语言学教材练习参考答案-.doc

句法学I Define the following terms 答案：略II Complete the following sentences.1. Saussure 2. simple 3. Exocentric 4. hierarchical5. deepIII Multiple Choice1. A 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. C6. B 7. A 8. D 9. C 10. A IV Answer the following questions briefly1. The tree diagram can not only reveal a linear order，but also a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents. It can，in addition，show the syntactic category of each structural constituent，thus it is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements. 2. more beautiful flowers more beautiful flowers Adj. Adj. N Adv. Adj. N NP AP NP NP3. From the syntactic theory，this sentence could be analyzed as follows： Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. Adj. Adj. N V Adv. VP NPTherefore，the abstract structure could be：Sadj+n+v+advFrom this structure we may generate sentences like：The old couple walked slowlyOf course，many other utterances may be generated with similar sentence patternsThats to say，in aspect of syntactical analysis，this sentence is well formedHowever, as for its semantic sense，its not applicableFor example，“idea”is an abstract nounwhich is inanimate and expresses no physical object; but the verb“sleep”is a verb that only human beings or animals that are animate can perform，and “furiously”is only used to refer to animate beings that have the sensationslike anger，passion or anxietyBesides，colorless”is a property only of physical objectsSO it could not go with an abstract concept like“idea”Another thing odd in this part is that the two adjectives“colorlessand“green” are contradictoryIf we say something“colorless”it indicates it doesnt express any colorOn the other hand，if something is green，that means it is colored and it is in a certain type of color，therefore，it cant be “colorless”Therefore，this sentence“Colorless green ideas sleep furiously”is semantically oddV Question for consideration. Chomskys TG Grammar has seen five stages of developmentThe classical theory aims to make linguistics a scienceThe standard theory deals with how semantics should be studied in a linguistic theoryThe extended standard theory focuses discussion on language universals and universal grammarThe revised extended standard theory focuses discussion on government and bindingThe latest is the minimalist program，a further revision of the previous theory The development of TG grammar can be regard as a process of constantly minimalizing theories and controlling the generative powersAlthough TG grammar has involved putting forward, revising, and canceling of many specific rules, hypotheses, mechanisms, and theoretical models, its aims and purposes have been consistent, i.e. to explore the nature, origin and the uses of human knowledge on language.语义学I. Define the following terms 答案：略II. Complete the following sentences.1. connotative 2. Snonymy 3. Semantics 4. Relational 5. namingIII. Multiple Choice1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. A6. B 7. A 8. A 9. C 10. C IVAnswer the following questions briefly1 host-guest：converse borrow-lend：converse innocent-guilty：complementary strong-weak：gradable 2. Semantic field is a term to refer to the phenomenon that vocabulary is an integrated system interrelated in sense and can be divided into semantically related sets or fieldsWords in each semantic field define one anotherA semantic field is an area of meaning which can be delimited from others in a languageThus we might talk about a semantic field of FOOD or CLOTHING or EMOTIONSWithin CLOTHING we find words for all the different kinds of garmentsplus those for making and wearing themSemantic field is a somewhat elastic termThus we could say that ANIMALS and PLANTS are semantic fieldsor we could group them together into a single larger field called LIVING THINGSSemantic fields are composed of smaller groupings called lexical sets or subfieldsWithin EMOTIONS，we can identify lexical sets of words for Love，FearAnger, etc The following words can be grouped as： Words referring to transportation means：train，taxi，bus，bicycle，aeroplane； Words related to containers：plate，dish，glass，cup，saucer； Words related to clothing：sandals，socks，slippers，shoes，stockings3. One obvious presupposition of(a)is“He has bought a beer”One obvious presupposition of(b)is“You have a watch”V. Question for consideration.Firstly，to some extent，the difference between the gradable and the complementary can be compared to the traditional logical distinction between the contrary and the contradictoryIn logic，a proposition is the contrary of another if both can not be true，though they may both be false；egThe coffee is hot and The coffee is coldAnd a proposition is the contradictory of another if it is impossible for both to be true，or false；egThis is a male cat and This is a female catSecondly，the norm in this type is absoluteIt does not vary with the thing a word is applied toThe same norm is used for all the things it is applicable toFor examplethe criterion for separating the male from the female is the same with human beings and animalsThere will be no such a situation that a creature is male by the standard of human being，but female by the standard of animalThirdlythere is no cover term for the two members of a pairIf you do not know the sex of a baby，you ask“Is it a boy or a girl?”not“How male is it?”The word male can only be used for boys：it can not cover the meaning of girlAs a matter of fact，no adjective in this type can be modified by howThis is related to the fact that they are not modifiable by words like very计算机语言学I. Define the following terms 答案：略II. Complete the following sentences. 1. CALL 2. unassisted MT; assisted MT 3. corpus 4. Computational linguistics 5. Corpus linguisticsIII. Multiple Choice 1. D 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. D 6. A IVAnswer the following questions briefly.1. CAI aims at seeing educational problems on the part of the teacher, whereas CAL emphasizes the use of a computer in both teaching and learning in order to help the learners to achieve educational objectives through their own reasoning and practice, a reflection of newly advocated autonomous learning. 