LITERATURE-REVIEW文献综述.ppt

LITERATUREREVIEW Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 2 WhatisLR Aliteraturereviewdiscussespublishedinformationinaparticularsubjectarea andsometimesinformationinaparticularsubjectareawithinacertaintimeperiod Aliteraturereviewcanbejustasimplesummaryofthesources butitusuallyhasanorganizationalpatternandcombinesbothsummaryandsynthesis Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 3 WhatisLR Asummaryisarecapoftheimportantinformationofthesource butasynthesisisare organization orareshuffling ofthatinformation Itmightgiveanewinterpretationofoldmaterialorcombinenewwitholdinterpretations Oritmighttracetheintellectualprogressionofthefield includingmajordebates Anddependingonthesituation theliteraturereviewmayevaluatethesourcesandadvisethereaderonthemostpertinentorrelevant Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 4 WhatisLR Theformatofareviewofliteraturemayvaryfromdisciplinetodisciplineandfromassignmenttoassignment Areviewmaybeaself containedunit anendinitself oraprefacetoandrationaleforengaginginprimaryresearch Areviewisarequiredpartofgrantandresearchproposalsandoftenachapterinthesesanddissertations Generally thepurposeofareviewistoanalyzecriticallyasegmentofapublishedbodyofknowledgethroughsummary classification andcomparisonofpriorresearchstudies reviewsofliterature andtheoreticalarticles Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 5 WhatisLR Aliteraturereviewistheeffectiveevaluationofselecteddocumentsonaresearchtopic Areviewmayformanessentialpartoftheresearchprocessormayconstitutearesearchprojectinitself Inthecontextofaresearchpaperorthesistheliteraturereviewisacriticalsynthesisofpreviousresearch Theevaluationoftheliteratureleadslogicallytotheresearchquestion Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 6 WhatisLR Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 7 WhywriteLR Literaturereviewsprovideyouwithahandyguidetoaparticulartopic Ifyouhavelimitedtimetoconductresearch literaturereviewscangiveyouanovervieworactasasteppingstone Literaturereviewsalsoprovideasolidbackgroundforaresearchpaper sinvestigation Comprehensiveknowledgeoftheliteratureofthefieldisessentialtomostresearchpapers Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 8 WhywriteLR Forprofessionals theyareusefulreportsthatkeepthemuptodatewithwhatiscurrentinthefield Forscholars thedepthandbreadthoftheliteraturereviewemphasizesthecredibilityofthewriterinhisorherfield Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 9 WhywriteLR Thepurposeofaliteraturereviewisforyoutotakeacriticallookattheliterature factsandviews thatalreadyexistsintheareayouareresearching Aliteraturereviewisnotashoppinglistofeverythingthatexists butacriticalanalysisthatshowsanevaluationoftheexistingliteratureandarelationshipbetweenthedifferentworks Itdemonstratestherelevanceoftheresearch Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 10 WhywriteLR Literaturecanincludebooks journalarticles internet electronicjournals newspapers magazines thesesanddissertations conferenceproceedings reports anddocumentaries Literaturereviewsarewrittenoccasionallyinthehumanities butmostlyinthesciencesandsocialsciences inexperimentandlabreports theyconstituteasectionofthepaper Sometimesaliteraturereviewiswrittenasapaperinitself Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 11 WhywriteLR Inthecontextofaresearchpaperonathesis theliteraturereviewprovidesabackgroundtothestudybeingproposed Thebackgroundmayconsideroneormoreofthefollowingaspectsdependingontheresearchquestionbeingposed Theoreticalbackground past presentorfutureClinicalpractice previousorcontemporaryMethodologyand orresearchmethodsPreviousfindingsRationaleand orrelevanceofthecurrentstudy Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 12 WhywriteLR InabroadercontextHart 1998 liststhefollowingpurposesofareview Distinguishingwhathasbeendonefromwhatneedstobedone Discoveringimportantvariablesrelevanttothetopic Synthesisingandgaininganewperspective Identifyingrelationshipsbetweenideasandpractice Establishingthecontextofthetopicorproblem Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 13 WhywriteLR Rationalisingthesignificanceoftheproblem Enhancingandacquiringthesubjectvocabulary Understandingthestructureofthesubject Relatingideasandtheorytoapplications Identifyingmethodologiesandtechniquesthathavebeenused