TOEFL考试复习资料.pdf

TOEFLTOEFL强化班一 二节课强化班一 二节课 Things before us and things Things before us and things Things before us and things Things before us and things behind us are all tiny behind us are all tiny behind us are all tiny behind us are all tiny compared to things within pared to things within pared to things within pared to things within us I Critical Reading I Critical Reading I Critical Reading I Critical Reading Studying Materials Diction Cracking Sentences Tackling Problems Testing Points II Question Patterns II Question Patterns II Question Patterns II Question Patterns Vocabulary Question Reference Question Sentence Simplification Question Insert Text Question Inference Question Prose Summary Question Purpose Question Details Question Negative Facts Question Filling the Table Question Acing Acing Acing Acing TOEFL TOEFL TOEFL TOEFL iBTiBTiBTiBT CriticalCriticalCriticalCritical ReadingReadingReadingReading inininin TOEFLTOEFLTOEFLTOEFL wupengwupengwupengwupeng DictionDictionDictionDiction快速阅读时 应该侧重于 句子中的动 词和与之直 接关联的信 息 VerbsVerbsVerbsVerbs The floor of a river valley develops in one of two ways as a rock floored valley bottom or as an accumulation valley floor A rock floored valley is formed by a stream that no longer incises by cutting downward but rather erodes laterally in a course that winds from side to side across the valley floor In a rock floored valley the valley slopes are undercut and steeped by the sideways erosion The floor of the river channel lies in the bedrock and on either side of the channel it is covered by only a thin layer of gravel and sand As the stream swings across the valley floor it deposits material on the insides of the bends in the channel Excerpt from DELTA Page182 The floor of a river valley develops in develops in develops in develops in one of two ways as a rock floored valley bottom or as an accumulation valley floor A rock floored valley is formedis formedis formedis formed by a stream that no longer incises by cutting downward but rather erodes laterally in a course that winds from side to side across the valley floor In a rock floored valley the valley slopes are undercut and steepedare undercut and steepedare undercut and steepedare undercut and steeped by the sideways erosion The floor of the river channel lieslieslieslies in the bedrock and on either side of the channel it is coveredis coveredis coveredis covered by only a thin layer of gravel and sand As the stream swings across the valley floor it depositsdepositsdepositsdeposits material on the insides of the bends in the channel Excerpt from DELTA Page182 DictionDictionDictionDiction快速阅读时 应该侧重于 句子中的动 词和与之直 接关联的信 息 VerbsVerbsVerbsVerbs TerminolTerminolTerminolTerminol ogyogyogyogy 1 专有名词 不考意思 考得是文章 传达的特 征 2 考 查专 有名词的目 的 3 考查专有 名词之间的 特征推导 讲义P9 10 1 A supernovasupernovasupernovasupernova is a massive star that undergoes a gravitational collapse then a gigantic explosion blasting away the outer layers into space 2 The inclination or tilttilttilttilt of the earth s axis with respect to the sun determines the seasons 3 The sun crosses the equator twice a year at the equinoxesequinoxesequinoxesequinoxes when day and night are nearly equal in length 4 Sedge rootSedge rootSedge rootSedge root a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands 5 Eliminating obsolete obsolete obsolete obsolete skills for instance shorthand is still taught in many secretarial programs although it is rarely used and out of date 6 Crepuscular Crepuscular Crepuscular Crepuscular rays alternating bright and dark rays in the sky appear to radiate from the sun Corvids are sociable and tend to form social groups This is particularly true of rooks which stay in their flocks all year round The raven largest of the corvids joins a social group as a juvenile pairing off at around the age of three and mating for life For centuries the raven have held a special place in the mythology of various cultures Excerpt from DELTA page 94 I I I It can be inferred from the passage that t can be inferred from the passage that t can be inferred from the passage that t can be inferred from the passage that corvidscorvidscorvidscorvids are are are are A a family of birds B children C members of a sports club D imaginary beings DictionDictionDictionDiction快速阅读时 应该侧重于 句子中的动 词和与之直 接关联的信 息 VerbsVerbsVerbsVerbs