often also to two plane this precision. The connecting rod end processing general use of the grinding process. The connecting rod blank, of the two forging face pressure, fine size precision can reach + 0.15 0.20 mm +. The purpose is to improve the pure pressure blank precision, reduce surplus, make it no longer after turning, milling rough machining can direct grinding. Grinding way has two kinds: 1).In more than vertical shaft grinding wheel grinding surface grinder bosses on, this is a kind of the most commonly used in the machine tool, the way round the decorated grinding the adjacent at both ends, the connecting rod to end a fixture and small head external circular and big head a profile positioning, grinding, the face of a flip sides placed in another clamping fixture, grinding another end, through two times the installation, and the rotation with two laps, the a flip, finish grinding machine, both sides in a table can install DuoGe fixtures, the loading and discharging the auxiliary time and processing time overlap, so this is a highly efficient processing method. Size of the connecting rod, high class multi-purpose biaxial vertical shaft bosses or more surface grinder, head to the size range of link, used the high vertical five axis frustum surface grinding. 2). Adopts horizontal double grinding wheel to the grinding machine, the grinding and vertical shaft grinding wheel grinding machine more similar, in a large grinding wheel on the drum diameter wheel, equipped with DuoGe fixture, blank in the fixture, both sides to the location of the grinding wheel and the horizontal-axis installed in the two end face grinding workpiece fixture, this kind of means efficiency is very high also, also has the assistant time and the characteristics of the processing time overlap. Since the two end at the same time was grinding, no longer need to turn over face second installation. 2.Body and cover points in the plane of the surface and other processing The connecting rod in addition to two end other than a plane, including body and cover points and positioning of the face with side, and overall size head of blank connecting rod body cut and cover when cut half surface, mostly in successive broaching machine and cut. Successive pull with the following features: 1). A and pull cutting. In a large transmission chain, in turn on several clamp, installed with pull cutting through the area, the cut, cut each pull. These fixture type can, and therefore can be different will generally need two sets on broaching machine in the cutting process, complete, through the workpiece was installed in different kinds of jig method in a machine, combination on implementation. 2). In pull no empty cut tool for cutting process loss, and cutting tools motionless, fixture through the pull off the automatic cutting area, with the chain, the lower the expected return on the bed. 3).Mobile time and auxiliary time overlap. Successive pull cutting has the very high productivity, usually per hour for 200-300 pieces, some can reach 700 pieces or more. In addition, it also can pull, processing precision cutting surface stability, dimension tolerance can reach 0.05 mm, the tool life long. The body also can use this method cut cover. Continuous pull cutting method in it is the most widely used in processing connecting rod. 3. Bolt hole processing The connecting rod bolt hole are generally positioning part and tighten part, positioning for light, tighten hole part of screw holes, therefore, the bolt hole size and location accuracy is higher. As the light of the positioning on the drilling hole, after reaming holes will be. In order to improve the precision and the bolt hole gun drill and gun hinge processing. In large-scale automation production in recent years the established automatic system, combination machine tools automatic line with more and more, and as the whole processing part of the system, a combination of automatic line into, or to become a a long automatic line the combination parts. The combination machine tools automatic line more facilitate a multi-faceted processing, favorable to improve productivity. 