Placingtheresearchinahistoricalcontexttoshowfamiliaritywithstate of the artdevelopments Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 14 WhywriteLR Itspurposeisto PlaceeachworkinthecontextofitscontributiontotheunderstandingofthesubjectunderreviewDescribetherelationshipofeachworktotheothersunderconsiderationIdentifynewwaystointerpret andshedlightonanygapsin previousresearchResolveconflictsamongstseeminglycontradictorypreviousstudiesIdentifyareasofpriorscholarshiptopreventduplicationofeffortPointthewayforwardforfurtherresearchPlaceone soriginalwork inthecaseofthesesordissertations inthecontextofexistingliterature Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 15 WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview ClarifyIfyourassignmentisnotveryspecific seekclarificationfromyoursupervisor lecturer Roughlyhowmanysourcesshouldyouinclude Whattypesofsources books journalarticles websites Shouldyousummarize synthesize orcritiqueyoursourcesbydiscussingacommonthemeorissue Shouldyouevaluateyoursources Shouldyouprovidesubheadingsandotherbackgroundinformation suchasdefinitionsand orahistory Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 16 WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview FindmodelsLookforotherliteraturereviewsinyourareaofinterestorinthedisciplineandreadthemtogetasenseofthetypesofthemesyoumightwanttolookforinyourownresearchorwaystoorganizeyourfinalreview Youcansimplyputtheword review inyoursearchenginealongwithyourothertopictermstofindarticlesofthistypeontheInternetorinanelectronicdatabase Thebibliographyorreferencesectionofsourcesyou vealreadyreadarealsoexcellententrypointsintoyourownresearch Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 17 WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview NarrowyourtopicTherearehundredsoreventhousandsofarticlesandbooksonmostareasofstudy Thenarroweryourtopic theeasieritwillbetolimitthenumberofsourcesyouneedtoreadinordertogetagoodsurveyofthematerial Yourinstructorwillprobablynotexpectyoutoreadeverythingthat soutthereonthetopic butyou llmakeyourjobeasierifyoufirstlimityourscope Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 18 WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview ConsiderwhetheryoursourcesarecurrentSomedisciplinesrequirethatyouuseinformationthatisascurrentaspossible Inthesciences forinstance treatmentsformedicalproblemsareconstantlychangingaccordingtothelateststudies Informationeventwoyearsoldcouldbeobsolete Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 19 WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview However ifyouarewritingareviewinthehumanities history orsocialsciences asurveyofthehistoryoftheliteraturemaybewhatisneeded becausewhatisimportantishowperspectiveshavechangedthroughtheyearsorwithinacertaintimeperiod Trysortingthroughsomeothercurrentbibliographiesorliteraturereviewsinthefieldtogetasenseofwhatyourdisciplineexpects Youcanalsousethismethodtoconsiderwhatis hot andwhatisnot Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 20 WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview FindafocusAliteraturereview likeatermpaper isusuallyorganizedaroundideas notthesourcesthemselvesasanannotatedbibliographywouldbeorganized Thismeansthatyouwillnotjustsimplylistyoursourcesandgointodetailabouteachoneofthem oneatatime No Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 21 WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview Asyoureadwidelybutselectivelyinyourtopicarea considerinsteadwhatthemesorissuesconnectyoursourcestogether Dotheypresentoneordifferentsolutions Isthereanaspectofthefieldthatismissing Howwelldotheypresentthematerialanddotheyportrayitaccordingtoanappropriatetheory Dotheyrevealatrendinthefield Aragingdebate Pickoneofthesethemestofocustheorganizationofyourreview Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 22 WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview ConstructaworkingthesisstatementThenusethefocusyou vefoundtoconstructathesisstatement Yes Literaturereviewshavethesisstatementsaswell However yourthesisstatementwillnotnecessarilyargueforapositionoranopinion ratheritwillargueforaparticularperspectiveonthematerial Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 23 WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview Somesamplethesisstatementsforliteraturereviewsareasfollows Thecurrenttrendintreatmentforcongestiveheartfailurecombinessurgeryandmedicine