《农业推广英语》考点.doc

农业推广英语复习资料第一单元 第一章Unite 1 Agricultural Extension in Development Countries（1）名词解释1. agricultural extension : assistance to farmer to help them to identify and analyse their production problem and to become aware of the opportunity for improvement. 农业推广 2. extension agent : the extension worker at the village level in direct, day-to-day contact with local farmers. 农业推广员，技术指导员 3. contact man : the same as “extension agent”. 联系人，联络员（含义同“农业推广员”） 4. extension worker : a man or woman employed by an extension agency. In this textbook, the term includes technical and professional staff employed at levels. 农业推广工作者5.land grant colleges : the state agricultural colleges in the USA responsible for all agricultural extension work at the state level. 美州立农学院 6. home economics : a collective term to describe those subjects associated with domestic work; child care, nutrition, hygiene, preparing and cooking food, dressmaking as well as poultry keeping, dairying and gardening. 家政学7. audio-visual aids(or media) : any material object, instrument or system which serves to communicate information (message), including leaflets, farming press, other written and printed material, all types of cinema films, radio, and television, and video systems. 视听辅助物（或媒介）8. in-service training : the periodic training given to extension staff to upgrade their knowledge and practical skill. 在职（短期）培训9. farm inputs : material and services used in crop and livestock production. 农场生产投入10. farm outputs : quantity of farm goods produced. 农场生产产量（2）选择填空 alternative average as a result of by far identify justify out of touch with produce setback set down1. Populations have expanded rapidly _decreased mortality and high birth rates, and the pressure of human numbers has caused traditional systems of land-use and the conservation of the fertility of the land break down.死亡率的下降而出生率却居高不下导致人口迅速增加，同时传统的土地利用系统和土地肥力保持系统已经因为人口的压力而崩溃。(as a result of)2. _ the most difficult problem is how to provide a livelihood for a rural labour force which is expected to double by the end of the century.预计到本世纪末农村劳动力人数将翻番，让这些劳动力获得生计显然是最难解决的问题。(By far)3. Governments grew impatient with the slow, plodding extension worker and his farmer clients, and sought_ means of increasing the production of small farmers.政府对那些疲惫缓慢而又孜孜不息的推广工作者及其农民客户越来越没有耐心，他们试图找到增加小农生产的替代办法。(alternative)4. _ have been caused by inappropriate technology and institutions borrowed from economically advanced countries.受到挫折是由于照搬只适合于经济发达国家的技术和制度。(Setbacks)5. Many recommended practices have been insufficiently profitable to _ their inclusion in extension programmes.许多推荐来的做法不能产生足够的效益，因此无法纳入推广项目。（justify）6. Too often farmers have the frustrating experience of getting less money for their marketed _than they rightly expected.农产品卖出获得的钱低于农民正常期待的收益，这种不愉快的经历农民们遭受得太多了。（produce）7. Programmes are usually planned and decision taken by senior staff who tend to be _ local problems and the day-to-day difficulties facing the farmer and the extension worker.高级职员制订推广计划和做决策，而他们往往接触不到当地问题，不了解农民和推广工作者日常面临的困难。（out of touch with）8. The reluctance of extension workers to _ with farmers and share their anxieties, is often the result of values acquired at school.推广工作者不愿意与农民打成一片，为农民分忧解难，主要是学校教育所形成的价值观在作祟。（identify）9. Where extension worker have concentrated their efforts on selected progressive farmers, the _ farmer has shown little interest in changing his practices.只要推广工作者将注意力都集中在精选出来的“进步农民”身上，这些地方的“普通农民”几乎就看不出有什么兴趣改变其习惯做法。（average）10. It obliges decision-makers to _ a precise plan, examine the consequences of implementation and to make the necessary adjustments to subsequent plans.它要求决策者拟定精密计划、检查实施结果、并对随后的计划做必要的调整。（set down）第三单元 第一章Unit 3 Farmer-led Extension（1）名词解释1. farmer-led extension : agricultural extension or research services that are responsive to the needs and potentials of resource-poor farmers. 以农民为主导的农业推广 2. labour constraints : lack of labour, esp. man labour. 劳动力制约，劳动力约束 3. green revolution : a term coined by U.S. Agency for International Development director William Gaud (March 1968); movement to increase yields by using new crop cultivars irrigation, fertilizers, pesticides and mechanization. 绿色革命 4. resource-poor farmer : farmers who are lack of resources such as land, labour, money, etc. 