2. MT has been seen as a test-bed for linguistic theories, because the quality of MT and translation can be judged by non-experts. The relevant theories were information theory, categorical grammar, transformational generative grammar, dependency grammar, and stratificational grammar in the 1950s and 1960s; artificial intelligence, non-linguistic knowledge bases, formalisms such as lexical functional grammar, generalized phrase structure grammar, head-driven phrase structure grammar, definite clause grammar, principles and parameters, Montague semantics in the 1970s and 1980s, neural networks, connectionism, parallel processing, and statistical methods and others in the 1990s. It has also been found that those new theories which were successful in their trails small samples have turned out to be problematic in the end. To solve the problems, all promising approaches must be examined closely and modification is encouraged. In the 1990s, research was invigorated by the coming of corpus-based translation. Statistical techniques have brought liberation form the increasingly evident limitations and inadequacies of previous exclusively rule-based approaches. Problems of disambiguation, anaphora resolution and more idiomatic generation have become more tractable with corpus-based techniques.3. At the beginning of the new century, it is already apparent that MT and human translation will co-exist in relative harmony. Those skills which the human translators can contribute will always be in demand.When translation has to be of “publishable” quality, both MT and human translation have their roles. Machine translation is demonstrably cost-effective for large scale or rapid translation of technical documents, software localization manuals, and many other situations where the costs of MT plus essential human translation have no computer aids. By contrast, the human translator is and will remain unrivalled for non-repetitive linguistically sophisticated texts, and even for one-off texts in specific highly-specialized technical subjects.For the translation of texts where the quality of output is much less important, machine translation is often an ideal solution; for the one-to-one interchange of information, there will probably always be a role for the human translator; but for the translation of personal letters, MT systems are likely to increasingly used; and for electronic mail and for the extraction of information from web pages and computer-based information services, MT is the only feasible solution. As for spoken translation, there must surely always be a market for the human translator. But MT systems are opening up new areas where human translation has never featured: the production of draft versions for authors writing in a foreign language, who need assistance in producing an original text, the real-time online translation of television subtitles; the translation of information from databases, and no doubt, such new applications will appear in the future as the global communication networks expand and as the realistic usuality of MT becomes familiar to a wider public. V. Question for consideration. Chomsky held the view that the corpus could never be a useful tool for the linguist, as the linguist must seek to model language competence rather than performance. Second, the only way to account for a grammar of a language is by description of its rulesnot by enumeration of its sentences. Third, language is not a finite construct. It was the wonder of computer that heralded the revival of corpus linguistics. The computer has the ability to search for a particular word, sequence of words, or perhaps even a part of speech in a text. The computer can also retrieve all examples of a particular word, usually in context, which is a further aid to the linguist. It can also calculate the number of occurrences of the word so that information on the frequency of the word may be gathered. We may then be interested in sorting the data in some way, for example, alphabetically on words occurring in the immediate context of the word. Introduction to Applied Linguisitics I. Define the following terms 答案：略II. Complete the following sentences. 1. transfer 2. Applied linguistics 3. input hypothesis 4. Interlanguage 5. interlingual, intralingualIII. Multiple Choice 1. C 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. D IVAnswer the following questions briefly.1. Since linguistics is defined as the scientific study of language, it seems obvious that such a study would help a lot in language teaching and learning, although there is much difference between linguistics and language teaching or learning. Language is viewed as a system of forms in linguistics, but it is regarded as a set of skills in the field of language teaching. Linguistic research is concerned with the establishment of theories which explains the phenomena of language, whereas language teaching aims at the learners mastery of language. To bridge the gap between the theories of linguistics and the practice of foreign language teaching, applied linguistics serves as a mediating area which interprets the results of linguistic theories and makes them user-friendly to the language teacher and learner. Firstly, applied linguistics extends theoretical linguistics in the direction of language learning and teaching, so that the teacher is enabled to make better decisions on the goal and content of teaching. Secondly, applied linguistics states the insights and implications that linguistic theories have on the language teaching methodology.2. Whereas language acquisition is the ability of the brain in its cognitive development & process to conceptualized concepts, structures and semantics in a language , learning is the active participation and effort to learn a language. Language teachers devise methods as components of language acquisition, while learners use them to learn. Language acquisition is a natural process for any native to acquire his native vernacular language but language learning refers to a structured system for anyone to learn a language.3. Language transfer. Learners fall back on their mother tongue to help create their language system. This is now recognized not as a mistake, but as a process that all learners go through. Overgeneralization. Learners use rules from the second language in a way that native speakers would not. For example, a learner may say I goed home, overgeneralizing the English rule of adding -ed to create past tense verb forms.Simplification. Learners use a highly simplified form of language, similar to speech by children or in pidgins. Thi