机械考研专业英语.doc

第一课一It is also important to consider how the design process fits with all functions that must happen to deliver a satisfactory product to the customer and to service the product throughout its life cycle.考虑设计过程如何，满足所有功能也是很重要的，这些功能必须恰好把满意的产品交给顾客，并在整个产品的生命周期内服务该产品。二Such as gears, belt drives, chain drives, shafts , bearings , keys, splines , couplings, sesls , springs , connections (bolted, riveted , welded, adhesive ), electric motors , linear ,motion devices, clutches , and brakes 例如齿轮，传送带，链传动，轴，轴承，键，花键，联轴器，密封圈，弹簧，连接件（螺栓、铆钉、焊接、胶黏剂），电动机，线型的，动力装置，离合器和制动。三Functions tell us what the device must do, using general , nonquantitative statements that employ action phrases such as “to support a load ”, “lift a crate”,”to transmit power ”, or “to hold two structural members together ”,etc.有的功能告诉我们一些装置必须做的事，用大体的，非定量的声明那些使用行动的词组，例如：“支撑一个载体”，“抬起一个箱子”，“传动能量”，或者“把两种构件结合在一起”等。 第二课四、Tools , knives , chisels, and many agricultural implement components are among these uses. 有的功能告诉我们一些装置必须做的事，用大体的，非定量的声明那些使用行动的词组，例如：“支撑一个载体”，“抬起一个箱子”，“传动能量”，或者“把两种构件结合在一起”等。五、These alloys are nonmagnetic and are typically used in food processing equipment .这些合金是没有磁性的和典型的用于食品加工装备。 第三课六、Thermosetting plastics do undergo some changes during forming and result in a structure in which the molecules are cross-linked and formed a network of interconnected molecules . Some designers recommend the terms “linear” and “cross-linked ” in place of the more familiar thermoplastic and thermosetting.成型期间，热固性塑料结构的确要发生一些改变，造成分子交叉链接，分子之间形成一种网络。一些设计者介绍术语“线形”和“网状型”来代替更为熟悉的热塑性和热固性。七、The matrix serves to hold the filler in a favorable orientation which is relative to the manner of load and to distribute the loads to the filler. 基料的作用在于使填充料在相对于载荷保持有利的定位，并将载荷分散到填充料上。 第四课(必考)八、Gears are toothed , cylindrical wheels used for transmitting motion and power from one rotating shaft to another , The teeth of a driving gear mesh accurately in the spaces between teeth on the driven gear . The driving teeth push on the driven teeth , exerting a force perpendicular to the radius of the gear . Thus , a torque is transmitted , and because the gear is rotating , power is also transmitted .齿轮是有齿的，圆柱型的轮子，用把运动和能量从一个轴传递到另一个轴,主动轮的齿准确啮合在从动轮的轮齿之间。主动轮的齿推动从动轮的齿,产生一个垂直于齿轮半径的力矩。因此,可以传输扭矩,并且由于齿轮的旋转、还能传递能量。九、An involute curve by taking a cylinder and wrapping a string around its circumference can be seen。Tie a pencil to the end of the string , Then start with the pencil tight against the cylinder ,and hold the string taut Move the pencil away from the cylinder while keeping the string taut , The curve drawed is an involute . 用一个圆柱体和包在它表面的一条线可以演示一条渐开线曲线的生成。在绳子的末端绑个铅笔,把绳子紧绕在圆柱体上到铅笔紧靠近其表面，然后拉紧绳子使铅笔远离缸,画得的曲线就是一条渐开线。十、On helical gears ,the teeth are inclined at an angle with the axis , that angle being called the helix angle . If the gear was very wide , it in a continuous , helical path . 对斜齿圆柱齿轮，轮齿与轴有一定的角度,这个角被称为螺旋角。如果齿轮很宽,轮齿会延一个连续的、螺旋路径。十一、To achieve this arrangement , it is required that one gear should be of the right-hand design and that the other be left-hand with an equal helix angle . If both gears in mesh are of the same hand , the shafts will be at 90 degrees to each other . Such gears are called crossed helical gears.为了实现这一安排,这就要求我们一个齿轮应设计为右旋,另一个是有相同螺旋角的左旋的。如果两个啮合的齿轮是相同的旋向,轴将会相互成90度。这种被称为交错轴斜齿轮。第六课十二、The components of atypical rolling contact bearing are the inner race , the outer race , and the rolling elements .滚动轴承的典型结构是内圈，外圈，滚动体。十三、The axial components of the forces on helical gears , worms and wormgears , and bevel gears are thrust loads .