初级英文文法 Ⅲ.doc

初级英文文法 Unit 1现在完成式1. 现在完成式的形式have/has过去分词2. 现在完成式的否定句及疑问句3. 现在完成式的使用时机4. 特别注意的现在完成式Unit 2附加问句1. 附加问句的形式2. 特别注意的附加问句Unit 3被动语态1. 主动及被动2. 被动语态的形式主词be V过去分词by行为者3. 主动及被动的转换4. 各时态的被动语态形式5. 各句型的被动语态形式6. 特别注意的被动语态Unit 4关系代名词1. 关系代名词的功用连接词代名词2. 关系代名词的种类3. 主格的关系代名词4. 所有格的关系代名词5. 受格的关系代名词6. 特别注意的关系代名词7. 修饰名词的字、词组、子句Unit 5间接问句1. 直接问句及间接问句2. 间接问句的形成3. 特别注意的间接问句Unit 6连接词1. 连接词的功能2. 连接词总类Unit 7介系词1. 介系词的功能2. 表示时间的介系词3. 表示地点的介系词4. 重要的介系词Unit 1现在完成式现在完成式是用来表示过去发生的动作或状态, 与现在有关系的一种时态。其中包含了“持续”、“完成”、“经验”等不同的用法。现在完成式的形式have/has +过去分词。 过去式 现在式 未来式 现在完成式 He was busy yesterday. He is busy now. He will be busy tomorrow. He studied yesterday. He studies every day. He is going to study tomorrow. He has been busy since yesterday. He has studied for two days. 现在完成式的否定句及疑问句肯定句主词+have/has +过去分词. 否定句主词+ have/has + not+过去分词. 疑问句Have/Has +主词+过去分词？肯定句He hasheard a lot of Mr. Li. 否定句He hasnotheard a lot of Mr. Li. 疑问句Hasheheard a lot of Mr. Li?答句Yes, he has. / No, he hasnt. 现在完成式的使用时机 (1)持续I began to learn English three years ago. I still learn it now. 过去式 现在式 现在完成式 I have learned English for three years. (我学英文三年了。)I have learned English since three years ago. (我从3年前开始学英文。)表持续的副词for +时间长度Since+时间起点例：1. We have known each other 2. I havent seen you for a long time. = It a long time since I last saw you. = Long time no see. (好久不见。)其它副词：all day (整天), these days, lately, recently (最近), always (一直), this week (这个星期)等。例：I have had a headache all day (long). (我头痛了一整天了。)how long (多久)例：How long has he played the piano? For two hours. (他弹琴弹多久了？两小时)比较：how long (多久)问时间how often (多久一次)问频率例：l. How long have you lived in Taipei? (你们在台北住多久了。)We have lived in Taipei 2. How often do you go to a beauty parlor? (你多久上一次美容院？)Once a week. (一星期一次。)(2)完成过去式现在式现在完成式动作开始完成表完成的副词already (已经)放have/has和过去分词之间, 也可放句尾。通常用于肯定句；若用于疑问句时, 则含有惊讶之意。just (刚才)放have/has和过去分词之间。yet (尚；还)通常只用于疑问句及否定句。放haw/has和过去分词之间, 也可放句尾。其它副词：today (今天), this morning (今天早上), lately, recently (最近), now (现在)等。例：1. The train for Kaohsiung has already arrived. (往高雄的火车已经到了。)2. I have just read that comic book. (我刚读过那本漫画书。)3. Have you found my digital camera yet? (你找到我的数位相机了吗？)No, 比较：just (刚才)可用于现在完成式及过去式。just now用于过去式，意思是指刚才用于现在式，意思是指此刻现在用于未来式，意思是指马上例：1. Tom came in just now; hes probably upstairs. (汤姆刚才进来；他大概在楼上。)2. He is just now answering the call. (他此刻正在接电话。)3. Ill do it just now. (我马上做。)(3)经验表经验的副词ever (曾经), never (从未), often (经常)等频率副词。once (一次), twice (两次), times (次), before (以前)等。例：1. Have you ever visited National Palace Museum? (你曾参观过故宫博物院吗？)No, (不, 我从未参观过故宫。)表经验也可用过去式, 上述例句也可说成：Did you ever visit National Palace Museum? No, 2. My younger sister really likes that movie. She has watched it five times.(我妹妹真的很喜欢那部电影。她已看了五次。)Do you ever visit National Palace Museum in your free time? (你空闲时会去参观故宫吗？)