TerminolTerminolTerminolTerminol ogyogyogyogy 1 专有名词 不考意思 考得是文章 传达的特 征 2 考 查专 有名词的目 的 3 考查专有 名词之间的 特征推导 讲义 P8 9 10 VocabulVocabulVocabulVocabul ary ary ary ary QuestionQuestionQuestionQuestion 具体内容见 下面PPT II 1 VocabularyII 1 VocabularyII 1 VocabularyII 1 Vocabulary Question inQuestion inQuestion inQuestion in TOEFLTOEFLTOEFLTOEFL wupengwupengwupengwupeng II 1 Vocabulary Question 解题流程解题流程 STEP 1STEP 1STEP 1STEP 1 如果你认识 代入原 文看是否合理 如果 是 就直接选了 利用 TOEFL 词汇精 选 和 TOEFL阅读 100篇 的词汇题可以 解决85 的题目 STEP2STEP2STEP2STEP2 如果不认识或者带入 不合理 则看相关的 两个分句或者两句话 找出共同话题 然后看 哪个选项能保证话题 的一致性 Vocabulary Question Examples Wright s own studio residence in Wisconsin was completely integrated with surrounding landscape He nestlednestlednestlednestled his house in the brow of a hill and gave it the name Taliesin A Set comfortably B Built daringly C Painted brightly D Buried deeply The real truth was that I was not a sissy and there had never been anything effeminateeffeminateeffeminateeffeminate about me A careful B distant and cool C mistaken D Feminine TextTextTextText 反向话反向话 题一致题一致 TextTextTextText TextTextTextText TextTextTextText Text 特征相反 但是必须 保持同一话题 Text Text Text Vocabulary Question Vocabulary Question Examples In this instance the new impulse was at least an energetic one and thus its indulgence did not result in a relaxedrelaxedrelaxedrelaxed style A informal B confined C risky D wordy What accounts for this progressive loss of interest in train travel What could possibly have made Americans so enamored of enamored of enamored of enamored of their cars A tired of B ashamed of C dependent on D fascinated with Vocabulary Question Examples Songbirds are active throughout the day Owls on the other hand are primarily nocturnalnocturnalnocturnalnocturnal Doctors often prescribe drugs for narcolepticsnarcolepticsnarcolepticsnarcoleptics to keep them awake A salesclerk B people who sleep excessively C excessive eaters D rock stars The heavy amounts of heat and pollution rising from cities both delay and stimulate the fall of precipitation depriving some areas of rain while drenchingdrenchingdrenchingdrenching others A almost missing B severely damaging C thoroughly wetting D entirely avoiding TextTextTextText 反向话反向话 题一致题一致同向话同向话 题一致题一致1 1 1 1 TextTextTextText TextTextTextText 因果一致 因为A所 以A的思路做题 特征相反 但是必须 保持同一话题 Text Text Text Vocabulary Question Vocabulary Question Examples Any enjoyment of this space was sacrificed to the conceitconceitconceitconceit of wide open land for without a fence or hedge front yards were much too public to spend time in A grandiose ideal B extreme vanity C ingenious expression D ornate article TextTextTextText 反向话反向话 题一致题一致同向话同向话 题一致题一致1 1 1 1 同向话同向话 题一致题一致 2 2 2 2 TextTextTextText 因果一致 因为A所 以A的思路做题 特征相反 但是必须 保持同一话题 Text Text 列举一致 抓住列举 的共性特征做题 Vocabulary Question Vocabulary Question Examples If someone is said to have a chip on his shoulder he is angry pugnaciouspugnaciouspugnaciouspugnacious sullen sullen sullen sullen and looking for trouble During the ice ages huge glaciers advanced and retreated over the region scouringscouringscouringscouring the surface removing most of the existing soil and hollowing out countless lakes A freezing B uplifting C improving D scraping Unlike everyone else the theorist has remained completely intact morally can distinguish in a sovereignsovereignsovereignsovereign manner between deception and reality and enjoys complete immunity in the face of the idiocy that he or she sorrowfully diagnoses in the rest of us A excellent B opulent C elitist D Absolute TextTextTextText 反向话反向话 题一致题一致同向话同向话 题一致题一致1 1 1 1 同向话同向话 题一致题一致 2 2 2 2 同向话同向话 题一致题一致3 3 3 3 因果一致 因为A所 以A的思路做题 特征相反 但是必须 保持同一话题 Text 重复修饰 A B 那么A与B的意思接近 列举一致 抓住列举 的共性特征做题 Vocabulary Question Vocabulary Question Examples soulless mechanicalmechanicalmechanicalmechanical copying of reality E E E Elusivelusivelusivelusive vaguely defined term CCCCollective ollective ollective ollective social group well being Junk is there to entertain on the basest most compromisedcompromisedcompromisedcompromised of levels A settled B Endangered C reconciled D degraded 同向话同向话 题一致题一致4 4 4 4 反向话反向话 题一致题一致同向话同向话 题一致题一致1 1 1 1 同向话同向话 题一致题一致 2 2 2 2 同向话同向话 题一致题一致3 3 3 3 因果一致 因为A所 以A的思路做题 特征相反 但是必须 保持同一话题 语气 语境一致 重复修饰 A B 那么A与B的意思接近 列举一致 抓住列举 的共性特征做题 Vocabulary Question Vocabulary Question Examples They must gain an understanding