资源贫乏的农民 5. poverty thresholds : poverty measure which is recalculated each year. Individuals or families are poor if their annual pretax cash income falls below a measure of poverty. 贫困线（某一地区在某一时期维持生存所需要的收入水平） 6. NGOs : non-governmental organizations which are not sponsored or administered by government. 非政府组织7. gender bias : separation of gender in a way which prefers one sex over the other. 性别歧视8. farmer-extensionists : 性别歧视9. farmer-to-farmer extension : This is largely self-contained and self-reliant extension and extension services are provided by farmers themselves(farmer-extensions) to other farmers.农民对农民的推广10. ecological agriculture : a kind of farming in harmony with nature. 生态农业（2）选择填空experiment force impetus incorporate increasingly rely on say sustainable through viable1. The majority of the poor in developing countries live in rural areas, _ agriculture for their employment, and spend much of their income on food. 发展中国家的大多数穷人生活在农村，以农业为生，其收入主要用来购买食品。（rely on)2. Thus, sustainable increases in land and labour productivity in agriculture, _ technological and managerial innovations, continue to be crucial ways of reducing poverty and fostering economic growth. 因此，通过技术和管理创新，土地和农业劳动生产率的可持续增加仍然是减少贫困和促进经济增长的关键途径。（through)3. A critical barrier to development in these areas is the failure to find institutionally _ ways to provide appropriate technical support to farm households. 这些地区发展的主要障碍是没有发现制度上的可靠的途径向弄明提供适宜的技术援助（viable)4. It is becoming _ accepted that locally specific innovations in technology and management are needed. 需要适宜当地的技术和管理创新，这一点正得到越来越多的认同（increasingly)5. Government and other development agencies (NGOs, donors, etc.) are _ with approaches to agricultural extension. 政府和其他的开发机构（非政府组织和捐助人等）正在尝试农业推广的方.(experimenting)6. Over the last decade, a growing number of organizations have sought models which might be both more effective in serving farmers needs and institutionally more _.过去的十年里，越来越多的组织探寻更有效服务农民需求并更距制度持续性的模式（sustainable)7. In other countries, for example China and Vietnam, the transition to a market economy has added _ to the search for entirely new ways to manage extension services. 在其他国家，如中国和越南，向市场经济的转型为寻找管理推广服务的全新方式注入了新的动力。(impetus)8. With very limited resources and few staff, they were _ to rely on farmer-to-farmer extension strategies. 由于资源极为有限，人手缺乏，他们只得依赖农民推广的策略。（forced)9. Accordingly, they adopted ways of giving these farmers a larger _ in determining the extension agenda. 因此他们采用的方法是在决定推广日程时给这些农民较大的发言权（say）10. To collaborate and communicate effectively, government, NGOs and farmers groups each have to _ some of each others skills. 为了有效地合作和沟通，政府，非政府组织和农户小组都不得吸收彼此的某些技能。（incorporate)第四单元 第一章Unit 4 Issues and Problems in Farmer-to-farmer Extension（1）名词解释1. farmer-to-farmer extension : the most common form of farmer-led extension, in which farmers are the primary extension agents undertaking extension activities with or without the support of external agents. 农民对农民的推广 2. pros and cons : arguments for and against. 赞成论与反对论，正反双方的理由 3. farmer-promoter : the same as farmer-extensionist. 农民推广员 4. best fit : the most suitable one (to be a farmer-extensionist). 最佳人选 5. co-ordinator : a person who bring or put into proper relation. 协调人 6. vote with (ones) feet : to indicate a preference or an opinion by leaving or entering a particular locale. 用脚投票，用行动选择（用离开或进入一个特定地点的方式来表示选择和意见）7. make sense : have a meaning that can be understood. 有意义8. campesino-a-campesino movement : the same as farmer-to-farmer extension movement. 农民对农民的推广运动（在农民中挑选、培养推广员，在本村、本地对农民进行推广工作）9. at cross-purposes : (of two persons or groups) misunderstand one another; have different and conflicting purposes. （指二人或团体）相互误解，目的相反，话不投机10. natural selection : a process by which only the organisms best adapted to the environment tend to survive and transmit their genetic characteristics in increasing numbers to succeeding generations while those less adapted tend to be eliminated. 自然选择（2）选择填空Abide by about answer on senseShift somewhat train way with1. The _ to these three questions have been heavily debated and, frustratingly, no best practices have been developed-or are likely to be. 对三个问题的答案还有很大的争论，而且令人沮丧的是，“最佳做法”并未建立起来，可能也不会建立起来。（answer）2. Some programmes try to push them, or pat them, to fulfil these roles, but such practices almost always backfire, and if the programme tries to select another leader ,the first one frequently reacts _ jealousy or opposition. 