定语从句学案.doc

定语从句（一）一、基本概念（一） 定语从句在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。（二） 先行词被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词。但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。（三）关系代词和关系副词关系代词和关系副词是定语从句的引导词。与先行词关系密切，通常紧跟先行词，并在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词有：who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外，as也可充当关系代词，关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有：when, where和why，在定语从句中充当状语。二、关系代词的用法（一）基本用法根据先行词的不同，和在从句中所充当的成分不同，选用不同的关系代词。如下表：关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语，宾语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, which，that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时，后面的关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人，物定语I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate. that人，物主语，宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主语，宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人，物主语，宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略例如：（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分） Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? （作主语） I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. （作主语） The plan that/which they argued about was settled at last. （作宾语） This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. （作宾语） The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. （作定语）注意：关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略，充当主语时则不能。（见上例）（二）关系代词that代替which的一些情况which, that 在代替物时，一般可以通用。但在有些情况下，只用 that。1 先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。例如： This is the best that has been used against pollution. English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years. 先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。例如： This is the last place (that) I want to visit. It is the first American movie of this kind that Ive ever seen. 先行词是 all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等指物的不定代词时。例如： You should hand in all that you have. We havent got much that we can offer you. 先行词前面有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every等词修饰时。例如： The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. The little money (that) he had was stolen.（三）宜用who, 而不用that的一些情况 先行词是one, ones, anyone时。例如： One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. Dont tell anyone about the news who oughtnt to know it.先行词是those时。例如： Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.（四）其它只用 that的情况 先行词既有人又有物时。例如： Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. 主句已有疑问词who 或which时。例如： Which is the bike that you lost? Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?（五）与whose有关的问题 whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代“人的”也可以代“物的”。例如： I saw a woman whose bag was stolen. Please show me the book whose cover is red. 当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时，亦可用of which的形式。例如： The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant. The building, the roof of which you can see from here, is a new restaurant.或 The building, of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.三、介词前提的问题关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，介词可以前提至关系代词前。例如：Have you seen the pen (which) I wrote the note with just now? （which作介词with的宾语）Have you seen the pen with which I wrote the note just now? 但是，要注意的是： 介词前提后，先行词是人或物，关系代词分别只能用whom和which，而不再用that或who。 介词前提后，关系代词不再能省略。 有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提，如：look for, look after, take care of等。例如：错误：Who is the old man to that you were talking to?正确：Who is the old man to whom you were talking ? 或 Who is the old man (that/ whom) you were talking to?错误：These are the sheep of which the boy took care.正确：These are the sheep (which/that) the boy took care of.四、关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中的主谓一致关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。 Who is the guy that is reading over there? The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000. All that needs to be done has been done. He is one of the students who use computer a lot for study. Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam.例中的all意为“一切”，作单数。例中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人，因此谓语动词也用单数。that与which, who, whom的用法区别：情况用法说明例句只用that的情况1 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。2 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时3 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4 先行词既指人又指物时5 先行词被the only, the very修饰时6 句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时1. He told me everything that he knows.2. All the books that you offered have been given out.3. This is the best film that I have ever read.4. We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5. He is the only man that I want to see.6. Who is the man that is making a speech?只用which,who, whom的情况1 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。1. He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.2. I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.3. Those who respect others are usually respected by others.