完型讲义.doc

完形填空强化练习完型填空特点：1 首段句首不出题，有它的目的性和合理性2 完美性：有一个明确的主题，有鲜明的态度，文章全是总分结构测试要点：3 阅读能力，对文章整体把握和理解能力；上下段和上下句之间的关系；句子内部结构（复杂句多）4 完型填空考试要点1准确理解短文意思2利用语法规格判项填空项3利用固定推出句型和短语判断领空项4利用上下文信息判断钻空项5利用排除法推断观空项选项词汇特点：常考词汇above, admit, against, alter, and/but/or, any, anything, anyway/anyhow无论如何, approve=agree, apparently=clearly, as if=as though, assume=suppose, aware=conscious, case, change, confineto/limit, create, display=demonstrate, (un)fortunately, hence=so=therefore=thus=accordinglyrange fromto./vary fromtoconfrontAbout(go about/around), available, because, before, claim for=ask for, differ from, exposeto, while/although, what, unless, the reason why, which, that, the place/region where, a day when, of, in, show up/around/off, already, yet, little/less, few/fewer, more, much, quickly, frequently, from, rises, raise, arise出现，产生, assure somebody, ensure that , insure/insurance, turn/break down/up, not onlybut also, even, ever, between/among, according to, after/before, in addition/furthermore/ moreover, especially, within, other, anotherAcross, no matter what/who/whereAs well as/as long as/as far asat, but, however/nevertheless/nonetheless/and yet, if only=how I wish, if , Whereas=butalthough/though/as,/in, at/as, since, on/with/for/from具体做法：完型填空作为英语试卷的中的一个部分，历来被广大考生归为“弱项”，其分值不高，题目“散、广、难”.首先，是文章的中心主题和作者的态度倾向。由于完型填空文章是完整的文章，其必然在其不长的篇幅当中着重围绕讨论一个话题，同时，文章的导向性和作者的倾向性对于宏观把握文章也至关重要。此种要求体现在具体题目的题目当中，就需要考生对文章focus非常熟悉并且坚定，选出与主题密切相关的选项。其次，阅读应把握段落与段落之间的关系。事实上，段落与段落之间，考到的多是两种关系，一是用moreover来表示的递进关系，另一个是用however来表示的转折关系。考生应根据上下文进行判断。1. The origin of language ( 26 )a very simple affair in the beginning.( 27 ), when we observe the language behaviour of ( 28 ) we regard as primitive cultures, we find it (29 ) complicated(复杂的).26.A. must beB. must have beenC. ought to beD. should be 27.A. HoweverB. ThereforeC. Probably D. Undoubtedly 28.A. whose B. thatC.whichD.what 29.A. conspicuously B. usuallyC. surprisingly D. sufficiently 2. An Eskimo must have the tip of his tongue a vocabulary of more than 10,000 words ( 30 ) to get along reasonably well, much larger than the active vocabulary of an average businessman who speaks English.( 31 ), these Eskimo words are far more highly infleeted(词尾变化的) than ( 32 ) of any of the well -known European languages,for a ( 33 ) noun canbe spoken or written in ( 34 )hundred different forms, each ( 35 ) a precise meaning different from that of any other. 30.A.so as B.so thatC. as such D. as well as 31.A. However B. MoreoverC. Though D. Therefore 32.A. the others B. all othersC. these D. those 33.A. single B. singularC. plural D. compound 34.A. some B. severalC. various D. varied 第三，阅读还需要把握句子与句子之间的逻辑关系。句与句之间，归纳起来有六种逻辑关系，其逻辑关系词如下：并列关系 and，and also，or，neithernor，eitheror，not onlybut alsoaswell，similarly，likewise，in the same way，that is to say.递进关系 moreover，What is more，furthermore，moreover, then，besides，in addition，additionally因果关系 because，for，since，as，now that=since, owing to=because of=in view of=on the ground of=on account of, in that=because, hence, thus，so，consequently, as a result, as a consequence,转折关系 but，however，yet, whereas, though, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary，by contrast，unfortunately让步关系 although，though，even though，even if， no matter+疑问词(no matter what= whatever), for all(For all some differences, this couple can still share the sorrows and joys each other) , in spite of=despite, as-old as she is, she is still energetic.条件关系 if，only if，if only(if only I could pass this exam)我们务必将这些关系词了熟于胸，在考场上迅速作出判断。技巧一：寻找同现 (collocation)：同现，就是相关的单词一同出现或者围绕问题在文中找线索和前后逻辑判断。1 The rich feed/ one 49 _ family in Africa or to pay for a scholarship so that one poor child can go to the country for a summer w A: poor B: hungry C: needy D: unhappy2 but one of the most ( 31 ) held is that it is unlucky to walk under a ladder even if it means (32) the pavement into a busy street! 32. A running from B jumping off C stepping off D keeping from3 There are many superstitions in Britain, but one of the most ( 31 ) held is that it is unlucky to walk under a ladder. Finally, a commonly held superstition is that31. A broadly B widely C quickly D speedily 4 They come because people would talk 42_ they didnt come. If /unless 43： A if B: unless C: while D: because5: .into the stratosphere (同温层). At this (39)，the volcanic material spreads all the way around the Earth. 39. A. relation B. instance C. moment D. altitude技巧二：寻找复现 (reiteration)：复现，就是相关的单词在不同的地方反复出现。 1 句首： Olympic Games are held every four years at a different siteIn selecting the _27_of the Olympic Games, the IOC considers a number of factors, 27.A site B spot C location D place2 a city must submit a proposal to the International Olympic Committee(IOC). After all proposals have been _24_, the IOC votes.24.A supported B submitted C substituted D subordinated3 This is often done with a portion of the Olympic television_38_and with corporate sponsorships, ticket sales, and other smaller revenue sources. 