英语轮机专业词汇.doc

Shafting(轴系)And Propeller(轴系)和螺旋桨轴Thrust Block推力块The thrust block transfers the thrust from the propeller to the hull(船体、壳)of the ship.转让的推力块从螺旋桨推力的船体(船体、壳)的这艘船。Shaft Bearings轴承Shaft bearings are of two types,the aftermost(靠船尾的)tunnel(轴隧)bearing and all others.轴轴承的两种类型,aftermost(靠船尾的)隧道(轴隧)轴承和所有其他人。Sterntube BearingSterntube轴承The sterntube bearing serves two important purposes.两个重要的sterntube轴承服务的目的。Propeller螺旋桨The propeller consists of a boss(桨毂)with several blades of helicoidal(螺旋面)attached(附着，固定于)to it.螺旋桨由一个老板(桨毂)和几片的helicoidal(螺旋面)附件,固定于附着)。switching to bridge control from the MCR before leaving harbor.切换到桥MCR离开前控制从港口。It follows that the consoles(控制台)housing power supplies etc.for the CPP controls are generally fitted in the MCR.它的意思是,控制台(控制台)住房电源控制等打下通常安装在MCR。READING MATERIAL阅读材料FIRE ALARM AND DETECTION消防报警及检测An fire alarm and detection system is required to be installed in the cargo,accommodation and service spaces of一个消防报警及检测系统是需要安装在货物、住宿及服务空间of certain classes of passenger ships and in the cargo spaces of ships carrying explosives.某些类别的客船和货运船载有炸药的空间。Such systems are also fitted in the machinery spaces of cargo ships specially designed for unmanned operation and on the vehicle decks of certain roll-on,roll-off ships.这样的系统也安装在机械空间的货船专门为无人操作,对车辆甲板的某些客,同时减少伴侣翻身的船只。The function of a fire detector is to sound alarm whenever it has found a fire.火灾探测器的功能是声音报警,每当它找到了一场大火。Fire detectors operating on various different principles are currently available as following:运行在不同火灾探测器的原则是现有如下:1.heat detectors which operate at a predetermined temperature;1。热探测器的运作在一个预定的温度;2.heat detectors which operate when the rate of temperature rise of the surrounding air reaches a set limit;2。热探测器的运作时的温度上升速率周围空气的达到限量;3.smoke detectors which operate when smoke obscures(使暗;遮掩)a beam of light falling on a photoelectric cell(光电管);3。烟雾探测器的运作当烟硝(使暗;遮掩)一束光落在光电电池(光电管);4.smoke detectors which operate when a beam of light is scattered(散射(光、热等)by smoke and caused to fall on a photoelectric cell;4。烟雾探测器的运作当一束光散射(散射(光,热等)的烟雾,造成落在一个综合的光电单元;5.combustion products detectors which operate when an electric through an ionized(使离子化)atmosphere is changing;5。燃烧产物的运作电力探测器通过离子(使离子化大气变化;6.flame detectors which react to radiation(放射物;辐射线能)emanating(散发,放射)from flame.6。火焰检测器,对辐射(放射物;辐射线(能)发出的(散发,放射)从火焰。B.FIRE EXTINGUISHING APPLIANCES火的灭火器材b.Water Pumps,Hydrants(消防栓)and Hoses水泵、消防栓(消防栓)和软管Most ships have an arrangement of fire main and hydrant valves whereby at least two jets of water may be directed on a fire in any part of the ship.大多数船只安排火灾主要消防栓阀门,至少有两个喷气机的水将会在火中任何其他地方的船。The water supply to the fire main is generally provided by at least two power operated pumps in the machinery spaces,水供应到火一般规定主要是至少两个力量在机械操作泵的空间,together with an alternative supply which can be brought into operation should the engine room be untenable(不能维持的).同另一个供应,可纳入操作要机房是站不住脚的(不能维持的)。