定语从句（二）一、“介词+关系代词”结构1. 可代替when, where, why, that等关系词 e.g. There is no reason for which (why) we shouldnt be friends.2. 介词后面的关系词不能省略。 e.g. Here is the money with which to buy a piano.3. that前不能有介词。4. 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以跟关系副词when 和where 互换。e.g. This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club?二、关系副词的用法：关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系副词when时间时间状语I will never forget the day when we met there.可用on which代替where地点地点状语This is the house where I was born.可用in which代替why原因原因状语I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用for which代替（一）基本用法关系副词起连接主句和从句的作用，又在从句中作状语，when, where和why分别表示时间，地点和原因。1. when 在从句中作时间状语。常用on which, in which, at which, during which等代替。e.g. April the first is the day when people make fun of others. =April the first is the day on which people make fun of others.2. where 在从句中作地点状语。常可由in which, on which, at which, on which等取代。 e.g. This is the house where he lived two years ago. =This is the house in which he lived two years ago.3. why why在定语从句中作原因状语，可用for which代替。 e.g. This is the reason why he went away. =This is the reason for which he went away.（二）关系副词常可用“介词+关系代词”的结构改写，但这里的关系代词只限于which和whom，例如 I will never forget the night when I met you for the first time.=I will never forget the night on which I met you for the first time. This is the house in which I lived two years ago.=This is the house where I lived two years ago. We dont know the reason for which he suddenly fell ill.=We dont know the reason why he suddenly fell ill.注意：并不是所有的介词+关系代词的结构都可用关系副词替代。e.g. I am very impressed by the way in which he works. 这里in which 代表的是in the way, 在句中作方式状语。只有当介词+关系代词结构作表示时间、地点和原因的状语时，才能相应地用when, where和why代替。（三）如何判断是用关系代词还是关系副词这本质上取决于关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中充当的成分。前者充当主语、宾语、表语或定语，后者充当状语。试比较下面两组句子： This is the factory that/which produces radios.This is the factory where radios are produced.第一句中划线部分在从句中作主语，故而应选用关系代词：The factory produces radios. 而第二句中划线部分在从句中作地点状语故而应选用关系副词：Radios are produced in the factory. Do you remember the days (that) we spent together?Do you remember the days when we worked together?第一句中关系代词在从句中作宾语：We spent the days together. 而第二句中关系副词作时间状语：We worked together during the days. （四）一些需要特殊记忆的关系词的用法1. I dont like the way in which he look at people. 当先行词是way时，除了in which，还可以用that来引导定语从句。that还经常省略。e.g. Judging from the way he walked, I believe he was wounded in the leg.2. Finally came the day when he had to leave his hometown. 当先行词为time, moment, day等，并在从句中作状语时，从句也可以用that引导，that也常省略。又如： It was the first time (that) we had stayed up so late. The moment (that/when) he sent the mail, John realized what a mistake he had made. She was the only girl I went steady with during the four years (that /when) I was at university.三、关系副词的省略：1. the time, every time, each time, the moment等后的关系副词可以省略。 e.g. By the time (when) he was fourteen years old, Jim had learnt more than two thousand English words.2. 在某些表示地点的名词后，关系副词有时也可以省略。如the place等。e.g. This is the place (where) I saw him last time.3. 先行词the reason后面的关系副词可以省略。 e.g. The reason (why) he came here is quite clear.4. 当先行词是way时，关系代词或关系副词常常省略。 e.g. I know the way (that) he learns English.四、判断关系代词与关系副词的方法： 1. 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面没有宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。 判断下列句子的对错（） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.（） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。2. 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也就能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum 词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。 定语从句（三）非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句起补充附带说明的作用，缺少它也不会影响全句的理解，它与主句的关系不像限定性定语从句的关系那样密切。非限定性定语从句与主句往往有逗号隔开，如果把非限定性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都要用逗号与主句隔开。1. 引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词如下表所示：指代对象指代人指代物主格who宾语whomwhich, as所有格whom, of whom, whosewhich, of which, whose注意：关系代词that不能引导非限定性定语从句。 引导非限定性定语从句的关系副词主要有when, where，不可用why。2. 运用非限定性定语从句的情况：（1）关系代词指代整个主句内容 e.g. Our new house has a lovely garden, which makes us very happy.（2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.（3）当出现some, many, few, a few, little, much, most, two of which, whom等结构时 e.g. Youve made many mistakes, most of which were due to your carelessness.3. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：类别语法意义及特征例句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。The accident happened at the time when I left.非限制性定语从句对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.非限制性定语从句主要在以下方面不同于限制性定语从句： 非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，它不是对先行词进行修饰或确定，只是对先行词作些附加的说明。专有名词通常被非限制性定语从句所修饰。例如：地名，人名，国家名等。 非限制性定语从句不是先行词必不可少的修饰语，因此如果去掉从句，主句的意思仍然清楚。 从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，翻译时复合句通常译成两句话。 与限制性定语从句一样，非限制性定语从句也可用关系代词who, which, whom, whose, as和关系副词when, where, why 引导。