4.Size head hole processing The connecting rod size head hole is the main processing parts, connecting the precision and finish requirements are very high, the accuracy of the scope is: Size head tolerance:-0.01 0.01 mm. Size head hole distance tolerance: + 0.02 + 0.05 mm. Size head hole taper and ellipse: 0.002 0.005 mm. Size head hole axis parallel degree: 0.03/100 mm. Size head hole axis distortion degree: 0.05 mm. The connecting rod size head hole processing can be divided into three stages: rough machining, half machining, finishing. The first stage in the body cover before assembly, behind the two stages in the body cover assembly, the early stage after general in the connecting rod two end processing and then began. The connecting rod small head hole because of the process as a benchmark, followed by positioning in the early stage should be processing to more precise size, and the big hole are not processing very fine. 5.The connecting rod body, cover assembly In the body, to control the assembly cover bolts of compaction force, in order to control the deformation and body cover after processing, the connecting rod DuoCi remove, all can keep the precision of the main processing surface stability. Therefore, in all the potential manufacturing/remanufacturing are used for stable wrench. Along with the processing process automation degree of body cover, the body the cover assembly and semi-automatic machine is very common, some assembly machine have been incorporated into automatic line. 6.Weighing and to heavy In order to make the engine in the process of operation, stable each cylinder connecting rod in reciprocating motion inertia in roughly the same size head of connecting rod, the total weight of weight and has strict requirements. General engine connecting rod size head weight tolerance for + 1.5 g, a total weight of + 3 g. Therefore, we must carry on the weighing, classification, remove excess weight, so as to meet the requirements of weight tolerance. The connecting rod to heavy process, weighing, general arrangement in the whole processing operations, mostly arranged in the back of the head size hole before finishing last in all processing procedure are again when the weight. Semi-automatic and fully automatic weighing device the common characteristics are weighing out of the weight, will become and proportional to the number of telecommunications, telecommunications, will go to the weight of the control of the milling head into give. 附 录 B 外文文献译文 连杆是发动机五大件之一，是发动机重要的安全件。连杆的质量直接影响发动机的使用性能和安全。连杆从结构上看并不复杂，但连杆属于典型的不规则件且连杆精度要求高，加工工艺比较复杂。本文通过对连杆加工工艺的介绍，并有针对性的对连杆撑断新工艺和新材料进行具体工艺分析，以了解其在连杆加工发展中的先进性。 连 杆是传递动力的重要运动部件，它的小头随活塞作往复运动，大头随曲轴作回转运动，杆身在大小头运动的合成下作摆动。除承受周期性变化的气体冲击外，还要承受较大的惯性力。这就要求连杆耐疲劳、抗冲击，并具有足够的强度、刚度及较好的韧性。 由于发动机的结构不同，连杆结构略有差异。但其基本上由活塞销孔端（小头端），曲轴销孔端（大头端）及杆身三部分组成。曲轴销孔端为分开式结构，体和盖用螺栓连接。连杆大小头端高度根据结构的不同，有等高和不等高两种，在 V 型发动机中，为了使结构紧凑，连杆经常采用不等高的结构。 现代的高性能发动机 对连杆的要求是重量轻、强度高、刚度好、惯性力小，尽量采用强化工艺等。发展趋势是采用短连杆结构。发动机运动部件重量的减轻，有助于降低能耗和噪声；可以改善发动机的排放。对短连杆的需求是因为发动机正朝着体积小和功率大的方向发展。 连杆机械加工的主要技术要求连杆小头底孔 IT7， 圆柱度 0.01mm， 表面粗糙度 Ra1.6 um。 连杆大头孔 IT5IT6， 表面粗糙度 Ra0.8 um。 连杆大小头孔中心距 0.030.05 mm。 连杆大小头孔平行度 0.020.06/100 mm。 连杆大头两端面对大头孔的垂直度 0.060.1/100 mm， 厚度公差 0.050.08 mm，表面粗糙度 Ra0.8 um。 连杆重量公差 38 克。 连杆在工作中承受多向的交变载荷，要求有很高的强度，毛坯大都采用高强度碳钢和中碳合金钢模锻而成。近年来，由于在连杆加工中采用撑断新工艺和粉末冶金技术的发展，高碳钢、可锻铸铁和粉末冶金材料也被广泛应用。另外，一些具有新型组成或微观结构的材料，如复合材料、铝纤维增强合金材料等也有应用。 尽量减少毛坯余量，提高毛坯精度，从而降低切削力和提高加工效率。 每车数量多，生产节拍短，要求机床的加 工效率和精度高。 由于连杆本身刚性差，在定位和夹紧点选择时需要特别注意，避免在定位时产生较大的误差和不稳定，在夹紧时产生变形而影响加工精度。 应遵循基准统一原则，尽量避免基准的更换，以减少定位误差。 由于连杆重量在装配时有特殊要求，所以要妥善安排称重、去重、重量分组等工序。 要求较高的表面加工，按照粗、半精、精加工分阶段进行，在粗精加工之间可安排次要表面（如大小头油孔、轴瓦锁口槽）的加工，使工件有充分的变形时间，以消除内应力，保证加工的精度。 连杆主要加工工艺分析： 1 两端平面的加工 连杆平面是连 杆其它表面加工时的定位基准和连杆在一些自动线中的自动输送的基面。其两端平面之间和两端面与曲轴销孔间有着相互位置精度的要求。连杆加工的首道工序就是加工两端平面。在大小头孔精加工前，往往还要对此两平面进行精加工。 连杆端面加工一般采用磨削工艺。在连杆毛坯锻造时，对这两端面进行精压，尺寸精度可达 0.15 0.20mm。 精压的目的就是提高毛坯精度，减少余量，使其不再经过车、铣粗加工就可直接磨削。磨削的方式有两种： 1). 在立轴多砂轮圆台平面磨床上磨削，这是最常用的一种方式，在机床的圆形工作台上，相邻布置着 磨削两端面的夹具，连杆以一端面及小头外圆以及大头一侧面定位，磨削一端面后，工件翻面放置在另一个夹具上，磨削另一端面，工件通过两次安装，并随工作台旋转两圈，经一次翻转，完成两面磨削，在机床的一个工作台上可装多个夹具，且装卸等辅助时间与加工时间重合，因此这是一种高效的加工方法。一般大小头等高的连杆，多用立式双轴或多轴圆台平面磨床，对大小头不等高的连杆，则采用立式五轴圆台平面磨床加工。大小头不等高的连杆现在大多采用在孔精加工前采用面车的方式加工或在最终清洗采用卧式双端面磨。 2). 采用卧式双砂轮对置磨床磨削， 这种磨削与立轴多砂轮磨床磨削类似，在一大直径鼓轮的转盘上，装有多个夹具，毛坯在夹具中定位，两边对置的卧轴砂轮同时对装于夹具中的工件两端面磨削，这种方式效率也很高，也具有辅助时间与加工时间重合的特点。由于两个端面同时被磨削，不再需要翻面二次安装。 2 体盖分合面及其它平面的加工 连杆除了两端面以外的其它平面，包括体盖分合面及作定位用的大小头侧面，以及整体连杆毛坯的体盖切开和切开后的半圆面，大多在连续式拉床上拉削。 连续式拉削具有下列的特点： 1)多件同时拉削。在一条大型的传动链上，依次装若干个夹具，夹具 带着被拉削工件通过拉削区域的各段，进行拉削。这些夹具类型可以不同，因而可以将一般需在两台拉床上完成的拉削工序，通过将工件装于不同种类的夹具上的方法，组合在一台机床上实现。 2)在拉削中没有刀具空程损失，因拉削时刀具不动，夹具通过拉削区，自动卸下工件后，随链条经床身下部返回上料端。 3)机动时间与辅助时间重合。连续式拉削具有很高的生产率，通常每小时为200 300 件，有的可达 700 件以上。此外还可以多面拉削，加工精度稳定，尺寸公差可达 0.05mm， 刀具寿命长。体盖切开也可用这种方法。连续拉削法在连杆加工中 用得最广泛。 3 螺栓孔的加工 连杆螺栓孔一般分为定位部分和紧固部分，定位部分为光孔，紧固部分为螺孔，因此，螺栓孔的尺寸和位置精度要求都比较高。