This is usually provided by a separate auxiliary pump(emergency pump)driven by a diesel engine or by an electric motor coupled to an emergency generator.这通常是由一个分离辅助泵(应急泵)的驱动下,柴油机或由一个电动马达耦合到应急发电机。The deck main has a drain at the lowest position so that the pipe can be emptied in cold weather.甲板上主要有下水道在最低的位置,即可清空管在寒冷的天气。If this is not done,the pipe can be damaged by the water freezing,but more important,it will be blocked by the ice and not usable.如果这还不是所做的那样,管道损坏,由水冻结,但更重要的是,它将被冰和不可用。Fire hoses must be of approved material.They are positioned adjacent to hydrants together with suitable nozzles.消防水带必须经认可的材料。他们的排列位置紧邻龙头连同合适的喷嘴。Dual purpose nozzles can be adjusted by rotation of the sleeve(外套壳)to produce a jet or spray.双重目的喷嘴可以调节的旋转套筒(外套壳)来产生一架或者喷剂。These are an alternative to having one nozzle for a jet and another for a spray or fog to be used for oil fires.这是另一种能让一架油嘴喷雾或和一个用于油雾火。Portable Extinguishers(熄灭者,灭火器)手提式灭火器(熄灭者,灭火器)There are many types of portable extinguisher used on board ship.有很多种类的手提灭火器使用在船上。Soda-acid extinguishers are useful on carbonaceous(碳的,碳质的)fires,usually in accommodation,involving wood,paper and furnishings,灭火器是派得上用场Soda-acid碳(碳的,碳质的火灾,通常是在住宿,涉及木材、纸张和陈设,where the primary purpose is to reduce the temperature of the burning material by projecting a jet of water on it.在主要的目的是降低温度燃烧的材料由投射一股水。With oil fires however,such a jet of water is not effective as it disturbs the surface and spreads the oil.火灾与油然而,如此的一股水不有效扰乱表面和差的油。The chemical foam extinguisher can be used to deal with the oil fires.化学泡沫灭火剂可以用来处理石油火灾。It is usually found in machinery spaces and other locations where an oil fire may occur.这是通常在机械空间和其他地点的油火就可能发生。Carbon dioxide extinguishers and dry powder extinguishers are very useful on chemical fires.二氧化碳灭火器和干粉灭火器是非常有用的化工火灾。Halogenated hydrocarbon extinguishers(卤化烃类灭火器)may be found in such positions as radio rooms and switch boards.卤代烃灭火器(卤化烃类灭火器)可能会发现在这样的房间和开关位置无线电板。Fixed Installations固定装置The accommodation and service spaces are required being fitted with an automatic sprinkler(洒水装置)and fire alarm system.住宿和服务空间要求被配备一个自动喷水灭火(洒水装置)及防火报警系统。The water spray systems are used for machinery spaces and vehicle decks.水喷雾系统是用于机械空间和车辆甲板。The foam smothering(窒息)system may be used for the boiler room or engine room.令人窒息的泡沫(窒息)系统可以用来锅炉房或机舱。Carbon dioxide smothering systems are used for cargo or machinery spaces.二氧化碳令人窒息的系统用于货物或机械空间。Besides,dry powder systems and funnel inerting(惰性的)systems can also be found.此外,干粉灭火系统和漏斗摘要(惰性的)系统也可以找到。How does a Marine Diesel engine Work?船用柴油机是如何工作的?*The diesel engine is a type of internal combustion engine which ignites(点燃)the fuel by injecting(喷射)it into hot,high pressure air in a combustion chamber(燃烧室).*柴油发动机是一种内燃机,点燃(点燃)燃料注入了(喷射)成热、高压空气燃烧室(燃烧室)。The marine diesel engine is a type of diesel engine used on ships.The principle of its operation is as follows:在船用柴油机是一种应用于船舶柴油机。它的操作原理如下:When the air is compressed,its temperature rises so that it ignites the fine spray(喷雾、油雾)of fuel injected into the cylinder.