第11讲 长难句：第二次课：通过连词理解复杂难句.doc

长难句第二次课：通过连词理解复杂难句 上一讲我们主要讲到了通过主语和谓语来理解长难句。这一讲，我们就谈谈如何通过连词来理解长难句。在很早以前，我们说过了，连词主要分为两种：并列连词和从属连词。他们的区别在于：并列连词主要连接并列句中的分句，从属连词主要连接复合句中的主句和从句。在英语翻译中，我们需要注意以下几个连词：while，as，that。一、While While主要充当从属连词，一般引起时间状语从句，此时翻译为“当时候”。不过在翻译中更加有意义的是用于对比，此时的含义接近于although，一般翻译为“而”、“然而” “（一方面）另一方面”等，词性近乎并列连词，一般是用于句首的。Eg.1 While reactions in various organs undoubtedly do occur not infrequently, there is still some doubt as to their being specific for scarlet fever.虽然毫无疑问在各个器官发生的反应确实并非少见，但这些是否为猩红热所特有，仍存有疑问。Eg.2 While the process meets the presentaly accepted definitions of emphysema, it may be simply anatomic consequence of aging.一方面该病变固然与现今公认的肺气肿的定义相符，另一方面也可能仅仅是解剖方面的老年性改变。二、As As的用法非常活泼，所以我们需要好好的掌握。一般它用于以下几种状语从句：2.1 比较状语从句常常搭配为asas或soas的形式，前者用于肯定句，后者用于否定句，翻译为：“同一样”、“象一样”。Eg.3 In the blood red blood cells are not so large as white blood cells.在血液中，红细胞不像白细胞那样大。也有结合成just asso或asso的形式，一般译为“正如那样”，“也”。Eg.4 Just as a disturbance in metabolism of one metabolite will affect all other metabolites, so a deficiency in the intake of one nutrient affects all others.正如一种代谢物的代谢紊乱会应系那个所有其他代谢物的代谢一样，一种营养成分的摄食不足也会应系那个所有其他营养成分。As还可以结合成as if或者as though来充当比较状语从句的从属连词。Eg.5 The narrow irregular passages of the nose, with their moist surface and hairs, hold the dust and prevent it from passing into the lungs, as if (=as though) there were a menbrane over the hole.鼻孔中的通道狭窄而不规则，并且其表面湿润有毛，能挡住灰尘，使其不能进入肺中，俨然就像鼻孔中覆盖有一层薄膜一样。2.2 时间状语从句此时表示的是一种持续性的动作，主句的动作随之进行，一般翻译为“在时”、“当”。Eg.6 The treatment of common colds consists mainly in the relief of symptoms as they arise.感冒的治疗主要在于当症状初起时便予以缓解。Eg.7 As more and more nephrons are destroyed, the kidney shrinks in size and its efficiency is gradually decreased.随着越来越多的肾单位遭到破坏，肾脏的体积缩小，功能也逐渐减退。一般，as还与用作副词的as或者so结合成为so (as) long as、as soon as等形式，此时还是引起时间状语从句。Eg.8 Operation can start as soon as analgesia develops.痛觉缺失一出现，手术就可以开始了。2.3 原因状语从句此时一般翻译为“因为”、“由于”、“既然”等等，语气上较because和for轻。Eg.9 As the carcinoma has spread beyond the liver, the lesion is assessed to be nonresectable.既然癌肿已经扩散到肝脏意外的地方，该病灶就不能切除。2.4 让步状语从句意思比though稍稍强一点，一般翻译为“虽然”。这种从句中，谓语动词一般由连系动词加表语构成，而表语往往是倒装在句首。Eg.10 A chronically destructive process as the renal failure is, it may occur rapidly.虽然肾衰竭是一个慢性破坏的过程，但它也可能迅速出现。2.5 表示限制、范围及程度的状语从句结合成as far as或者so far as而出现在复合句中，其中第二个as是连词，引起状语从句。一般翻译为“远至”、“到为止”。Eg.11 As far as our information goes, DIC is but an intermediary mechanism of disease, and therapy, whenever possible, must be directed at the primary cause.就我们现有的资料看来，弥漫性血管内凝血只是疾病的一种过渡性机制，因而治疗必须尽可能针对原发病因。三、that That一般在复合句中引起状语从句或者名词从句，此时它作为从属连词或者定语从句的关系代词而起作用。That引起的名词性从句包括：主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句，等等。That引起的状语从句包括：结果状语从句、目的状语从句，等等。请看以下例子：Eg.12 In view of the possible side-effects and the fact that the most new drugs lack major advantages, the enthusiasm with which many are received is often missing.本句中，that引起同位语从句，可以不用翻译。由于大多数新药可能有副作用而且没有显著优点，人们对其表现的热情往往不高。Eg.13 Statistics indicate that there has been an increase in deaths from IHD (ischemic heart disease) in countries where 10-15 years ago the mortality rates were low, the relative increase being greater in the younger than in the older age group.本句中，that引起宾语从句，也不需要翻译。统计资料表明，在一些1015年前缺血性心脏病死亡率低的国家，现在由于该病而死亡的人数已经有所增加；其中，年龄较轻者死亡的相对增加数又比年龄较大者为多。Eg.14 We usually make the turns gently that they may not agitate the painful part.本句中，that引起结果状语从句。通常我们把病人转动得很轻柔，以便不致刺激疼痛部位。一般情况下，结果状语从句或者目的状语从句以这些形式出现： “In order that”、“so that”、“sothat”、“such that”、“suchthat”。Eg.15 There must be a continual formation of new blood cells throughout life so that the number in circulation may be kept constant.新的血细胞必须在人的一生中不断生成，以便使其数量在血液循环中保持恒定。本期作业 ：翻译以下各句：1. The term of chronic irritation as a carcinogen is so vague that it is not easy to discuss.2. We can best understand wht our immune system mean, what has to be given us so that we survive, by simply looking into diseases in other living things.3. The same therapy must be continued so long as the lesi