38.A incomes B interests C revenues D returns词语复现和上下词复现请擦亮眼睛自己去找。技巧三：如果在问题所在的那句话里选不出正确答案，请看后面的句子会有提示的。1 To many people, the house of worship (church, for example) is more a place to 15 than anything else. They come to see and to talk to their friends, to show off their fine clothes. A: socialize B: confess C: exchange D: converse2 The net result is to (42) the planets surfaceThe following year was (44) in Europe as the year without summer because the (45) was so cool and rainy.42. A. cool B. warm C. freeze D. heat44. A. known B. reported C. marked D. testified45. A. air B. temperature C. sky D. weather技巧四. 结合主-谓-宾分析选项，少了谓语，结合主语和宾语来确定谓语的选择。少了主语，看谓语和宾语；少了宾语；看这句话的主语和谓语。1. The chemicals may 50_ on the crops or in the soil, and that is also dangerous. A. dropB. stayC. evaporateD. leave2. Office Manager must 39 the most appropriate business methods, systems and equipment. A. demonstrate B. employC. display D. purchase3. They are _1_ of free fruit. They want to get back to their herds and start _2_ again. 1. A. seeking B. dreaming C. longing D. searching 2. A.producing B. making C. farming D. nourishing友情提醒：1 完型填空最考语感，所以答题时要相信直觉，不可颠来倒去。一道题30秒还没有搞定，立刻跳过。2 20个选项当中，名词平均有5个，动词6个，形容词1个，其他词（介词、连词、代词、副词）平均8个。尤以介词考的最多，请认真准备。3 正确选项往往不是较难的单词。为什么？因为完型填空的文章本身就不难。样题选项中的retain, mode, utility, facility 这些词放进文章中是很生硬的。所以，你不熟悉的单词就不熟悉好了，选那个你熟悉的，甚至最简单的那个。 强化练习1. Scientists who study the Earths climate are convinced that volcano eruptions have a significant effect on general weather patterns. In fact, one of the many (36) which attempt to explain how an ice age begins holds that the (37) is a dramatic increase in volcanic eruptions. The volcanic explosions, besides causing local thunderstorms and lightning, inject great amounts of gas and (38)_into the stratosphere (同温层). At this (39)，the volcanic material spreads all the way around the Earth. This volcanic material (40) a certain amount of sunlight and (41) some back into space. The net result is to (42) the planets surface. For instance, 43 was perhaps the largest eruption occurred/ in 1883 when the Indonesia volcano Krakatoa exploded. The following year was (44) in Europe as the year without summer because the (45) was so cool and rainy.While there is (46) scientific agreement that volcanic eruption can lead to cooling, (47) of how this happens are not clear. As a result, scientists cannot (48) whether the volcanic activity which (49) past ice ages would result (50) sufficient cooling to cause a glacial period. Similarly, it is not possible for scientists to predict the climate effect of a future volcanic eruption with any confidence. 36. A. theories B. inventions C. judgments D. discoveries37. A. cause B. course C. means D. case 38. A. petroleum B. ash C. flame D. garbage39. A. relation B. instance C. moment D. altitude40. A. scatters B. releases C. constitutes D. absorbs41. A. carries B. converts C. reflects D. gathers42. A. cool B. warm C. freeze D. heat43. A. such B. what C. there D. that44. A. known B. reported C. marked D. testified45. A. air B. temperature C. sky D. weather46. A. committed B. optimistic C. general D. absolute47. A. indexes B. predictions C. details D. decisions48. A. analyze B. determine C. assure D. assume49. A. confronted B. promoted C. proceed D. preceded50. A. in B. from C. to D. withPassage 1 If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain 41 consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family 42 he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 43 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 44 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 45 the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation 46 and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 47 . He must either sell some of his property or 48 extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 49 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 50 obtainable.41.A other thanB as well asC instead ofD more than42.A only if B much asC long beforeD ever since43.A forB againstC ofD towards44.A replaceB purchaseC supplementD dispose45.A enhanceB mixC feedD raise46.A vesselsB routesC pathsD channels47.A self-confidentB self-sufficientC self-satisfiedD self-restrained48.A searchB saveC offerD seek49.A proportionB percentageC rateD ratio50.A genuinelyB obviouslyC presumablyD frequentlyPassage 2 Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 41 low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 42 and active. When the work is well done, a 43 of accident-free operations is established 44 time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may 45 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 46 rules or regulations. 