当空气被压缩,其温度上升,所以它点燃细薄的喷雾(喷雾,油雾)燃料注入汽缸。In a four-stroke diesel engine,the cycle requires four separate strokes of the piston,i.e.suction(吸气),compression(压缩),expansion(膨胀)and exhaust(排气).在一个四冲程柴油机、循环需要四个独立的中风的活塞,即吸(吸气)、压缩(压缩),展开(膨胀)和尾气(排气)。The exhaust ports are uncovered also.Pressurized fresh air charges into the cylinder,blowing out any residual exhaust gases from the last stroke through the exhaust ports.揭示了排气港口。新鲜空气的压力指控缸,吹灭了任何残留的废气最后中风通过排气。The fuel injector injects a fine spray of fuel into the hot air and combustion take place,producing much higher pressure in the gases.燃料注射器注入了罚款喷射燃料热空气和燃烧发生,生产高得多的压力,在气体。It is usual to draw such diagrams starting at TDC(firing),but the explanation will start at TDC(scavenge).Top dead center is sometimes referred to as inner dead center(IDC).通常是开始把这类图(射击)止,但这个解释将开始在贸易发展局(清除)。顶级正中间有时被称为内部死中心(IDC)。If the engine is naturally aspirated(自然吸气),or is a small high-speed type with a centrifugal turbocharger,the period of valve overlap(重叠),i.e.when both valves are open,will be short,and the exhaust valve will close some 10after top dead center(ATDC).如果你的发动机自然吸气(自然吸气),或者是一个小的高速类型,具有离心涡轮增压器的时代,气门重叠(重叠),即当两个阀门是开放的,将短,排气阀关闭一些10将在顶级死中心(ATDC)。四冲程定时图will be designed to allow a generous throughflow of scavenge air at this point in order to control the turbine blade temperature.设计将允许一个慷慨的清除作用throughflow空气在这一点上,为了控制汽轮机叶片的温度。To maximize this,balancing the reduced opening as the valve seats against the slight ram(进气阀座)or inertia effect of the incoming charge,the inlet(suction)valve will normally be held open until about 25-35ABDC(145-155BTDC).最大限度地达到这个,平衡减少阀门阀座的开放与对轻微的内存(进气阀座)或惯性效应加以引用的费用,进口(吸)通常会打开了阀门直到大约25-35ABDC(145-155BTDC)。the fuel burns over a period of 30-50while the piston begins to descend on the expansion stroke,the piston movement usually helping to induce air movement to assist combustion.燃料燃烧时的一段30-50当活塞开始下降对膨胀行程,活塞运动通常帮助诱导空气的流动来协助燃烧。This is done:(a)to preserve(保留)as much energy as is practicable to drive the turbocharger,and(b)to reduce the cylinder pressure to a minimum by BDC to reduce pumping work on the“exhaust”stroke.这样做是:(一)保留(保留)多少能源驱动涡轮增压器上是可行的,(b),以减少钢瓶压力降到最低的工作上止点降低泵的“横置“中风。plus the positive pressure difference,which usually exists across the cylinder by now,produces a through flow of air to the exhaust toscavengethe cylinder.加上积极的压力差异,在滚筒上通常存在现在,产生一种通过空气流动到排气清除的汽缸。二冲程定时图The two-stroke cycle二冲程定时图The冲程循环Two-stroke engines invariably have ports to admit air when uncovered by the descending piston.二冲程发动机总是有港口的时候承认空气发现降活塞。because any unexpelled(未排出的）exhaust gases detracts(减损，降低)from the weight of air entrained for the next stroke.因为任何unexpelled废气(未排出的)减去(减损,降低)空气带入的重量下中风。Marine refrigeration(制冷)海洋制冷(制冷)The natural transfer of heat is from a hot body to a cold body,the function of a refrigeration plant is to act as a heat pump自然转移的热从热的物体,外面的天气很冷,身体功能的植物作为制冷热泵and reverse this process so that rooms can be maintained at low temperatures for the preservation(保存)of foodstuffs,or air can be cooled for the air conditioning.