步进电机及其驱动系统简介中英文翻译.doc

About stepper motor and drive systemStep characteristics for machine for angular displacement for entering the electrical engineering is first kind will give or get an electric shocking the pulse signal conversion cowgirl or line potential moving battery carry outing a piece, having the fast stopping, accurate step entering and directly accepting the arithmetic figure measuring, because of but got the extensive application.Such as in the drafting machine, print the machine and optical instrument inside, and all adopt the inside of a place control system for entering the electrical engineering to positioning to paint the pen print head or optical prinipal, especially indrstry process the type control, and move to spread to feel the to can immediately attain the precision fixed position because of its precision and need not potential, and control the technique along with the calculator of continuously deveolp, applied to would be more and more extensive.Control and can is divided into the simple control sum the complicacy to control to motor two kind.The simple control points to proceeds to start to motor, the system move, positive and negative revolution and sequential control.Complicacy the control point to the motors revolving speed, screw angle, turning moment, tension, electric current etc. physics quantisty progress control.Control technique that the development that motor get force is in latest development achievement that micro-electronics technique, electric power electronics, spread to feel the the technique, automatic control the technique, tiny machine the application technique to wait.Exactly the advance of these techniques make the motor control the technique at near two 10-year insides change for turn overing the ground of day is take placed.Among them the motors control division have already been controled by emulation gradually let locate to regard single flake machine as principle of microprocessor control, formation the mix control system of the arithmetic figure and emulation and the application of the pure arithmetic figure control system, combine control the direction to total amount word to quickly deveolp.The motors drive part of power for using the piece experienced a few renewals to change the on behalf, current switch speed sooner, more simple whole type power piece of control the MOSFET become the main current with IGBT.Stepper motors have the following benefits: Low cost Ruggedness Simplicity in construction High reliability No maintenance Wide acceptance No tweaking to stabilize No feedback components are needed They work in just about any environment Inherently more failsafe than servo motors.There is virtually no conceivable failure within the stepper drive module that could cause the motor to run away. Stepper motors are simple to drive and control in an open-loop configuration. They only require four leads. They provide excellent torque at low speeds, up to 5 times the continuous torque of a brush motor of the same frame size or double the torque of the equivalent brushless motor. This often eliminates the need for a gearbox. A stepper-driven-system is inherently stiff, with known limits to the dynamic position error.Stepper Motor DisadvantagesStepper motors have the following disadvantages: Resonance effects and relatively long settlingtimes Rough performance at low speed unless amicrostep drive is used Liability to undetected position loss as a result ofoperating open-loop They consume current regardless of loadconditions and therefore tend to run hot Losses at speed are relatively high and can causeexcessive heating, and they are frequently noisy(especially at high speeds). They can exhibit lag-lead oscillation, which isdifficult to damp. There is a limit to their availablesize, and positioning accuracy relies on themechanics (e.g., ballscrew accuracy). Many ofthese drawbacks can be overcome by the use ofa closed-loop control scheme.Note: The Compumotor Zeta Series minimizes orreduces many of these different stepper motor disadvantages.There are three main stepper motor types: Permanent Magnet (P.M.) Motors Variable Reluctance (V.R.) Motors Hybrid MotorsWhen the motor is driven in its full-step mode, energizing two windings or “phases” at a time (see Fig. 1.8), the torque available on each step will be the same (subject to very small variations in the motor and drive characteristics). In the half-step mode, we are alternately energizing two phases and then only one as shown in Fig. 1.9. Assuming the drive delivers the same winding current in each case, this will