47 others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety 48 . The fewer the injury 49 , the better the workmans insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at 50 or at a loss41.A atB inC onD with42.A aliveB vividC mobileD diverse43.A regulationB climateC circumstanceD requirement44.A whereB howC whatD unless45.A alterB differC shiftD distinguish46.A constitutingB aggravatingC observingD justifying47.A SomeB ManyC EvenD Still48.A comes offB turns upC pays offD holds up49.A claimsB reportsC declarationsD proclamations50.A an advantageB a benefitC an interestD a profitPassage 3 Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 21 . As was discussed before, it was not 22 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic 23 , following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 24 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution 25 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 26 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 27 the 20th century world of the motor car and the airplane. Not everyone sees that process in 28 . It is important to do so. It is generally recognized, 29 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 30 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 31 its impact on the media was not immediately 32 . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became personal too, as well as 33 , with display becoming sharper and storage 34 increasing. They were thought of, like people, 35 generations, with the distance between generations much 36 . It was within the computer age that the term information society began to be widely used to describe the 37 within which we now live. The communications revolution has 38 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 39 views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. Benefits have been weighed 40 harmful outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.21.A betweenB beforeC sinceD later22.A afterB byC duringD until23.A meansB methodC mediumD measure24.A processB companyC lightD form25.A gatheredB speededC workedD picked26.A onB outC overD off27.A ofB forC beyondD into28.A conceptB dimensionC effectD perspective29.A indeedB henceC howeverD therefore30.A broughtB followedC stimulatedD characterized31.A unlessB sinceC lestD although32.A apparentB desirableC negativeD plausible33.A institutionalB universalC fundamentalD instrumental34.A abilityB capabilityC capacityD faculty35.A by means ofB in terms ofC with regard toD in line with36.A deeperB fewerC nearerD smaller37.A contextB rangeC scopeD territory38.A regardedB impressedC influencedD effected39.A competitiveB controversialC distractingD irrational40.A aboveB uponC againstD withPassage 4 Until recently most histroians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42 man. But they insisted that its 43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the English population. 45 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity. This view, 47 , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48 history and economics, have 49 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41.A admittedB believedC claimedD predicted42.A plainB averageC meanD normal43.A momentaryB promptC instantD immediate44.A bulkB hostC grossD magnitude45.A OnB WithC ForD By46.A broadlyB thoroughlyC generallyD completely47.A howeverB meanwhileC thereforeD moreover48.A atB inC aboutD for49.A manifestedB approvedC shownD speculated50.A notedB impressedC labeledD markedPassage 5For 50 years before the road was built, dreamers talked of a road to Alaska. And for 50 years, the road builders had said it could not be made._1_ came World War II. “The road _2_ be built,” said President Franklin D. Roosevelt. So workers, _3_ soldiers, appeared suddenly. One large group pushed its _4_ south from Alaska._5_ group pushed north from Dawson, in Canada. They started to do _6_ “impossible” job.The workers had to _7_- bitter cold weather in winter. Then, in summer, the wet ground _8_ soft. Trucks and parts of the newly _9_- road sank into the mud. Mosquitoes were so _10_ that jokes were told _11_ them. The men in one camp said they shot them _12_ with guns!The road builders pushed the road _13_ frozen lands and rivers that kept changing their _14_. The road had wild twists and turns _15_ it had to go around _16_ mountains and hills of ice.On October 23, 1942, the two work groups _17_ at a river they called Contact Greek. The road had _18_ nearly $100,000 a mile. It had _19_ about 16,000 Canadians and Americans to do the _20_. They had done it in only eight months and 11 days.1. A. ItB. ThereC. ThenD. Thus2. A. mightB. mustC. wouldD. need3. A. mostB. mostlyC. most ofD. at most4. A. wayB. trackC. positionD. routine5. A. AnotherB. OtherC. OppositeD. Second6. A. anB. theC. anyD. so-called7. A. copeB. conquerC. manageD. fight8. A. remainedB. appearedC. madeD. turned9. A. lainB. layC. laidD. lying10. A. harmfulB. tinyC. largeD. strange11. A