of human nature including its negative aspects such as the sources of human conflict and the pitfallspitfallspitfallspitfalls of power A benefits B stages C causes D hazards There is growing evidence that urbanization has a sharp vicious impact on climate causing changes that can wreak havocwreak havocwreak havocwreak havoc on precipitation patterns that supply the precious resource of water A disrupt B strengthen C abrogate D sanction Vocabulary Question Examples Low level cumulus clouds are detached from one another and generally have well defined bases Their outlines are sharpsharpsharpsharp and they often develop vertically in the form of rising puffs mounds domes or towers The word sharp in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to The word sharp in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to The word sharp in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to The word sharp in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to A Distinct B Frozen C Invisible D straight The tide generating forces of the moon and sun cause a maximum accumulation of the waters of the oceans at two opposite positions on the earth s surface At the same time compensating amounts of water are drawn from all points 90 degrees away from these tidal bulgebulgebulgebulge The word bulge in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to The word bulge in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to The word bulge in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to The word bulge in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to A currents B ridges C increases D waves DictionDictionDictionDiction快速阅读时 应该侧重于 句子中的动 词和与之直 接关联的信 息 VerbsVerbsVerbsVerbs TerminolTerminolTerminolTerminol ogyogyogyogy 1 专有名词 不考意思 考得是文章 传达的特 征 2 考 查专 有名词的目 的 3 考查专有 名词之间的 特征推导 讲义 P8 9 10 VocabulVocabulVocabulVocabul ary ary ary ary QuestionQuestionQuestionQuestion Words Words Words Words LearningLearningLearningLearning 具体内容见 下面PPT 1 Smart Repetition 2 Listening to gender imaging 3 Words Parts 4 Browse unusual words Stage 1Stage 1Stage 1Stage 1 从从未见未见 过过 Stage 2Stage 2Stage 2Stage 2 见见过不过不 知其意知其意 Stage 3Stage 3Stage 3Stage 3 能能认出认出 Stage 4Stage 4Stage 4Stage 4 了了解精解精 确含义确含义 Stage 5Stage 5Stage 5Stage 5 说说 写 写 会用会用 The ablation has been scheduled for tomorrow His comments are too sanctimonious His action were quite uncouth and his manners disgusting They argued there had been no mandate from the people for the president s actions It can only be described as a courageous act 1 The word callingcallingcallingcalling is closest in meaning to A profession B example C character D description 3 The word fashionfashionfashionfashion is closest in meaning to A maintain B organize C trade D create 2 The word counterpartcounterpartcounterpartcounterpart is closest in meaning to A species B version C change D material 4 The word latitudelatitudelatitudelatitude is closest in meaning to A breadth B scope C freedom D extent bruised reed broken reed frontier deposition bruised reed broken reed frontier deposition bruised reed broken reed frontier deposition bruised reed broken reed frontier deposition speakeasy busboy stock in tradespeakeasy busboy stock in tradespeakeasy busboy stock in tradespeakeasy busboy stock in trade I 2 Cracking Sentences 主谓信 息与修 饰成分 语法重 心与非 重心 打比方 与前一 句主干 逻辑结 构推导 1 His caramel colored skin darkened to toffee under fluorescent light but sometimes took on golden sheen 2 What account for the inexorable advance of the giant sports utility vehicle SUV into our lives Why do we want high clearance trucks with four wheel drive and front bumpers as big as battering rams 3 Indeed in an age when many who can afford to do so live in limited access communities in houses guarded by sophisticated surveillance systems the SUV is the perfect transportation shelter to protect us from fears both real and imagined 主谓信息与修饰成分 Though often equipped with a shovel shaped incisor tooth eyes with epicanthic folds or an extra molar cusp Native American people have had to cope for the last forty thousand years or so just like everyone else 语法重心与非重心 Clayton was not rushing His long gangling frame was held together by molasses American humor neither unfathomably absurd like the Irish nor sharp and sensible and full of the realities of life like the Scottish is simply the humor