that不引导非限制性定语从句。例如： My wife, who is a doctor, is working abroad this year. 我的妻子是位医生，她今年在国外工作。 As is known to all, ice is water in its solid state. 众所周知，冰是水的固态。非限制性定语从句中值得注意的几个问题 which引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词可以是一个名词或代词，也可以是整个主句。 My new car, which I paid several thousand dollars for, isnt running well. 先行词是car He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true. 先行词是主句he had never seen her before which和as引导的非限制性定语从句比较which和as都可引导非限制性定语从句，并且先行词都可以是主句，但which通常指代上文提到的情况，而as则可以指代上文或下文。 as 在这类句子中经常有“正如”的意思。另外，as还经常与such, the same 等连用。（见第一讲中as 引导的定语从句），例如： He has to work on Sundays, which he doesnt like. As we expected, he gave a wonderful performance. Mike is late, as is often the case. I never heard such stories as he told. She knew he felt just the same as she did. 在从句中作宾语的关系代词which, who, whom一般不省略，例如： Jeanne was her old friend, from whom she borrowed a necklace. He built a telescope, through which he could study the skies.4. as与which的区别：定语从句区别例句限制性定语从句中名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用whichHe is not such a fool as he looks.Dont read such books as you cant understand. 非限制性定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如”的含义，通常放在主句前，有时也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadnt expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.关系代词as引导的定语从句 和such连用，这时的as相当于who, which。有时such和as连在一起，例如： Wendy is not such a fool as she looks. Such cars as I saw were too expensive to me. We had hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever had.注意：这种用法和such that 的区别在such as 中，as是关系代词，它在从句中充当成分。例中作looks的表语，在例和中分别作saw和had的宾语。而在such that 中that引导的结果状语从句，解释为“以至于”。that不充当任何成分，只起语法上的连接作用，例如： She gave me such a surprise that I couldnt say anything at that moment. His idea was such a good one that we all agreed to use it. 和same连用例如： You must show my friend the same respect as you show me. She wears the same kind of clothes as her sister usually does. 引导非限制性定语从句，例如： She was the one I met at the party, as you know. As was natural, she married Robin.5. 定语从句和其它从句的区分很多高三的同学在解题时发现，有时难以区分定语从句，表语从句，时间、地点状语从句和强调句。解决这一问题的关键在于牢记： 定语从句一定有先行词 定语从句的关系代词和关系副词在从句中一定充当成分。我们来看具体的从句的比较：（一）定语从句和表语从句例 1) This is where your father worked when he was young.此句没有先行词，where 引导的是表语从句，where相当于“the place where”，解释为“的地方”。2) This is the shop where my brother once worked.此句中where引导的是定语从句， 先行词是：the shop。（二）定语从句和状语从句例 1) Lets do it when we are free.此句中没有先行词，when引导的是状语从句。2) Lets do it next month, when we are free. 这里when引导的是定语从句，先行词是next month。又如：1) Put it where it was. where引导的是地点状语从句，无先行词。2) Put it in the drawer where I keep documents. where引导的是定语从句。（三）定语从句和强调句例 1) Where did you interview the composer?It was in the hotel _ he stayed. A. where B. that此句看上去很像强调句型，很多同学因而错选B。但选B后意思是：他住在宾馆里。不能回答上文中提出的问题。而应该选A，句子的意思是：是在他住的宾馆。（四）定语从句和并列句例 1) There are 45 students in our class, of whom two fifths are girls. of whom/which +分数/百分数/ both / all / none / some / many 这样的结构常出现在定语从句中，尤其是在较正式的文体中。更常见的是：分数/百分数/ both / all +of whom/which， 此句是定语从句。2) There are 45 students in our class, and two fifths of them are girls.此句中的第二分句由并列连词and引起，因此，不是定语从句。真题回顾1. We went through a period _ communications were very difficult in rural areas. (2008上海)A. whichB. whoseC. in whichD. with which2. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _ they can be controlled on purpose. (2007重庆)A. with whichB. to whichC. of whichD. for which3. Animals suffered at the hands of Man _ they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural land to provide food for more people. (2008江西)A. in which B. for whichC. so that D. in that4. Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from _ their parents speak at home. (2008浙江) A. what B. that C. which D. one5. You can only be sure of _ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _ you might get in the future. (2007安徽) A. that; what B. what; / C. which; that D. /; that6. Women _ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _ dont. (2006北京)A. who, /B. /; whoC. who, whoD. /; /7. The Beatles _ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. (2006天津)A. whatB. thatC. howD. as8. In an hour, we can travel to places _ would have taken our ancestors days to reach. (2006上海) A. whereB. whenC. whichD. what9. I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction _ she had come.（ 2006 重庆卷） A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which10. Look out! Dont get too close to the house _ roof is under repair. (2006福建)A. whoseB. whichC. of whichD. that11. Mom, what did your doctor say? - He advised me to live _ the air is fresher. (2006四川)A. in whereB. in whichC. the place whereD. where12. The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs _ they are being trained. (2005江西)A. in thatB. for thatC. in whichD. for which13. The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. (2004全国)A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which14. George Orwell, _ was Eric Arthur,