有些规划试图劝说他们或给他们支付报酬以完成这些任务，但是这些做法几乎总是招来相反的结果，而且如果规划试图挑选另一个领导人，头一个领导人常常不是妒忌就是反对。（with）3. This is, they will have begun paving their own _ to becoming effective extensionists.也就是说，他们就会已经开始为做一个有效的推广员而创造条件了。（way）4. For example if the com selects those to be _ as farmer-extensionists，this may lead to the elite bias. 例如，如果社区选择那些人培训做农民推广员，那么挑选可能会向精英倾斜。（trained）5. Obviously, when villager-extensionists are being chosen to work in villages other than their own, it makeshift little _ for their own neighbours to choose them, as their work be with other people. 显然，如果村民推广员被挑选出来不是在自己的村子工作而是在别的村子工作，让他们自己的邻居来挑选他们就没有什么意义，因为他们要跟别人打交道。（sense）6. Clearly, imposing promoters selected by outsiders _ other farmers runs at cross-purposes to the objective of empowering local populations to develop their own agriculture .很清楚，由外人挑选农民推广员并将其强加于别人是与授权当地人发展其自身农业的目标矛盾的。（on）7. This is a _ futile exercise, in part because campesinos often change their social and economic profile significantly after working as promoters. 这么做是没有什么效果的，部分原因在于，农民们经常在做了推广员之后就显著地改变了他们的社会和经济状况。（somewhat）8. Loners can become stalwart group organizers, sedentary farmers begin to travel, semi-migrant agricultural workers can _ their focus to family farming. 不合群的人可以成为坚定的团体组织者，定居的农民开始旅行，半移居的农业工人可以把他们的注意力转移到小农经济上来。（shift）9. Also ,misconceptions _ literacy, levels of schooling and prior leadership experience have been shattered by the weight of experience. 而且，对文化、教育水平以及先前的领导经验的错误认识由于经验的影响而得以消除。（about）10. Despite the problems raised by using explicit selection criteria , some farmer-to-farmer extension networks do _ this practice. 尽管使用明确的挑选标准这个办法出现了问题，一些农民对农民推广的网络确实在按这个办法做。（abide by）第十单元 第一章Unit 10 Farming for the Future（1）名词解释1. sustainable agriculture : both a philosophy and a system of farming. It has its roots in a set of values that reflects an awareness of both ecological and social realities. It involves design and management procedures that work with natural processes to conserve all resources and minimize waste and environmental damage, while maintaining or improving farm profitability. 可持续农业 2. LEIA : low-external-input agriculture. 低外部投入农业 3. HEIA : high-external-input agriculture. 高外部投入农业 4. ecologically sound : the quality of natural resources is maintained and the vitality of the entire agroecosystem-from humans, crops and animals to soil organisms-is enhanced. 完好的生态环境 5. renewable resources : resources that can get new life and freshness. 再生性资源 6. economically viable : farmers can produce enough for self-sufficiency and/or income, and gain sufficient returns to warrant the labour and costs involved. 经济上可行7. dynamic concept : an idea or thought that is not static. 不断变化的概念8. per capita consumption (of sth.) : consumption (of sth.): consumption (of sth.) by each person. 人均消费9. water table : the level at and below which water can be found in the ground. 地下水位，地下水面10. cash crops : crops produced for sale rather than for use by the growers. （主要为出售谋取现金而非自用的）商品作物，经济作物（2）选择填空built-in draw down ensure extension impoverishmentnurture on account of shrink viability vulnerability1. Economic _ is measured not only in terms of direct farm produce (yield) but also in term of functions such as conserving resources and minimising risk. 经济生存能力用农业的直接产出来衡量，也用一些功能来衡量，如保护资源和使风险最小化。（viability）2. The fundamental dignity of all human beings is recognized, and relationships and institutions incorporate such basic human values as trust, honesty, self-respect, cooperation and compassion. The cultural and spiritual integrity of the society is preserved and _. 认识全人类的基本尊严，人类关系和制度体现人的基本价值，如信任、诚实、自重、合作和同情。保护和培养完善的社会文化及精神。（nurtured）3. Therefore, well-functioning institutions and well-deliberated policies are needs on all levels-from village to global-in order to _ sustainable development. 因此，为保证可持续发展，各个阶层（从村落到全球）都需要运行良好的制度和经过深思熟虑制定的政策。（ensure）4. In large parts of Africa, but also in parts of Latin America and Asia, production per unit area of traditional crops, e.g. millet and sorghum, declined, partly _ soil depletion and degradation but also because of political instability. 不仅在非洲的大部分地区，而且在拉丁美洲和亚洲的部分地区，每一单位土地传统作物，如、高粱的产量都下降了，部分原因是土壤贫化和退化，还有就是政治不稳定。（on account of）5. According to FAO, the environmental problems of developing countries are largely due to overexploitation of land, _ of cropping and deforestation. 根据联合国粮食及农业组织的报告，发展中国家的环境问题主要是由于土地过度开发、种植面