生化作业.doc

Barry Marshall生平:In 1979, Marshall was appointed as a Registrar in Medicine at the Royal Perth Hospital. He met Robin Warren, a pathologist interested in gastritis, during internal medicine fellowship training at Royal Perth Hospital in 1981. Together, the pair studied the presence of spiral bacteria in association with gastritis. In 1982, they performed the initial culture of H. pylori and developed their hypothesis related to the bacterial cause of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer.2 It has been claimed that the H. pylori theory was ridiculed by the establishment scientists and doctors, who did not believe that any bacteria could live in the acidic environment of the stomach. Marshall has been quoted as saying in 1998 that (e)veryone was against me, but I knew I was right.5 On the other hand, it has also been argued that medical researchers showed a proper degree of scientific scepticism until the H. pylori hypothesis could be supported by evidence.6 German researchers had published several studies during the early 20th century, positing that bacterial infection was the principal cause of stomach ulcers, but they failed to attract wider interest or demonstrate an acceptable proof.citation needed After failed attempts to infect piglets in 1984, Marshall, after having a baseline endoscopy done, drank a Petri dish containing cultured H. pylori, expecting to develop, perhaps years later, an ulcer. He was surprised when, only three days later, he developed vague nausea and halitosis, (due to the achlorhydria, there was no acid to kill bacteria in the stomach, and their waste products manifested as bad breath), noticed only by his mother. On days 58, he developed achlorydric (no acid) vomiting. On day eight, he had a repeat endoscopy and biopsy, which showed massive inflammation (gastritis), and H. Pylori was cultured. On the fourteenth day after ingestion, a third endoscopy was done, and Marshall began to take antibiotics. This story is related by Barry Marshall himself in his Nobel acceptance lecture Dec. 8, 2005, available for viewing on the Nobel website. Interestingly, Marshall did not develop antibodies to H. pylori, suggesting that innate immunity can sometimes eradicate acute H. pylori infection. Marshalls illness and recovery, based on a culture of organisms extracted from a patient, fulfilled Kochs postulates for H. pylori and gastritis, but not for peptic ulcer. This experiment was published in 1985 in the Medical Journal of Australia,7 and is among the most cited articles from the journal.8 After his work at Fremantle Hospital, Marshall did research at Royal Perth Hospital (198586) and at the University of Virginia, USA (1986Present), before returning to Australia while remaining on the faculty of the University of Virginia.1 He held a Burnet Fellowship at the University of Western Australia (UWA) from 1998-2003.9 Marshall continues research related to H. pylori and runs the H. pylori Research Laboratory at UWA.10 In 2007, Marshall accepted a part-time appointment at the Pennsylvania State University.111979年，马歇尔被任命为司法常务官在皇家珀斯医院医学。他遇到了罗宾沃伦，于1981年在皇家珀斯医院内科奖学金培训的一个对胃炎感兴趣的病理学家。他们一起研究幽门螺旋杆菌的存在对胃炎的影响。他们假设消化性溃疡和胃癌是由细菌引起的,并且在1982年进行了幽门螺旋杆菌的初始培养和发展。2这个理论被研究院的科学家和医生所耻笑,因为谁不相信细菌可以住在胃的酸性环境下。正如同马歇尔在1998年说的那样，“人人是对我，但我知道我是对的。”5 另一方面,有人异议说,医学研究人员对一个支持幽门螺旋杆菌假设的证据表示怀疑。6 在20世纪初，德国研究人员已经发表了一些研究成果，确定细菌感染是胃溃疡的主要病因，但他们并没能吸引人们的兴趣，或者给人们一个可接受的证据。 1984年，感染仔猪尝试失败，马歇尔在做了一个胃镜后，喝下了培养皿中培养的幽门螺旋杆菌，并且期待几年后能过发生溃疡。令他感到惊讶的是，仅仅3天后，他开始轻微的恶心，口臭，（由于对胃酸缺乏，没能杀死胃中的细菌，使其产生废物并且表现为口臭），发现的是他的母亲。在5-8天，他开始achlorydric（无酸）呕吐。第8天，他重复的内镜检查和活检，表明大量的炎症（胃炎）的出现，幽门螺旋杆菌开始繁殖了。在摄入后的第十四天，第三次内镜完成后，马歇尔就开始服用抗生素。这个故事源自于2005年12月8号，巴里马歇尔本人诺贝尔奖颁奖仪式上的演讲。有趣的是，马歇尔并没有发展幽门螺旋杆菌的抗体，这表明，先天免疫系统有时会消除急性感染幽门螺旋杆菌的。马歇尔的病情和恢复，从病人中提取的生物样本的基础上，完成柯赫氏法则幽门螺杆菌与胃炎，而不是不消化性溃疡。本实验于1985年出版的澳大利亚医学杂志，7并且是被引用最多的文章的杂志中。8 结束了在Fremantle医院工作，并且在返回澳洲或者在弗吉尼亚大学任教之前，马歇尔，在皇家珀斯医院（1985-86）和美国弗吉尼亚州大学（1986年至今）做研究。他于1998年至2003年在西澳大利亚大学（UWA）创办了地榆奖学金。9其后，马歇尔在西澳大学的幽门螺旋杆菌研究实验室继续做研究。10 在2007年，马歇尔接受了美国宾夕法尼亚州立大学的兼职任命。