外文翻译--汽车雨刷

1 附 录 A Windshield Wiper Background Windshield wipers are used to clean the windshield of a car so that the driver has an unobstructed view of the road. A typical wipe angle for a passenger car is about 67 degrees. The blades are 12-30 in (30-76 cm) long with lengths increasing in 2-in (5-cm) increments. History The history of the windshield wiper began with the invention of the automobile. Most transportation vehicles did not have wipers. Horse-drawn carriages and trucks moved at slow speeds, and glass was not needed to protect the driver or passengers or to act as a windbreak. The first windshield wipers were brushes. Inventor J. H. Apjohn came up with a method of moving two brushes up and down on a vertical plate glass windshield in 1903. In the same year, Mary Anderson devised a swinging arm that swept rain off the windshield when the driver moved a lever located inside the car. Anderson patented her invention of the mechanical windshield wiper in 1905, and it became standard equipment by 1913. Electric motors were not used yet to power automobile essentials or accessories, and Andersons device had a drawback. Without another power source, a driver had to use one hand to move the lever. The drivers other hand steered the car (with either a wheel or steering tiller) and worked the stick-mounted gear shift and brake grips standing on the floor of the car or outside the drivers side on the running board. 2 Rubber strips replaced brushes as the cleaning tools on wipers in 1905. Unfortunately, the hazardous need for drivers to wipe windshields while driving was not eliminated until 1917. The solution was to use an electric motor to move a single wiper with a long rubber blade back and forth. Hawaiian dentist Dr. Ormand Wall invented the automatic wiper by placing an electric motor in the top center of the windshield so the wiper arced down over the hood of the car in a semi-circular or rainbow shape. Wipers were one of the first electrical devices in automobiles after the electric starter was developed in 1912. Most wipers on cars before 1930 were paired and hung down from the top of the windshield. They were moved to the base of the windshield as electrical systems became more complicated. Windshield washers were added to the wiper on/off levers, and these required spray nozzles in front of the windshield, a tank for washer fluid in the engine compartment, and electrical connections to coordinate these operations. In 1962, Bob Kearns invented the intermittent wiper with intervals and speeds that the driver could change. The advent of electronic systems with fuses and circuit breakers to operate, regulate, and coordinate electrical components expanded the possibilities for more diverse wipers. Wipers were added to headlights in the 1980s, requiring connections between the lighting and wiper systems. In the 1990s, microsensors were built into windshields to detect rain on the windshield, activate the wipers, and adjust speed and intermittent use for the amount of rain. Raw Materials The manufacturer purchases all of the parts from companies that specialize in fabricating parts from aluminum and steel, rubber blades, plastic bushings for the linkages, and the motors. Windshield wipers and windshield wiper systems (with motors) are different assemblies； some manufacturers make both, and others produce wipers only. The connecting and drive links and the pivots that move the wipers are made of galvanized steel. Galvanization is the process of applying zinc coating to steel to protect 3 it from corrosion. Drive arms for boats and vehicles used in the marine industry are made of stainless steel that resists damage from salt water. The wiper suspension and claws are also galvanized steel. The galvanizing zinc coating is easier to paint than uncoated steel. Steel is also the material in the small parts of wipers, such as washers, screws, nuts, springs, and brackets. The blade frame is made from aluminum. The blades are made of natural rubber or synthetic