特别注意的现在完成式(1)现在完成式及过去式例：1. Mr. Green has gone to New York on business. (格林先生已经去纽约出差了。)2. Mr. Green went to New York on business. (格林先生去纽约出差回来了。)(2)have been to及have gone tohaw been to意指曾经去过 或刚才去了 have gone to意指已经去了 ，主词只能用第三人称。例：1. I have just been to the station to see her off. (我刚才去了车站替她送行。)2. Have you ever been to the library? (你曾经去过图书馆吗？)3. She has gone to Europe. (她已经去欧洲了。)4. Did you ever go to a basketball game? (你曾经去看篮球赛？)5. Have you ever been to a basketball game? (你曾经去看篮球赛？)(3)瞬间动作(动作不能延续者)用于现在完成式时, 其后不可加一段时间。例：l.His father has died for ten years. ()His father died ten years ago. ()His father has been dead for ten years. ()(他父亲过逝十年。)2. Amy has bought the car for one year. ()Amy has bought the car already. ()Amy bought the car and has owned it for one year. ()(艾咪那辆车买一年了。)3. Mr. Wang has gone to America for three days. ()Mr. Wang has gone to America. ()Mr. Wang has been in America for three days. ()(王先生已经去美国三天了。)练习1. This month, I have been so lucky that I can hardly believe it. (这个月, 我的运气好得连我都不敢相信。)2. At the beginning of the month, I got 90 points on my monthly exam. (月初我的数学月考考了90分。)3. In the middle of the month, I won the second place in an English speech contest. (月中, 英语演讲比赛我得了第二名。)4. The other day, my father gave me a computer as a birthday present. (前几天，父亲送我一部电脑当生日礼物。)5. I have never been so lucky so far in my life. (这辈子, 我的运气从来没有这么好过。)Unit 2附加问句依附在直述句或祈使句的句尾, 用以询问事物或征求对方同意的简短问句, 叫做附加问句。(1)附加问句读成上升语调时, 表询问事物, 其意相当于一般问句, 可用Yes或No回答。例：You are from Japan, arent you?() (你来自日本, 是吗？) =Are you from Japan?Yes, I am. / No, I am not. (2)附加问句读成下降语调时, 表问话者心中早有定见, 只是寻求对方认同。例：You should follow traffic rules, shouldnt you? () (你应该遵守交通规则, 对吧？)附加问句的形式(1)肯定直述句, 否定附加问句。否定直述句, 肯定附加问句。(2)附加问句中, 使用be动词或助动词, 要根据前面的直述句做判断。而否定附加问句中的be动词(或助动词)和not要缩写。直述句附加问句be动词be动词一般动词助动词do, does, did助动词will, can, should助动词will, can, should(3)附加问句的主词必须用人称代名词。直述句的主词附加问句的主词Tome, John, MarkheMary, Helen, AmysheTom and Marytheythis, thatitbaby, childit不定词(to V), 动名词(V-ing)it例：l. Its cold and humid, isnt it? (天气又冷又湿, 不是吗？)2. Dad was good at sports, wasnt he? (爸以前运动很行, 不是吗？)3. Tarzan fell in love with a beautiful girl, didnt he?(泰山爱上一位美丽的女孩, 不是吗？)4. People cant use fake credit cards, can they? (人们不能使用假的信用卡, 是吗？)5. This is really an embarrassing experience, isnt it? (这真是个令人尴尬的经验, 不是吗？)6. Eating too much junk food isnt good for health, is it? (吃太多垃圾食物对健康无益, 是吗？)7. That baby fell asleep, didnt it? (那宝宝睡着了, 不是吗？)特别注意的附加问句(1) am和not没有缩写形, 附加问句用am I not, arent I或aint I代替。例：I am the right man for the job, (我正是适合这工作的人, 不是吗？)(2)直述句若是There is (are)的句型, 附加问句用isnt (arent) there回应。例：1. There is an old man jogging in the playground, isnt there? (有位老人在运动场上慢跑, 不是吗？)2. There are not any pedestrians in the street, are there? (路上没有任何行人, 是吗？)