和扭转这一程序,使房间可以维持在较低的温度下的食品保藏(保存),或空气冷却的空调。The compression refrigeration is the most commonly used type of marine refrigeration.压缩制冷是最常用的类型的海洋气息。The components required for a compression refrigeration system are a compressor,condenser,liquid receiver,expansion valve and evaporator or cooling coils(蒸发或冷却盘管).元件所需的压缩制冷系统是一个压缩机、冷凝器、液器、膨胀阀开度和蒸发冷却线圈或(蒸发或冷却盘管)。Drawing of compression refrigeration system压缩制冷系统图The refrigerating agent,as so called refrigerant,flows from the expansion valve and through the evaporator coils where it absorbs heat from the space being cooled and becomes a gas or vapor.蓄冰剂,所谓的冷冻、流膨胀阀开度和通过蒸发器管吸收热量的地方从空间被冷却,成为一个气体或蒸汽。Then it flows to the compressor,where it is compressed to the condenser pressure(condensing pressure)and thereby becomes hot.然后它流向压缩机,它在哪里压缩凝汽器压力(冷凝压力),从而会变热。In the condenser,the hot,high pressure refrigerant gas is cooled by the sea water and becomes liquid.在冷凝器、热、高压制冷剂气体冷却海水和成了液体。The liquid refrigerant flows to the receiver and then to the expansion valve to start the circuit again.液体制冷剂流动到接收者,然后到膨胀阀启动电路一次。The air from the cooled space or air conditioning system is passed over the evaporator and boil off the liquid refrigerant,at same time cools the air itself.从冷却空气空间或空调系统过了蒸发器和沸腾液体制冷剂,同时冷却空气本身。The boiling and condensation points of a refrigerant depend on the pressure exerted upon it.沸腾的制冷剂冷凝点依靠压力施加在其上。Because the expansion valve is just a little way open,the refrigerant is under low pressure in the evaporator and under high pressure in the condenser.因为膨胀阀的只是一些方式打开,使制冷剂在蒸发器中低压和高压下冷凝器。Therefore it can evaporate at low temperature in the evaporator and condense at high temperature in the condenser.所以能够在低温蒸发浓缩在蒸发器和冷凝器在高温下。Thus it will be seen that heat that is transferred from the air to the evaporator is then pumped round the system until it reaches the condenser where it is transferred or rejected to the sea water.因此人们将看到,热转移到空气蒸发器然后泵轮系统直到到达冷凝器它在哪转让或拒绝的海水。The most common refrigerants used on ship are now probably Refrigerant 22 and Refrigerant 12,Refrigerant 502 and Ammonia(氨).最常见的制冷剂使用现在大概在船制冷剂22和冷冻12、制冷剂侧502和氨(氨)。Refrigerant 22 is now the most common refrigerant for a wide range of temperature,including low temperature,-41oC being possible without negative evaporator pressures(负压).22现在制冷剂最常见的冷冻一个很宽范围的温度,包括低温,-41摄氏度被不可能负面蒸发器压力(负压)。Refrigerant 12 was the first of the halogenated hydrocarbon(卤化烃)refrigerants to become widely available at sea.12是第一个制冷剂的卤代烃(卤化烃)制冷剂成为广泛使用在海上。But because of its hazardous effect on ozonosphere(臭氧层),the using in refrigeration will be soon prohibited.但由于其危害的臭氧层(臭氧层),使用制冷很快就会被禁止。Ammonia has never been popular refrigerant for marine use owing to its irritant(刺激的)and toxic(有毒的)properties in the event of a leak.氨从未流行的制冷剂为航海使用因其刺激性(刺激的)和毒性(有毒的)性能发生泄漏。