在斜齿轮，涡轮蜗杆和锥齿轮上受的轴向力为推力。十四、The inner race is typically pressed on the shaft at the bearing seat with a slight interference fit to ensure that that it rotates with the shaft .轴承内圈和轴是典型的，有轻微的过盈配合，压在轴承座以确保它饶轴转动。第七课十五、Some designers prefer flat belts for delicate machinery because the belt will slip if the torque tends to rise to a level high enough to damage the machine .一些设计师喜欢把平皮带用在精密机械上,因为如果扭矩趋于上升到一个高等级,会损坏机器时，皮带可以滑动。第一课Marketing professionals are often employed to manage the definition of customer expectations, but designers will likely work with them as a part of a product development team. 经常请市场专业人员来对顾客期望进行评定，但设计人员却很可能作为产品开发小组的一部分与市场专业人员一起合作。 One popular method ,called quality function deployment or QFD, seeks(1)to identify all of the features and performance factors that customer desire and(2) to assess the relative importance of these factors.一种通用的方法，称为质量功能展开（简称QFD），寻求识别顾客期望的所有特征和性能因素，并用于评定这些因素之间的相对重要性。Ii is also important to consider how the design process fits with all functions that must happen to deliver a satisfactory product to the customer and to service the product throughout its life cycle.考虑设计过程如何满足所有功能也是很重要的。这些功能必须恰好把满意的产品交给顾客，并在整个产品的生命周期内服务该产品。Section 1 emphasized the importance of carefully identifying the needs and expectations of the customer prior to beginning the design of a mechanical device.在第一部分强调了在开始设计机械装置之前仔细地了解顾客要求与期望的重要性。第二课The other elements affect hardenability, toughness, corrosion resistance, machinability, and strength retention at high temperatures.其他元素影响硬度，韧性，防腐蚀性，可加工性以及高温下强度保持性。Although most steel alloys contain less than 1.0%carbon,it is included in the designation because of its effect on the properties of steel.尽管大多是合金钢中碳的含量不足1.0%，但由于它会影响钢的特性，因此，合金钢的牌号中要包含碳的含量。Whereas most uses of tool steels are related to the field of manufacturing engineering, they are also pertinent to machine design where the ability to maintain a keen edge under abrasive conditions is required.尽管大部分工具钢都用在与制造工程相关的领域，然而，在腐蚀环境下，需要保持边缘锋利时，也与机床设计有关。Also, some tool steels have rather high shock resistance which may be desirable in machine components such as parts for mechanical clutches, pawls, blades, guides for moving materials and clamps.同样，一些工具钢也具有比较高的抗冲击能力，这种抗冲击能力对机床零件是很有利的，如机床离合器，棘爪，刀刃等零件，移动部件中的导向装置以及夹具。第三课Thermosetting plastics do undergo some changes during forming and result in a structure in which the molecules in which the molecules are cross linked and formed a network of interconnected molecules 成型期间，热固性塑料结构的确要发生一些改变，造城防分子交叉连接，分子之间形成一种网络。Designers can tailor the properties of composite materials to meet the specific needs of a particular application设计人员可以调整复合材料的特性，使之适合特殊适用场合的特殊要求。Tailor.to.使.适合.的要求（需要，条件等）When the two materials are bonded together，much of the load-carrying ability of the composite is produced by the filler material当两种材料结合在一起时，复合材料的承载能力取决于填充材料The matrix serves to hold the filler in a favorable orientation which is relative to the manner of loading and to distribute the loads to the filler基料的作用在于使填充料在相对于载荷保持有利的定位，并将在和分散到填充料上。第四课 The driving teeth push on the driven teeth , exerting a force perpendicular to the radius of the gear.主动轮齿推动从动轮齿运动，产生一个垂直于齿轮半径方向的力。Otherwise there would be speeding up or slowing down during the engagement , with the resulting accelerations causing vibration , noise , and dangerous torsional oscillations in the system .若情况并非如此，啮合时，时而加速，时而减速，产生的加速度会引起系统振动、噪声以及危险的扭转摆动。It is a fundamental principle of kinematics , the study of motion , that if the line drawn perpendicular to the surfaces of two rotating bodies at the point of contact always crosses the centerline between the two bodies at the same place , the angular velocity ratio of the two bodies will be constant .