(3)直述句中有have/has/had的附加问句have/has +过去分词have/has为助动词had better (最好)+原形动词had为助动词例：1. We have to finish the work by ourselves, dont we? (我们必须靠自己完成这工作, 不是吗？)2. Hes fond of pop music, isnt he? (他喜欢流行乐, 不是吗？)3. Hes decided to quit smoking, hasnt he? (他已决定戒烟了, 不是吗？)4. Mary and her friends had a very good time, didnt they? (玛丽和她的朋友们玩得很开心，不是吗？)5. You had better keep silent in the meeting, hadnt you? (会议上你最好保持沉默, 不是吗？) (4)直述句中含有否定字, 如：no, nothing, never, seldom, little, few等，要用肯定附加问句。例：1. There is nothing wrong with your cell phone, is there? (你的手机没有毛病, 是吗？)2. I never tell lies to others, do I? (我从不对别人说谎, 是吧？)3. The foreigner has few friends here in Taiwan, does he? (这外国人在台湾这里几乎没有朋友，对吧？)(5)直述句中有too.to (太而不能), 用否定附加问句。例：You are too young to have the right to vote, arent you? (你年纪太小了没有投票权, 不是吗？)(6)直述句主词是something, anything, nothing, everything时, 附加问句的主词用it；若主词是someone, anyone, no one, everyone时, 附加问句的主词用they。例：1. Something bad happened to the student, didnt it? (那学生发生了不好的事, 不是吗？)2. Someone took my notebook without asking me first, didnt they? (有人没有先问我就拿了我的笔记本, 不是吗？)(7)当主要子句和附属子句出现时, 根据主要子句形成附加问句。例：l. If it is fine tomorrow, they will go picnicking, wont they? (如果明天天气晴朗, 他们要去野餐, 不是吗？)2. Many readers thought that it was an interesting novel, didnt they? (许多读者认为它是本有趣的小说, 不是吗？)(8)主要子句是I (或we) know/think/believe/imagine/guess/hear等，根据that子句形成附加问句。例：1. I know (that) you dont want to hurt me, do you? (我知道你不想伤害我, 不是吗？)2. I believe (that) he will try his best, wont he? (我相信他会尽力而为, 不是吗？)3. I dont think (that) we can spend so much money on clothes, can we? (我认为我们不能花太多钱在衣服上, 是吧？)(9)感叹句用否定附加问句, 主词仍与感叹句的主词一致。例：1. What a kind man he is, isnt he? (他是多么善良的人, 不是吗？)2. How interesting this comic book is, isnt it? (多有趣的漫画书, 不是吗？)(10)祈使句的附加问句祈使句附加问句肯定祈使句will you?否定祈使句will you?邀请祈使句 (Have)wont you?Lets.shall we?Let us / me / him.will you?Lets not. / Dont lets.all right / OK?例：1. Tell me what to do, will you? (告诉我该怎么办, 好吗？)2. Dont turn off the light, will you? (别关灯, 好吗？)3. Have a cup of tea, wont you? (喝杯茶, 好吗？)4. Lets call it a day, shall we? (咱们今天就到此为止, 好吗？)5. Let us give you a hand, will you? (让我们帮你的忙, 好吗？)6. Lets not talk in English, all right? (咱们不要用英语交谈, 好吗？)Unit 3被动语态主动及被动例：l. Tom repairs bikes. 由汤姆的立场而言。2. Bikes are repaired by Tom. 由脚踏车的立场而言。被动语态的形式主词+ be V +过去分词+ by +行为者be动词+过去分词表时态 表被动例：1. The song is sung by Jolin. (这首歌由Jolin所唱。) 现在式 被动2. I hear the song sung by Jolin. (我听到这首歌由Jolin所唱。) 现在式 被动3. English and French are spoken in Canada. (加拿大说英语及法语。)非行为者, 介系词不用by主动及被动的转换主词动词受词主动HepraisedMe.被动Iwas praisedby him.由上例句得知, 及物动词才有被动语态。但有些不及物动词+介系词可被视为及物动词片语, 所以仍可形成被动语态。例：1. I listen to music. (我听音乐。)2. Something happened to Mark. (马克出事了。)3. He takes care of the newcomer to the club. (他照顾社团里的新人。)