compounds. Some rubber blades are composites of soft rubber on the wiping edge (the squeegee surface) and firm rubber that supports the wiping edge in the rest of the blade. Other materials that comprise parts of windshield wipers are rubber for washers in the pivots and plastic bushings that line holes for connecting parts of the linkage. The wiper suspension is typically painted black. If the wiper manufacturer also builds wiper systems, motors are purchased from subcontractors. The motors are contained in steel housings and include permanent magnet motors wound with copper wire. Each housing has connections for the electrical wires that are part of the vehicle and wiring harnesses are furnished specific to operating the wipers. Each motor also contains one or more electronic circuits depending on the sophistication of the system that the motor controls. Design Windshield wipers are designed and made to clear water from a windshield. Most cars have two wipers on the windshield, and they may have one on the rear window and one on each headlight. The wiper parts visible from outside the car are the rubber blade, the wiper arm holding the blade, a spring linkage, and parts of the wiper pivots. The wiper itself has up to six parts called pressure points or claws that are small arms under the wiper. The claws distribute pressure from the wiper along the back of the blade. This is described as a balance beam with a suspension system, where the wiper is the beam and the claws are the suspension components. The claws keep the blade flexed against the windshield to distribute even pressure to clean the glass all along the blade. More 4 claws usually distribute the pressure better and are suited to large or highly curved windshields. Although the rubber is the familiar part of the blade, the blade actually includes a metal strip called a blade frame with a slot along the length of the frame and replacement holes in the frame. The replacement holes provide access for replacing the rubber blade with a refill. The blade on its aluminum frame can also be changed as a unit. The standard two windshield wipers are usually operated as a single-motor, tandem scheme with one wiper on the drivers side and one positioned near the middle of the windshield that moves across the passengers view. The wipers are secured to pivots. A wiper and pivot are mounted on brackets at both ends of a long rod called the connecting link, and, as the force from the motor pushes on the drivers end of the connecting link, it in turn moves the other wiper. The connecting link is attached to another long rod called the drive link near the wiper motor. A slender spring linkage ties the pivot to the drive link to return the wiper to its resting or park position, hug the wiper close to the windshield, and keep it attached to the car if the links are damaged. Between the motor and the drive link, a linkage system consisting of a cam (another short rod) and pivot, a gear output shaft, and a worm gear controls the force of the motor delivered to the drive arm. The worm gear slows the speed of the motor while multiplying its torque (force). The gear allows a small motor to produce enough force to move the blades across the glass. This description is based on using a single motor to drive both wipers. If one motor powers each wiper, more links are needed to move the two wipers together in a so-called unitized motor system. This multiplied force is required to accelerate the blades from being stopped at both 5 Windshield wiper systems. ends of their movement, to resist the friction of the rubber against the glass, to resist the friction of the rubber on dirt on the glass, and to oppose wind pressure on the windshield. Quality Control During assembly, the workers observe the conditions of the parts during their work, but their only specific quality control activity is to check the operation of the motors by turning them on to make sure they start and by listening to the sounds they make as indications