研究运动的运动学的一条基本原理是， 如果在接触点垂直于两个定轴转动物体的直线总是过两物体的中心线，则两物体的角速度保持常数。The parallel shaft arrangement for helical gears is preferred because it results in a much higher power-transmitting capacity for a given size of gear than the crossed helical arrangement.对斜齿轮优先安排平行轴安装，因为对于一定尺寸的齿轮， 平行轴安装可比交错轴安装传递更大的功率。 第五课1）A key is the machinery component placed at the interface between a shaft and the hub of a power-transmitting element for the purpose of transmitting torque.键是一种置于轴与传递动力的轮毂之间的机械零件，用于传递转矩。2) The rectangular key is recommended for larger shafts and is used for smaller shafts where the shorter height can be tolerated.对于较大的轴，推荐采用矩形键，当高度较低的一边允许时，可用于较小的轴。3) This design is desirable for certain kinds of equipment in which precise alignment of two shafts is required and can be provided.对于某些设备而言，当两轴要求具有精确的对中性时，这种设计才是令人满意的。4) A typical rigid coupling in which flanges are mounted on the ends of each shaft and are drawn together by a series of bolts.典型的刚性联轴器每根轴的末端装上凸缘并用螺栓连在一起。第六课The term rolling contact bearings refers to the wide variety of bearings that use spherical balls or some other type of roller between the stationary and the moving elements.滚动接触轴承是指在静止原件与运动原件之间使用球或其他类型滚动体的、种类繁多的轴承。Misalignment refers to the angular deviation of the axis of the shaft at the bearing from the true axis of the bearing itself.偏斜是指轴在轴承上的中心线与轴承自身中心线的角度偏差。A bearing with a fair rating can withstand up to 0.15,while a poor rating indicates that rigid shafts with less than 0.05of misalignment are required.较高等级的轴承最高可以承受0.15的偏斜，而较低等级的则要求刚性轴的偏斜小于0.05。The inner race is typically pressed on the shaft at the bearing seat with a slight interference fit to ensure that it rotates with the shaft.一般，内圈压到轴承上的轴上，二者为过盈配合，以确保同轴一起转动。第七课Rotary power is developed by the electric motor , but motors typically operate at too high a speed and deliver too low a torque too low a torque to be appropriate for the final drive application. 回转动力尽管由电动机供给， 然而，一般的电动机由于转速过高、传递转矩过低，无法成为最终的驱动装置。A smaller drive pulley is attached to the motor shaft , while a larger diameter pulley is attached to a parallel shaft that operates at a correspondingly lower speed .较小的带轮作为驱动轮， 安装在电动轴上，而较大的带轮安装在输出速度相对较低的平行轴上。Some designers prefer flat belts for delicate machinery because the belt will slip if the torque tends to rise to a level high enough to damage the machine .对于精密机械， 一些设计人员偏爱平带， 这是因为当转矩超过一定值对机械造成损坏时， 平带会打滑。These data can be used for very low speed drives or for applications in which the function of the chain is to apply a tensile force or to support a load . 当链条低速运动或链条主要用来提供拉力或支撑负载时，就可以使用这些抗拉强度的数据。第八课The designer can easily conceptualize the part designed on the graphics screen and can consider alternative designs or modify a particular a particular design to meet specific requirements . 设计人员 可以不费力气地在图形屏幕上获得想要设计的零件概念， 并能考虑几种可能的设计方案， 或者修正某种设计来满足具体的设计要求。Just as any area can be broken down into quadrants , any volume can be broken down into octants , which are then identified as solid , void , or partially filled . 正如任何面积可以分解成为四等份一样， 任何体积也可以分解为把等份， 然后作为实体、空穴或部分填充进行识别。During the design review and evaluation stage , the part is dimensioned and toleranced precisely to the full degree required for manufacturing it .在设计评审与评估阶段，零件被最大程度地标注准确尺寸并规定公差， 以满足制造要求。The CAD system is also capable of developing and drafting sectional views of the part , scaling the drawings, and performing transformations in order to present various ,views of the part . CAD 系统也能够生成零件剖视草图并进行缩放、绘制，同时也可以进行转换以呈现零件的各种剖面。