The newcomer to the club is taken care of by him. 时态的被动语态形式(1)现在式的被动语态am / are / is +过去分词例：Betty keeps five newborn cats at home. (贝蒂家里养着5只刚生下的猫咪。)Five newborn cats are kept by Betty at home. (2)过去式的被动语态was / were +过去分词例：l. They sold many kinds of child seats at the shop. (他们店里卖许多种类的儿童座椅。)Many kinds of child seats were sold (by them) at the shop.2. The police ran after the thief in the street. (警方人员在大街上追捕小偷)The thief was run after by the police in the street. (3)现在进行式的被动语态am / are / is +being +过去分词例：Workers are building the new shopping center. (工人们正在盖新的购物中心) The new shopping center is being built by workers. (4)过去进行式的被动语态was / were +being +过去分词例：Mr. Smith was printing the exam papers. (史密斯先生正在印考卷)The exam papers were being printed by Mr. Smith. (5)未来式的被动语态例：1. They will hold the school sports in October. (十月份将举办学校运动会。)The school sports will be held (by them) in October.2. Our class are going to discuss the problem. (我们班上的同学将讨论这个问题。)The problem is going to be discussed by our class. 其它助动词, 如：can, must, should等的被动语态形成方法, 和未来式的被动一样。例：Every one of us should follow school rules. (我们每一个人应该遵守校规。)School rules should be followed by every one of us. (6)现在完成式的被动语态have/has +been +过去分词例：The teacher has already punished the naughty boy. (老师已经处罚了那个顽皮的男孩。)The naughty boy has already been punished by the teacher. 各句型的被动语态形式(1)Yes / No问句即be动词或助动词为首的问句例：l. Did Judy mess up my room? (我的房间被茱蒂弄乱的吗？)Was my room messed up by Judy?2. Must I take the cold medicine three times a day? (我必须一天吃三次这感冒药吗？)Must the cold medicine be taken three times a day (by me)?(2)WH问句即疑问词为首的问句例：1. What did he catch? (他抓到什么？) =What was caught by him? The lion was. (是狮子。)2. When did the boy break the window? (这男孩是什么时候打破窗户？) =When was the window broken by the boy?It was broken yesterday afternoon. 3. What language is spoken in Spain? (西班牙说何种语言？)Spanish is. (3)“Who +动词”的问句By whom +be动词+主词+过去分词？例：Who bought the sweater?(谁买了这件毛衣？)By whom was the sweater bought?(4)否定句例：1. They dont collect recyclable paper every day. (他们并非每天回收纸类。)Recyclable paper isnt be collected (by them) every day. 2. We cant see a full moon tonight. (今晚我们无法看到满月。)A full moon cant be seen (by us) tonight. 特别注意的被动语态(1) by+行为者之省略by之后的行为者, 若泛指一般人或未指明某人或含糊不清的某人时, 则省略。例：1. Rice is grown in Taiwan. (台湾种稻。)2. My uncle was killed in the war. (我叔叔死于战争。)3. The novel was translated into many languages. (这小说被翻译成许多语言。)(2)不使用by的被动语态例：l. Mr. Jackson is known to people in this town. (杰克森先生为此镇上的人所知。)Taipei is known for its good foods. (台北以美食闻名。)She is known as a successful singer. (她以身为成功的歌手闻名。)2. Those mountains are covered with snow. (那些山为白雪所覆盖。)3. They were caught in a shower during the barbecue. (他们在烤肉时被一阵雨给淋湿了。)4. Shoes are made of leather. (皮鞋由皮革制成。)5. Bread is made from flour. (面包由面粉制成。)