11Awards and honours 奖励和荣耀:In 2005, the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm gave the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Dr. Marshall and Dr. Warren for finding the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its part in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.9Marshall was given other awards including10: Warren Alpert Prize in 1994 Australian Medical Association Award in 1995 Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research in 1995 Gairdner Foundation International Award in 1996 Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize in 1997 Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Medicine in 1998 Florey Medal in 1998 Buchanan Medal of the Royal Society in 1998 Benjamin Franklin Medal for Life Sciences in 1999 Keio Medical Science Prize in 2002 Australian Centenary Medal in 2001.112005年，在斯德哥尔摩的卡罗林斯卡研究所给予的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖马歇尔博士和博士。沃伦发现幽门螺杆菌及其在胃炎和消化性溃疡病。9马歇尔在给定的其他奖项，其中包括10：沃伦阿尔珀特奖于1994年澳大利亚医学协会奖于1995年于1995年拉斯克医学研究奖盖尔德纳基金会国际奖，1996年在1997年保罗埃利希和的路德维希Darmstaedter奖回历喜力博士在1998年医学奖弗洛里在1998年勋章布坎南奖章，英国皇家学会于1998年本杰明富兰克林生命科学奖章，1999年庆应义塾医学科学奖，2002年澳大利亚百年奖章于2001年。11在2007年，他被做了伴侣澳洲的命令。12Robin Warren生平John Robin Warren was born in Adelaide in 1937. Despite an equal love for photography Warren entered medical school at the University of Adelaide, graduating with an MB and BS in 1961. A chance turn of fate led Warren to pathology and after training at the Royal Melbourne Hospital in 1967 he was admitted to the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia. Warren then moved to Perth to take up a position as staff specialist in pathology at the Royal Perth Hospital (196898). It was during this time that Warren first observed bacteria in stomach sections associated with peptic ulcers (1979). Warren began to work with Barry Marshall in 1981 and together they were able to demonstrate that the bacteria Warren observed (now called Helicobacter pylori) was the causative agent in peptic ulcers. This revolutionary discovery was at first rejected by the medical fraternity but finally led to a cure for peptic ulcers.中文翻译:约翰罗宾沃伦于1937年出生在阿德莱德。尽管热爱摄影，沃伦仍然进入阿德莱德大学的医学院，MB和BS在1961年毕业。一个偶然的机会沃伦接触了病理学， 1967年在皇家墨尔本医院培训后，他被澳大利西亚的病理学皇家学院录取。沃伦然后转移到珀斯，并且在皇家珀斯医院从事病理学工作（1968年至1998年）。正是在这个时候，沃伦首次观察到胃中的细菌与消化性溃疡的关联（1979）。在1981年沃伦开始与巴里马歇尔一起工作，他们证明，沃伦观察到的这种细菌（现在叫幽门螺旋杆菌）是消化性溃疡的致病因子。这一革命性的发现在最初被医疗界所拒绝，最终导致了一种治疗消化性溃疡方法的出现。荣誉Honours, Awards, Prizes for MedicineSixth International Workshop Campylobacter, Helicobacter and related organisms, 1991: Guest of honour.Warren Alpert Foundation Prize 1994,Harvard Medical School, jointly with Dr. B. J. Marshall, “for research that has led to improved understanding and treatment of a specific disease: identifying Helicobacter pylori as a cause of peptic ulceration.”Australian Medical Association Western Australian Branch: 1995 Award.Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia: Distinguished Fellows Award 1995, “for Distinguished Service to the Science and Practice of Pathology.”The First Western Pacific Helicobacter Congress, February 1996: Inaugural Award,“In recognition of his contribution to the advancement of medical science through the co-discovery of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori.”The medal of the University of Hiroshima, September 1996.The University of Adelaide Alumni Association: Distinguished Alumni Award, 24 October 1996,“in recognition of your contribution to the healing of peptic ulcers, to the relief of human suffering and to huge world wide economic savings.”The Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Award 1997,Paul Ehrlich Foundation, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, jointly with Dr. B. J. Marshall, “for your discovery of Helicobacter pylori as cause for peptic ulcer.”Guest speaker at the Centenary Meeting of the German Society of Pathology, Berlin, May 1997.Honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine, University of Western Australia September 1997.Guest speaker at the World Helicobacter meeting, Lisbon 1997.Faulding Florey medal, 1998,centenary of the birth of Lord Florey.Australian Institute of Political Science, Cavalcade of Australian Scientists of the 20th Century,for “excellence in intellectual endeavour and contribution