第九课The metal are brought to temperatures near their melting points by the time they are ready to be forced through the die openings . 到金属将被挤压过模腔时，它已经加热到接近其熔点。Extrusion of refractory metals by these machines has been shown to be very promising. 用这种机器冲压难熔金属的方法已显示出是很有前景的。These machines can extrude materials which would be very difficult for conventional equipment, or would require conventional machines of enormous size because of the energy requirements .这种机器能够冲压用普通设备很难完成的材料挤压或者是出于能量的要求需要巨型的普通机器才能进行冲压。a brief overview概要Abrasion磨去，磨蚀Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene(ABS)丙烯Advanced composites高级合成材料Alloy 合金American society for testing and materials ASTM 美国材料试验协会Assembly and disassembly of the shaft system 轴系的拆装系统 Austenitic 奥氏体的Autodesk 美国电脑软件公司，生产计算机辅助设计软件Axial thrust load 轴向推力axial thrust load轴向推力载荷Base circle 基圆be disposed of处理Bearing materials 轴承材料Belt exerts a tangential force on the driven sheave 带对从动轴施加切向力Belt whip 带抖动Bevel gear 锥齿轮Biomedical applications 医学应用Brittle易碎的Centrifugal effects determine the upper limit of speed 离心力的影响Centrifugal force 离心力Chemical resistance抗化学性Chromium 铬clutch离合器 Cog belt 嵌齿带compete with 与.相匹配 .Composite materials 合成材料Computer-aided design (CAD)计算机辅助设计Computer-aided design 计算机辅助设计Conceptualize 概念化Concurrent engineeringconcurrent engineering 并行工程，同步工程Conjugate curves共轭曲线Constant proportion 恒比Contaminants 污染物Contaminant杂质Corrosion potential 潜在的腐蚀性Corrosion protection 防腐Crank press 曲柄压床Crank-throw 曲柄行程Data exchange 数据交换Delicate 精密的Design analysis and optimization 设计分析和优化disengagement脱离，分开Drawing exchange format 图形交换格式Ductility 延展性 Durability 耐用性，耐久性Engagement 啮合evaluation criteria 评定标准 Exchange specifications 交换规范Extruding is classified as hot extrusion and cold extrusion。挤压分为热挤压，冷挤压Fabrication制作Ferritic 铁素体Financial capital 金融资本Flat belt 平带Flexible power transmission elements 柔性的功率传输件Fuel-injection nozzle 喷油嘴Geometric modeling of components 计算机几何建模Global marketing 全球市场Groove 凹槽Heat treatment 热处理Helical gear 斜齿轮Helix angle 螺旋角High strength steel or ceramic 高强度钢和陶瓷Hub 轮毂Hydraulic cylinder 液压缸Impact absorbing devices 减振系统In hundredths of a percent 万分之几一Initial graphics exchange specification初始图形交换标准Interactive computer graphics 交互式计算机绘画Involute 渐开线Keyseat 键槽Key键Large molecules 大分子Leakage泄漏，渗漏Life expectancy of the system 密封装置的寿命Linear speed 线速度Lubricant润滑剂Machinability 可加工性Machine elements 机械元件Machinery component 机械零件Manganese 锰marketing professionals市场专业人员Martensitic 马氏体的Mesh 啮合Metal matrix金属基体Meter parts 仪器仪表Modeling bone 骨骼建模Molecule 分子Molybdenum 钼Nontraditional 非传统的Octant八分圆orientation of the fibers 纤维的走向Orientation of their teeth 齿轮走向 performance test 性能测试 Performance testing 性能测试Perpendicular to 垂直于Perpendicular垂直的Phosphorus磷Physical plant 实物产业Pin-connected links 销钉连接Pin销子plating电镀 painting油漆Pneumatic mechanical machines 气动接卸装置Power-transmitting element 功率传输元件Precise alignment 精确地一致性Product development team产品开发团队Product models 产品模型product realization process 产品实现过程 product realization process产品实现过程（PRP）Production support systems 生产辅助系统Profile外形，轮廓Pulley滑轮Purchasing functions 采购职能 Quadtree四叉树quality function deployment 质量功能展开 Rather high initial tension 初张力Residual stresses 残余应力Residual 残留的Rigid and flexible 刚性和柔性Rigorous 严格的Rotary 旋转的Scenario 设想，情节Sealing system 密封系统Shear strength of the teeth 齿的切面强度Sheave 带轮Silicon carbide 金刚砂Single crystal whiskers 单晶絮Single-row, deep-groove ball bearing 单排深沟球轴承Slender 微薄的spline 花键 Sprocket 链轮Spur gear geometry involute tooth form直齿轮渐开线轮廓Spur gear 直