of imagination It consists in piling towers on towers and mountains on mountains of heaping a joke up to the stars and extending it to the end of the world 打比方与前一句主干 As for the left eyed and right eyed flatfish their difference however striking appears to be an evolutionary red herring Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law notwithstanding of course a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena 逻辑推断结构 II 2 ReferenceII 2 ReferenceII 2 ReferenceII 2 Reference Question inQuestion inQuestion inQuestion in TOEFLTOEFLTOEFLTOEFL wupengwupengwupengwupeng Reference Question 解题流程解题流程 STEP 1STEP 1STEP 1STEP 1 1 词汇或词组指代 答 案一定在前一个分句 或前一句 2 代词指代 主干对应 3 形式主语 答案往后 找 Delta P52 STEP2STEP2STEP2STEP2 代入原文 验证其合 理性 Reference Question Examples What is particularly meaningful to anthropologist is the realization that although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it it it it can do artistically the materials by no means determine what is done T T T The word he word he word he word it it it it in line 13 refers to in line 13 refers to in line 13 refers to in line 13 refers to A realization B society C materials D extent Nevertheless cars do offer a real advantage in versatility It It It It is never necessary to wait for the car it s ready when its driver is or never to follow schedule T T T The word it in paragraph 6 of the passage refers he word it in paragraph 6 of the passage refers he word it in paragraph 6 of the passage refers he word it in paragraph 6 of the passage refers totototo A the car B schedule C versatility D a real advantage II 3 Sentence SimplificationII 3 Sentence SimplificationII 3 Sentence SimplificationII 3 Sentence Simplification Question inQuestion inQuestion inQuestion in TOEFLTOEFLTOEFLTOEFL wupengwupengwupengwupeng Sentence Simplification Question 解题流程解题流程 步骤步骤 首先提炼出原句强调 部分的主干关键信息 然后看哪个选项的主 干部分话题与之对应 如有必要再看非主干 内容 强调重心强调重心 1 因果关系要求因和 果的主要意思都要保 留 2 转折的主要意思要 保留 3 比较 最高级对应 4 多个分句的主干意 思都要保留 Sentence Simplification Question 解题流程解题流程 步骤步骤 首先提炼出原句强调 部分的主干关键信息 然后看哪个选项的主 干部分话题与之对应 如有必要再看非主干 内容 强调重心强调重心 1 因果关系要求因和 果的主要意思都要保 留 2 转折的主要意思要 保留 3 比较 最高级对应比较 最高级对应 4 多个分句的主干意 思都要保留 Delta P128 2 Delta P129 4 Delta P130 5 Delta P130 6 OG P93 Sentence Simplification Question Example In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse like huckleberry and vine maple Arthur Einarsen longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially moremoremoremore nutritive 2006年10月8日 Arthur Einarsen s longtime familarity with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit According to Einarsen huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest Sentence Simplification Question Example Sentence Simplification Question 解题流程解题流程 步骤步骤 首先提炼出原句强调 部分的主干关键信息 然后看哪个选项的主 干部分话题与之对应 如有必要再看非主干 内容 强调重心强调重心 1 因果关系要求因和 果的主要意思都要保 留 2 2 2 2 转折的主要意思要转折的主要意思要 保保留留 3 比较 最高级对应 4 多个分句的主干意 思都要保留 At one time the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern animal groups but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period leaving no descendants in modern animal groups 2008年3月8日 The animals found in the Tommotian fossil bed were once thought to belong to avariety of modern animal groups but now they are thought to have descended from a single group Animals in the Tommotian fossil beds were initially assigned to modern animal groups but are now thought to belong to groups that emerged and died out during the Cambrian period Though at first they thought otherwise paleontologists now agree that the animals in the Tommotian have body forms from which modern animals have descended It is unclear whether the Tommotian fossils from Sentence Simplification Question Example Sentence Simplification Question 解题流程解题流程 步骤步骤 首先提炼出原句强调 部分的主干关键信息 然后看哪个选项的主 干部分话题与之对应 如有必要再看非主干 内容 强调重心强调重心 1 1 1 1 因果关系要求因和因果关系要求因和 果果的主要意思都要保的主要意思都要保 留留 2 转折的主要意思要 保留 3 比较 最高级对应 4 多个分句的主干意 思都要保留 SinceSinceSinceSince the laws of physics not some arbitrary decision have determined the general form of applied art objects they follow basic patterns so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits Excerpt from OG page 47 Functional applied art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by the laws of physics The function of applied art objects is determined by basic patterns in the laws of physics Since functional applied art objects vary only within certain