表感情；情绪的被动语态也不用by例：主词(人)+be动词+事物(3)授与动词的被动语态例：l. The embassy gave me a new passport. (大使馆发给我一份新护照。)I was given a new passport by the embassy.A new passport was given (to) me by the embassy.2. Mr. White told us the history story. (怀特先生跟我们说那个历史故事。)We were told the history story by Mr. White.The history story was told (to) us by Mr. White. 有些授与动词, 如：make, cook, get, read, sell, sing, write, pass等，不可用人做为被动语态的主词。例：Mom cooked us vegetable soup. (妈妈为我们煮蔬菜汤。)Vegetable soup was cooked for us by Mom. We were cooked vegetable soup by Mom. ()(4)主词+动词+受词+补语的被动语态补语不能做为被动语态的主词。例：l. They painted the board blue. (他们将板子涂成蓝色。)The board was painted blue by them.2. We elected Jack chairperson. (我们选杰克为主席。)Jack was elected chairperson by us. (5)祈使句的被动语态原形动词+受词例：Open the door. (打开门。)Let the door be opened.Let +O(人)+原形动词+ O (物)例：Let me tell the truth. (让我说实话吧。)Let the truth be told by me. (6)使役动词的被动语态使役动词受词主动被动make / haveOVP.P.letVbe p.p.getto VP.P.例：1. My brother made me run errands for him. (我哥要我替他跑腿。)My brother let me run errands for him. My brother got me to run errands for him.2. I had my hair cut yesterday. (我昨天剪短头发了。)3. Let it be done at once. (立刻这么做吧。)4. Mr. Lin made me do the work. (林先生叫我做这工作。)5. Mr. Lin made the work done by me.6. I was made to do the work by Mr. Lin. (7)感官动词的被动语态感官动词受词主动被动feel, see, watch,look at, notice,listen to, hear0VV-ingP.P.例：1. I saw him beat/beating the little boy. (我看见他打这小男孩。)2. I saw the little boy beaten by him. (我看见小男孩被他打。)3. He was seen to beat / beating the little boy by me. (他被我看见打这小孩。)Unit 4 关系代名词关系代名词的功用连接词+代名词例：1. I have a friend. The friend lives in Paris. (我有一位住在巴黎的朋友。)I have a friend and he lives in Paris. I have a friend who lives in Paris. 国语：住在巴黎的朋友英语：a friend who lives in Paris语顺为先行词+关系代名词, 但也有下列句子：例：There was an old man in the apartment who was very rich.(这公寓以前住着一位非常富有的老人。)2. I met two girls, one of whom is my cousin. (我遇到两位女孩, 其中一位是我表妹。)关系代名词的种类格先行词主格所有格党格人whowhosewhom事物、动物whichwhosewhich人、事物、动物thatthat格的用法格例主格+动词the man who talked to me所有格+动词the man whose car was stolen受格+主词+动词the man whom I met主格的关系代名词(1)主格who先行词(人)+主格关系代名词who +动词例：1. The man is my father. The man wears sunglasses.The man who wears sunglasses is my father. (戴太阳眼镜的人是我爸。)2. I dont like people. They get out of temper easily.I dont like people who get out of temper easily. (我不喜欢容易发脾气的人。)(2)主格which先行词 (事物；动物)+主格关系代名词which +动词例：1. I live in the house. The house stands on the hill.I live in the house which stands on the hill. (我住在那栋位于山丘上的房子里。)2. English is a language. It is spoken all over the world. English is a language which is spoken all over the world. (英语是全世界通用的语言。)(3)主格关代that+先行词(人、事物；动物)+主格关系代名词that+动词例：1. People, who / that help doctors and look after patients are called nurses. (帮忙医生照顾病人的人称为护士。)