of performance. The last inspection is performed when the assemblies are complete and before the wipers and systems are packed. The manufacturing director or final quality control inspectors look at the general appearance of the assemblies, confirm that the wipers have been sized and angled correctly for their sweep, and check that the assemblies are in the park position. The director or inspectors also check to see that the correct accessories are ready to be packed with the assemblies. Byproducts/Waste 6 Small quantities of steel and aluminum scraps from trimmings or rejected or damaged parts are collected in bins and sold to salvage dealers who, in turn, sell them to metal manufacturers who melt the scrap down for recycling. Packaging from received parts is also collected and recycled. The Future As of 2002, windshield wipers and wiper systems are evolving because of changes in automobiles and other vehicles, technical improvements, and consumer demand. Wiper blades are as much as 30 in (76 cm) long, creating more resistance as they clean the windshield. Night-vision screens for windshields are in development, and these also increase resistance and change the dimensions needed for wipers. Blades are being improved with increasingly flexible rubber, so-called boots that fit around the blades to keep out ice and snow, and nonstick coatings on the squeegee edges of the blades to keep oil and wax from adhering and aging them. Motor systems are also being increased in voltage to power longer wipers and more accessories. Engineers are investigating fully automated systems that do not require any actions by drivers to start and stop wiper systems. Inventors expect the capabilities of the rain-detecting sensors available in the late 1990s to widen to prompt the wipers to clean dirty windshields with no rain, for example. Windshield wipers are among most reliable automotive devices the design life of a wiper system is 1.5 million wipes. 7 附 录 B 雨 刷 背景 雨刷是专门用来清洁车辆上的挡风玻璃 ,这样司机就可以清晰地看到前方的道路了。乘务车上的雨刷一般倾斜角度大约在 67 度。雨刮片长度一般在 12-30 英尺左右 (即 30-76 cm)，长度增量在 2 英尺 (即 5cm)左右。 历史 挡风玻璃的雨刷起始于发明汽车的时期。当时大多数运输工具都没有雨刷，马车和卡车都是以很慢的速度移动 ,所以就不需要玻璃来保护司机和乘客或充当一个挡风物。 第一个雨刷采用是的毛刷。在 1903 年， 发明者 J. H. Apjohn 突然有了一个想法 ,就是在垂直的挡风玻璃上面上下移动两把刷子。同年 ,玛丽 安德森发明了一种摆动手臂可以把挡风玻璃上的雨水清除，这种装置是通过司机移动一个设置在车内的杠杆来操作的。 1905 年，安德森把她发明的机械挡风玻璃刮申请了专利 ,到了 1913 年这种机械装置成了运输工具上面的标准使用设备。当时还没有采用电动机来驱动重要设备及配件 ,因此安德森的设备有一个缺点。由于没有别的电源驱动 ,驾驶司机不得不腾出一只手来摆动车内的杠杆。而此时司机的另一只 手 需要来开车 (握着方向盘轮或掌着车舵柄 )， 还需要控制工作换档杆和制动钳控制杆，这些杆有可能在汽 车 内的地板上也可能处在靠近司机那一边的车外，而做这些动作时车辆是在行驶中的。 到了 1905 年，橡胶密封条取代了刷子成为挡风玻璃的清洗工具。不幸的是 ,一直到 1917 年，需要司机一 边 开车一边清洁挡风玻璃的这种危险行为才被废除了。而解决的办法就是要通过使用一个电动机驱动来回移动一个装有塑料雨刮片的雨刷。夏威夷的牙医 Ormand 发明的自动雨刮器是把电动机放置在挡风玻璃顶部的中心处，这样雨刷按照半圆形或彩虹的形状扫过车子的前壳。当 1912 年电力发动机被发明出来后，雨 刷成为最早一批使用在车辆上面的电气装备。大多数汽车雨刷在 1930年以前是成对使用的并且竖直悬挂在挡风玻璃的顶端。当电力系统可以被设计得更加复杂后，雨刷就被移动到挡风玻璃上的底部。 8 在雨刮的开 /关杠杆上添加了挡风玻璃刮垫圈 ,这就要求在挡风玻璃在前设置喷嘴 , 然后在发动机舱里面安置储液罐 ,并且还需设置电路连接线路以协调这些操作 .在 1962 年 , Bob Kearns 发明了一种司机可以自主改变运动间隔和速度的间歇式雨刮器。后来出现了一种电子系统 ,它内部可以添加保险丝和继电器来操作 ,调节 ,协调电器元件部分，从而使扩展 雨刷的多样性得以实现。到了 20 世纪 80 年代，人们把雨刷添加到前灯上 ,不过这需要把照明系统和雨刮系统连接起来。当发展到了 20 世纪 90 年代 ,人们在挡风玻璃上面应用了微型传感器，来检测下在挡风玻璃上的雨水 ,从而激活雨刷 ,并根据雨量来调节速度和运动间隔时间。 原材料 制造商所有的零件都是从专业从事某行业的公司购买来的，其中有从事铝和钢精密零 件 制造的公司、橡胶雨刮片公司、连杆塑料衬套公司以及专门生产电动机的公司。挡风玻璃上的雨刷和雨刷系统 (装配有电动机 )是不同的组件 ；有些制造商同时生产这些 ,但有的只是生产雨刷而已。 控制移动雨刷的连杆和驱动杆，以及枢轴都是由镀锌钢制造的。镀锌就是把锌电镀到钢得表面以保护钢铁不受腐蚀。船和车辆驱动臂用于船舶工业用不锈钢做的抵抗伤害从盐水。雨刷的悬架和钳也是用镀锌钢制造的。镀有涂层的钢铁表面比未镀锌涂层的钢铁刚容易涂漆。钢也是制造雨刷小部件的主要材料 ,比如垫圈 ,螺母、螺栓、弹簧和托架。 雨刮片的框架是用铝制造的，而雨刮片本身是以天然橡胶或合成物为材料制作的。有的橡胶雨刮片是用软橡胶和硬橡胶共同构成，把在软橡胶固定在擦刮板的边缘 (刮板的表面 )，而硬橡胶则构成了雨刮片其余部分并支撑着擦刮板的边 缘。 组成雨刷其他部分的材料有制作枢轴里垫圈的橡胶和制作连接杆件部分的孔的塑料轴衬。一般悬架系统会被涂成很明显的黑色。如果雨刷制造商也同时制造雨刷系统，那么电动机将也从这个供应商这里购买。而这些电动机都会被包在铁箱里面 ,包括用铜丝绕制的永磁电机。每个壳体一般都已经连接了电线 ,这些电线都是此交通工具的一部分，通过安装特定的的电线束来操作雨刷。根据电动机所控制的线路的复杂程度，每台电机内部还会包含一个或更多的电子电路。 设计 雨刷是设计用来从挡风玻璃上清除雨水。大多数汽车挡风玻璃上的有两个雨刷 , 9 一个在后窗另一个 在前照灯处。从外部可以看得出车上的雨刷是橡胶的雨刮片 ,雨刷臂支撑着雨刮片 ,弹簧连杆以及雨刷的枢轴部分。雨刷本身由六个部分构成，它们被称为压力点或爪 ,是在雨刷下面的小型机械臂。爪在雨刮片的背部沿着雨刮片为雨刷分散压力。这可以被描述为一种悬挂梁平衡系统 ,在这里面雨刷是梁、爪子是悬臂部分。爪子可以使雨刮片很灵活在挡风玻璃上通过分散压力来沿着雨刮片清洁玻璃。爪子越多就可以越有效地分散压力 ,就越适合大型和曲线明显的挡风玻璃。 尽