However,it does have cost advantages for large installations operating at low temperatures.然而,它确实有成本优势为大型设备运行在较低的温度下。Refrigerant 502 has many advantages over R12 and R22 and is particularly suitable for hermetic(密封的)compressors,but is still an expensive gas and not readily available worldwide at present.502年制冷剂具有很多优点,尤其是与R12 R22适合赫尔墨斯(密封的)压缩机,但仍然是一个贵气与不容易得到目前世界范围内。The most common compressor at sea today is the reciprocating compressor for use with Freon.最常见的压缩机在海上今天是往复压缩机使用氟利昂。Designs cover a power range of 1 to 2OO kW,the small machines being vertical in line and larger ones with cylinder in V or W formation.设计涵盖功率范围内为一至二OO千瓦,小设备在垂直的线条和更大的缸伏或W形成。Apart from hermetic compressors,one end of the shaft has to project(伸出)through the crankcase in order to receive the motor drive,either direct coupled or belt.除了赫尔墨斯压缩机,轴的一端有项目(伸出)通过曲轴箱为了得到电机驱动,或者直接耦合或带。The sealing of this shaft presents a greater problem than the usualshaft sealencountered on the other mechanical items.这个轴封的概念,提出了一种更大的问题比通常的轴封的遇到的其他机械产品。The essential component of a typical seal is a carbon ring,stationary and sealed to the gland cover,with a flat surface against which is pressed the rotating face of a cast iron ring secured to the shaft.一个典型的基本组成部分是一个碳环密封、文具及密封腺体的封面,它有一块平板对旋转面压铸铁环固定轴。Oil lubrication is maintained between the rubbing faces.有润滑摩擦之间保持的脸。To allow capacity reduction cylinder unloading gear(气缸卸荷机构)which allows suction valves to be held open has been introduced to multicylinder compressors.允许能力降低缸卸载装置(气缸卸荷机构),允许举行的吸入阀打开介绍给multicylinder压缩机。The regulator or expansion valve has small orifice in order to effect the desired pressure reduction and ensure that the correct volume of liquid refrigerant flows from the high pressure side of the system through to the low pressure evaporator side.监管机构或膨胀阀孔小为了效果所需的压降和保证正确的体积的液体制冷剂流系统的高压力面到低压蒸发器侧。For Freon system,the most common regulator is the thermostatic expansion valve,the meaning of the wordthermostaticbeing that the valve is designed to maintain a constant amount of superheat temperature at the evaporator outlet.对氟利昂系统,最常见的恒温器是膨胀阀、这个词的意思是“恒温的阀门是为了维持一个恒定的数量的过热温度蒸发器出口。At the suction of the compressor,fine metal gauze(丝网)filters are fitted for protect the compressor from dirt entering with the suction gas.在压缩机抽吸、细金属纱(丝网)过滤器适合保护压缩机与污垢进入吸入气体。Fine liquid filters are fitted to protect the small orifices in expansion valves.液体过滤器安装好保护小圆孔膨胀阀。Any clogging of one of these reveals itself by a cooling of the liquid pipe downstream of the filter.任何堵塞之一,这些由一个展示自己的冷却液管下游的过滤器。Moisture in Freon systems causes troubles,viz.(namely)ice formation at expansion valves,corrosion of steel parts(the products of which will also block the expansion valves),forming sludge in the lubricating oil.系统中的水分引起麻烦氟里昂,即成冰作用。(即)在膨胀阀、腐蚀钢零件(产品也将阻止膨胀阀),形成污泥润滑油。Dries are used in the liquid line from the condenser to remove any water accidentally admitted to the system.干涸液管适用于从冷凝器,清除任何水偶承认系统。