cause greater torque to be produced when there are two windings energized. In other words, alternate steps will be strong and weak. This does not represent a major deterrent to motor performancethe available torque is obviously limited by the weaker step, but there will be a significant improvement in low-speed smoothness over the full-step mode.Applications in hazardous environmentsor in a vacuum may not be able to use a brushed motor. Either a stepper or a brushless motor is called for, depending on the demands of the load. Bear in mind that heat dissipation may be a problem in a vacuum when the loads are excessive.continuous duty applications suit the servo motor, and in fact a step motor should be avoided in such applications because the high-speed losses can cause excessive motor heating.are the natural domain of the stepper due to its high torque at low speeds, good torque-to-inertia ratio and lack of commutation problems. The brushes of the DC motor can limit its potential for frequent starts, stops and direction changes.continuous duty applications are appropriate to the step motor. At low speeds it is very efficient in terms of torque output relative to both size and input power. Microstepping can be used to improve smoothness in lowspeed applications such as a metering pump drive for very accurate flow control.Stepper motor is a stepper motor for precise electrical and mechanical actuators, which are widely used in industrial machinery, digital control, for the system reliability, interoperability, maintainability, and cost-optimal, according to the control system functional requirements and Control system through the microcontroller memory, I/O interface, interrupt, keyboard, LED display of the expansion of the annular distributor stepping motor, drive and protection circuit, man-machine interface circuit, interrupt system and reset circuit, a single voltage drive circuit, etc.designed to achieve a four-phase stepper motor rotating, and emergency stop functions.To achieve the stepping motor system in NC Machine Tools, system design, two external interrupts, in order to achieve within a certain period of time stepper motor repeated Reversible function, ie, the turret CNC automatic feedmovement. With the continuous development of single chip microcomputer, microcontroller in household electronic products widely applied, since the since the early sixties, the stepper motor applications are greatly enhanced.People use it to drive the clock and other instruments with pointers, printers, plotters, disk CD-ROM drive, a variety of automatic control valves, various tools, as well as robots and other mechanical devices.In addition,as the acIn addition, as the actuator, stepper motor is one of mechanical and electrical integration of the key products are widely used in a variety of automatic control systems, microelectronics and computer technology with the development of its requirements with the Japanese fear of growing in allthe field of application of the national economy has. Stepper motor digital control system of electromechanical actuators commonly used, due to its high precision, small size, flexible to control, so the smart meter and position control has been widely used in large-scale integrated circuits technology development, and SCMThe increasing popularity of design features, the lowest price of the stepper motor control driver provides advanced technology and adequate resources.步进电机及其驱动系统简介步进电机是一种将电脉冲信号转换成相应的角位移或线位移的机电执行元件，具有快速启停、精确步进以及直接接受数字量的特点，因而得到了广泛的应用。如在绘图机、打印机及光学仪器中，都采用步进电机来定位绘图笔印字头或光学镜头，特别是工业过程式控制的位置控制系统中，由于它的精确以及不用位移传感器即可达到精确定位，随着计算机控制技术的不断发展,应用会越来越广泛。对电动机控制可分为简单控制和复杂控制两种。简单控制是指对电动机进行启动、制动、正反转和顺序控制。复杂控制是指对电动机的转速、转角、转矩、电压、电流等物理量进行控制。电动机的控制技术的发展得力于微电子技术、电力电子技术、传感器技术、自动控制技术、微机应用技术等的最新发展成就。正是这些技术的进步使电动机控制技术在近二十年内发生了天翻地覆的变化。其中电动机的控制部分已由模拟控制逐渐让位于以单片机为主的微处理器控制，形成数字与模拟的混合控制系统和纯数字控制系统的应用，并正向全数字控制方向快速发展。电动机的驱动部分所用的功率器件经历了几次更新换代，目前开关速度更快、控制更容易的全控型功率器件MOSFET和IGBT成为主流。步进电机有以下好处：（1）成本低廉（2）坚固耐用（3）结构简单（4）高可靠性（5）无维修（6）适用广泛（7）稳定性很高（8）无需反馈元件（8）适应多种工作环境（9）相对伺服电机更具有保险性。因此，几乎没有任何可以想象的失败使步进驱动模块出错。步进电机驱动简单，并且驱动和控制在一个开放的闭环系统内。他们只需要4个驱动器。低速时，驱动器提供良好的扭矩，是有刷电机同一帧大小5倍连续力距，或相当于无刷电机一倍扭矩。这往往不再需要变速箱。步进驱动系统迟缓，在限定的范围内，可以更好的减少动态位置误差。步进电机弊端。步进电机有下列缺点：（1）共振效应和相对长的适应性（2）在低速，表现粗糙，除非微驱动器来驱动（3）开环系统可能导致未被查觉的损失（4）由于过载，他们消耗过多电流。因此倾向于过热运行。（5）亏损速度比较高，并可产生过多热量因此，他们噪音很大（尤其是在高速下）。（6）他们的滞后现象导致振荡，这是很难抑制的。对他们的可行性，这儿有一个限度，而他们的大小，定位精度主要依靠的是机器（例如，滚珠丝杠的精确度） 。许多这些缺点是可以克服的，通过使用一个闭环控制方案。 注： compumotor系列能很多的减小或降低了这些不同的步进电机不利之处。 主要有3类步进电机：（1）永磁式步进电机 ，（2）可变磁阻式步进电动机，（3）混合式步进电机汽车。当电动机驱动，在其全步模式，给两个绕组通电时或2相通电的时候（见图 1.8 ） ，扭矩可于每一个步将是相同（除极少数的变异和传动特性）。在半步模式下，我们交