Moreandmoreculturalstudiesscholarsareacceptingpopularmediaasasubjectworthyofacademicconsideration Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 24 WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview ConsiderorganizationYou vegotafocus andyou venarroweditdowntoathesisstatement Nowwhatisthemosteffectivewayofpresentingtheinformation Whatarethemostimportanttopics subtopics etc thatyourreviewneedstoinclude Andinwhatordershouldyoupresentthem Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 25 WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview Developanorganizationforyourreviewatbothaglobalandlocallevel First coverthebasiccategoriesJustlikemostacademicpapers literaturereviewsalsomustcontainatleastthreebasicelements anintroductionorbackgroundinformationsection thebodyofthereviewcontainingthediscussionofsources and finally aconclusionand orrecommendationssectiontoendthepaper Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 26 WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview Introduction Givesaquickideaofthetopicoftheliteraturereview suchasthecentralthemeororganizationalpattern Body Containsyourdiscussionofsourcesandisorganizedeitherchronologically thematically ormethodologically seebelowformoreinformationoneach Conclusions Recommendations Discusswhatyouhavedrawnfromreviewingliteraturesofar Wheremightthediscussionproceed Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 27 WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview Theintroductionshouldprovidethereaderwiththescaleandstructureofyourreview Itservesasakindofmap Thebodyofthereviewdependsonhowyouhaveorganisedyourkeypoints Literaturereviewsatpostgraduatelevelshouldbeevaluativeandnotmerelydescriptive Forexamplepossiblereasonsforsimilaritiesordifferencesbetweenstudiesareconsideredratherthanamereidentificationofthem Theconclusionofthereviewneedstosumupthemainfindingsofyourresearchintotheliterature Thefindingscanberelatedtotheaimsofthestudyyouareproposingtodo Thereaderisthusprovidedwithacoherentbackgroundtothecurrentstudy Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 28 WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview OrganizingthebodyOnceyouhavethebasiccategoriesinplace thenyoumustconsiderhowyouwillpresentthesourcesthemselveswithinthebodyofyourpaper Createanorganizationalmethodtofocusthissectionevenfurther Tohelpyoucomeupwithanoverallorganizationalframeworkforyourreview considerthesixtypicalwaysoforganizingthesourcesintoareview ChronologicalBypublicationBytrendThematicMethodologicalQuestionsforFurtherResearch Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 29 WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview Similartoprimaryresearch developmentoftheliteraturereviewrequiresfourstages Problemformulation whichtopicorfieldisbeingexaminedandwhatareitscomponentissues Literaturesearch findingmaterialsrelevanttothesubjectbeingexploredDataevaluation determiningwhichliteraturemakesasignificantcontributiontotheunderstandingofthetopicAnalysisandinterpretation discussingthefindingsandconclusionsofpertinentliterature Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 30 Whatshouldyouwrite theacceptedfactsintheareathepopularopinionthemainvariablestherelationshipbetweenconceptsandvariablesshortcomingsintheexistingfindingslimitationsinthemethodsusedintheexistingfindingstherelevanceofyourresearchsuggestionsforfurtherresearchinthearea Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 31 Whatshouldyouwrite Literaturereviewsshouldcomprisethefollowingelements Anoverviewofthesubject issueortheoryunderconsideration alongwiththeobjectivesoftheliteraturereviewDivisionofworksunderreviewintocategories e g thoseinsupportofaparticularposition thoseagainst andthoseofferingalternativethesesentirely ExplanationofhoweachworkissimilartoandhowitvariesfromtheothersConclusionsastowhichpiecesarebestconsideredintheirargument aremostconvincingoftheiropinions andmakethegreatestcontributiontotheunderstandinganddevelopmentoftheirareaofresearch Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 32 Whatshouldyouwrite Inassessingeachpiece considerationshouldbegivento Provenance Whataretheauthor scredentials Aretheauthor sargumentssupportedbyevidence e g primaryhistoricalmaterial casestudies narratives statistics recentscientificfindings Objectivity Istheauthor sperspectiveeven handedorprejudicial