2. I like the building which / that was designed by Mr. Wu. (我喜欢这栋被吴先生设计出来的大楼。)主格的关系代名词其后所接的动词, 须与先行词的单复数一致。例：l. Tom is one of the boys who are fond of sports. (汤姆是那些喜欢运动的男孩其中之一。)2. I know a child who is good at surfing. (我认识一位很会冲浪的小孩。)3. Adults dont like children who tell lies. (大人不喜欢会说谎的小孩。)that的不同用法(1)指示代名词例：The weather in Kaohsiung is hotter than that in Taipei. (高雄的天气比台北的天气热。)(2)指示形容词例：Look at that dog. (看那只狗。)(3)关系代名词例：The boy that is playing the guitar is Jimmy. (正在弹吉他的男孩是吉米。)(4)连接词例：I think that honesty is the best policy. (我认为诚实为上策。)所有格的关系代名词所有格whose先行词(人；事物；动物)+所有格关系代名词whose+名词例：1. I know a girl. Her father is a journalist. I know a girl whose father is a journalist. (我认识一位她的爸爸是新闻记者的女孩。)2. Look at the house. Its roof was damaged. Look at the house whose roof was damaged. (看那栋屋顶破损的房子。)受格的关系代名词(1)受格whom先行词(人)+受格关系代名词whom +主词 +动词+(介系词)口语中, 受格关代whom也可用who代替。例：1. The man is a teacher. She married him. The man whom / who she married is a teacher. (她嫁的对象是位老师。)2. The woman has just left the office. You want to see her.The woman whom / who you want to see has just left the office. (那位你要见的女人刚刚离开办公室。)(2)受格which先行词(事物；动物)+受格关系代名词which +主词+动词+ (介系词)例：1. Here is a magazine. I borrowed it from Miss Wang.Here is a magazine which I borrowed from Miss Wang. (这里有一本我向王老师借的杂志。)2. Remember the advice. I gave you the advice. Remember the advice which I gave you. (记得我给你的忠告。)(3)受格that先行词(人；事物；动物)+受格关系代名词that +主词+动词+(介系词)例：1. The little girl is very cute. My dad is talking to her. The little girl that / whom / who my dad is talking to is very cute. (正和我爸聊天的小女孩非常可爱。)2. The sandwiches that / which we ate for lunch were not delicious. (我们午餐吃的三明治不好吃。)特别注意的关系代名词(1)受格的关系代名词可省略例：Soccer is the sport which / that I like (the) best. Soccer is the sport I like (the )best. (足球是我最喜欢的运动。)(2)介系词+受格关系代名词例：1. The woman whom / that you are speaking of is our principal. The woman you are speaking of is our principal.The woman of whom you are speaking is our principal.(你提到的女人是我们的校长。)介系词放关系代名词前, 关代不可用that, 也不可省略。2. The train which / that I am waiting for is now half an hour late. The train lam waiting for is now half an hour late.The train for which I am waiting is now half an hour late.(我在等的这班火车现在已经误点半小时了。)(3)关系代名词只用that先行词前有最高级例：Today is the coldest day (that) weve ever experienced. (今天是我们经历过最寒冷的一天。)先行词前有序数例：Kenny was the first boy that rushed out of the classroom. (肯尼是首位冲出教室的男孩)先行词为人、事物或动物同时出现例：Take a look at the boy and his dog that are coming this way. (看看朝这边走来的男孩和他的狗。)先行词前有疑问词who(谁)、which(哪一个)例：l. Who that has seen the photos of starving children does not want to help them?(在看过那些受饥饿的小孩照片之后有谁不想帮助他们的吗?)2. Which was the bag that you left in the train? (你遗留的火车上的袋子是那一个？)先行词有all, no, every, any, thing, one例：1. All (that) / What stude