The commonest drying agents used are silica gel(硅胶)and activated alumina(活性氧化铝(亦称矾土),both of which can be reactivated by heating to 140oC for a number of hours.最常见的干燥剂等应用硅胶(硅胶)、活性氧化铝(活性氧化铝(亦称矾土),两者都可以重新加热到140摄氏度的一系列小时。Refrigeration plants are protected by high pressure cut-outs,low pressure cut-outs,oil failure cut-outs and safety valves or bursting discs.制冷植物被高压割断,低压割断,石油失败和安全阀或破裂的确盘。High pressure cut-outs are usually set to the pressure corresponding to 49oC,i.e.about 5oC above highest expected condenser gauge.高压割断通常设置相应的压力-49摄氏度,也就是大约5摄氏度以上最高预期冷凝器表。Low pressure cut-outs should be set about 5oC below the lowest expected evaporation gauge reading.低压开口应该设置大约5摄氏度的最低预期下蒸发计阅读。Oil failure cut-outs are differential pressure devices as crankcase pressure is not atmospheric and oil pressure is determined relative to crankcase pressure.失败是石油的确差压装置曲轴箱压力不确定大气、油压相对曲轴箱压力。READING MATERIAL阅读材料A.REFRIGERATION答:制冷Refrigerant制冷剂CFC and HCFC refrigerants can present a danger to life by excluding(排除)air.氯氟化碳HCFC制冷剂,会呈现出危害生命(排除)排除空气。Inhalation(吸入)of high concentrations of the vapour,even for short periods,must be avoided since this may be dangerous and can produce unconsciousness(失去知觉)or prove suddenly fatal(引起突然死亡)due to oxygen deficiency.(吸入)吸入高浓度的蒸汽,即使是很短的时期,必须避免,因为这可能是危险的,并且能够产生无意识(失去知觉)或证明突然致命的(引起突然死亡)由于氧气不足。The refrigerant vapour is heavier than air,and in static or poorly ventilated situations may be slow to disperse(驱散).冷蒸气重于空气、静态或没有良好通风的情况下可以轻易驱散(驱散)。Anyone suffering from the effects of inhalation of the vapour should move,or be moved,to the open air.任何人遭受的影响应该吸入蒸汽移动或动摇,露天。The use of adrenaline(肾上腺素)or similar drugs to aid recovery must be avoided.使用肾上腺素(肾上腺素)或类似的药物来帮助恢复必须避免。Care must be exercised before entering any area where the presence of high vapour concentration is suspected.应该很小心在进入任何地方行使存在蒸汽浓度高的怀疑。The vapour will displace air upwards out of cargo chambers,shipsengine rooms,etc.and tend to collect at deck level and in pits and trenches(沟,沟槽).将取代蒸汽室的空气向上货物、船上的引擎室等,往往会聚集在甲板上水平、战壕、窖(沟、沟槽)。Should accident escape of the refrigerant occur indoors,adequate fan assisted ventilation must be used to disperse the vapour,preferably by extraction at ground level,before entering the area.该事故发生的逃逸制冷剂在室内,充足的球迷必须使用辅助通气驱散的水气,最好是用萃取法在地面上,在进入这一区域。When any doubt exists it is recommended that breathing apparatus should be worn.当存在任何疑问建议应戴呼吸装置。These refrigerants are non-flammable,but refrigerant vapour coming into contact with temperatures of 316oC and above(burning cigarettes,gas burners,electrical heating elements,etc.)这些制冷剂是吸热,但冷冻蒸汽接触温度316摄氏度以上(燃烧的香烟、气体燃烧器、电气加热元件,等等)。will decompose(分解,还原)to form phosgene(光气),hydrogen fluoride(氟化物)and hydrogen chloride(氯化物).将分解(分解,还原)形成光气(光气)、氢氟(氟化物)和氢氯化物(氯化物)。These compounds have extremely harmful physiological(生理学的)effect on human beings,as well as being highly corrosive,causing rapid breakdown of electrical and mechanical equipment.这些化合物具有极其有害的生理(生理学的)影响人类,作为高度腐蚀性、快速故障造成的电气和机械设备。Naked flame and smo