Iscontrarydataconsideredoriscertainpertinentinformationignoredtoprovetheauthor spoint Persuasiveness Whichoftheauthor sthesesaremost leastconvincing Value Aretheauthor sargumentsandconclusionsconvincing Doestheworkultimatelycontributeinanysignificantwaytoanunderstandingofthesubject Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 33 Whatshouldyouwrite LayoutMakeyourliteraturereviewhaveanacademicandprofessionalappearance HerearesomepointstomakethelookofyourreportappealingtothereaderWhitespace leavespacebetweensections especiallyfromtheabstract Thisgivesanunclutteredeffect Headings sub headings thesehelptoseparateideas Textboxes youcanusetheseforquotationsorparaphrasingtoseparatethemfromtherestofyourtext Itisalsopleasingtotheeye Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 34 Whatshouldyouwrite Graphics centreyourgraphics suchasdiagramsortables tohavespacearoundthem Trynottoburygraphicsinyourtext Pagination youcannumberpagesorsectionsorboth buttheimportantthingtodoistobeconsistent Thecoverpagenormallyisnotnumbered Thecontentpageandabstractpageusuallyhaveaseparatenumberingsystemtothebodyofyourliteraturereview Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 35 Whatshouldyouwrite LanguagefocusCreateabalancebetweendirectquotation citation andparaphrasing Avoidtoomuchdirectquoting Theverbtensechosendependsonyouremphasis Whenyouarecitingaspecificauthor sfindings usethepasttense found demonstrated Whenyouarewritingaboutanacceptedfact usethepresenttense demonstrates finds andWhenyouarecitingseveralauthorsormakingageneralstatement usethepresentperfecttense haveshown havefound littleresearchhasbeendone Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 36 Whatshouldyouwrite FinalchecklistHaveIfulfilledthepurposeoftheliteraturereview Isitwrittenatalevelappropriatetoitsaudience Areitsfactscorrect Isalltheinformationincludedrelevant Arethelayoutandpresentationeasyontheeye Isthelanguageclear conciseandacademic Doestheabstractsummarisetheentirereview Doestheintroductionadequatelyintroducethetopic Isthebodyorganisedlogically Doestheconclusioninterpret analyseandevaluate Aretherecommendationsreasonable Doesthetableofcontentscorrespondwiththeactualcontents Arepagenumberscorrect HaveIacknowledgedallsourcesofinformationthroughcorrectreferencing HaveIcheckedspelling grammarandpunctuation HaveIcarefullyproof readthefinaldraft Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 37 Howtoreview Thewholeprocessofreviewingincludes a Searchingforliteratureb Sortingandprioritisingtheretrievedliteraturec Analyticalreadingofpapersd Evaluativereadingofpaperse Comparisonacrossstudiesf Organisingthecontentg Writingthereview Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 38 Howtoreview ComparisonacrossstudiesTheaimistoextractkeypointsbycomparingandcontrastingACROSSstudies insteadofreadingonepaperafteranother Keypointsforareviewmayconcernareasofsimilaritiesand ordifferencesin Researchaim s orhypothesesResearchdesignandsamplingInstrumentsandproceduresusedHowdatawereanalysedResultsorfindingsInterpretations Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 39 Howtoreview Findsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenstudiesatdifferentlevels e g philosophy epistemology morality methodology methods typesofdata dataanalysis interpretation Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 40 Howtoreview Setoutyourthinkingonpaperthroughmapsandtrees Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 41 Howtoreview Tipsonwriting Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 42 Howtoreview Pitfalls Vaguenessduetotoomuchorinappropriategeneralisations Limitedrange Insufficientinformation Irrelevantmaterial Omissionofcontrastingview Omissionofrecentwork Dr LiliAnn SMM4999 LiteratureReview 43 Example Earlyworkshaveaddressedsomeoftheproblemsandissuesdiscussedinvideoretrieval Researchershavedevelopedideasandtoolsforsupportingvideoediting forexamplein 8 Theyhavedefinedaseamlessvideoeditinginthegradientdomain Thespatio temporalgradientfieldsoftargetvideosaremodifiedormixedtogenerateanewgradientfield whichisusuallynotintegrateable Theyhavealsodescribedhowsemanticinformationaboutvideocanbestructuredandusedforcontent basedaccess Fromageneralvideoarchivepointofview theproblemwiththistoolisthelackofsupportformanagingvideodocumentstructures Adigitalvideoarchiveservingdifferentcategoriesofusersshould