词素结构.ppt

Chapter3MorphologicalstructureofEnglishwords Objectives Discussmorphemes theirclassificationandidentification Explaintherelationshipbetweenmorphemesandword formationTeachingfocus DefinitionofmorphemesDefinitionofallomorphsTypesofTypesofmorphemesfreemorphemeboundmorphemeDefinitionsofroot stemandbase 1 Morpheme Whatisamorpheme Itistheminimalmeaningfulunitoflanguage Oritisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords 语素是最小的有意义的单位 它是语言中最小的构词单位 2 Morphandallomorph Thedefinitionofmorphs Thephoneticororthographicstringsorsegmentswhichrealizemorphemesaretermed morphs 语素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素 Morphsareactualspoken minimalcarriersofmeaning 形素是口语中最小的意义载体 Whatisanallomorph Anallomorphisoneofthevariantsofthesamemorpheme 语素 形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式 Forexample Whenthepluralmarker s isaddedtocat dog andhorse itispronounceddifferentlyas s z iz andthushasthreephonologicalforms thethreeformsarejustthevariantsofthesamemorpheme s i e theallomorphsofmorpheme s 3 Classificationsofmorphemes Freevs boundmorphemesintermsoftheircapacityofoccurringaloneDerivationalvs inflectionalmorphemesapplyingtoaffixesonlyContent lexicalvs grammaticalmorphemeonasemanticandsyntacticbasis Freevs boundmorphemes自由语素与粘着语素 Morphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesarefree Freemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences 自由语素是能独立运用的语素 它有完整的意义 在句中充当一个自由的语法单位 E g man wind open tour Morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwordsortoperformaparticulargrammaticalfunction 粘着语素不能独立成词 只能依附于其他语素上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能 Freemorphemesareallroots freeroots whicharecapableofbeingusedaswordsorasword buildingelementstoformnewwords 自由语素都是词根 也叫自由词根 能用作词或作为构成新词的构词要素 Boundmorphemesconsistofeitherroots boundroots oraffixes 粘着语素包括词根 粘着词根 和词缀 E g boundroot dict ced affix ion ist ic Amultitudeofwordsmadeupofmerelyboundmorphemes eg ante ced ent ced 是词根 接近 ante 是前缀 在 前 ent是后缀 人 物 Derivationalvs inflectionalmorphemes派生语素与屈折语素 Whatarederivationalandinflectionalmorphemes Derivationalmorphemesareusedtoderivenewwordswhentheyareaddedtoanothermorpheme InEnglishderivativesandcompoundsareallformedbysuchmorphemes 派生语素附着于其它语素可派生出新词 英语中派生词和合成词都是由这样的语素构成的 Inflectionalmorphemesindicatethesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers Inflectionalmorphemesareconfinedtosuffixes 屈折语素作为语法标记表示词的语法意义 屈折语素只限于词缀 What sthedifferencebetweenthem InflectionalDoesn tchangemeaningorpartofspeechofthestem work works Indicatessyntacticrelationsbetweendifferentwordsinasentence grammaticalmeaning Occurswithallmembersofsomelargeclassofmorphemes Occursatmarginsofwords radio radios DerivationalChangesmeaningorpartofspeechofthestem like dislike sleep asleep Indicatessemanticrelationswithintheword specificlexicalmeaning e g un OccurswithonlysomemembersofaclassofmorphemesOccursbeforeanyinflectionalsuffixesadded Content lexicalvs grammaticalmorphemes Lexical词汇 content实义morphemesaremorphemesusedfortheconstructionofnewwordsasincompoundwords blackbirdiscoinedonthebasisof2lexicalmorphemes blackandbird andderivationalmorphemessuchas ship ize Grammaticalmorphemesfunctionprimarilyasgrammaticalmarkers Theyencompassbothinflectionalaffixes books andfreemorphemes in and do have they functionalwords 3 4IdentifyingMorphemes Howtoidentifymorphemes Theyshouldbeidentifiablebytheirforms meaninganddistribution e g mono morphemic skydouble morphemic chill y boy ishtriple morphemic un dress ed care less nessfour morphemic un fruit ful nessover four morphemic un gentle man li ness Inwhatsituationdomorphemesmismatchbetweenformandmeaning 1 Inconsistentinformandmeaning singer onewho erclearer thecomparativedegree eraser oneobject 2 Meaninglessinisolationbutmeaningfulinsomewordscran huckle berryboysen 3 Difficulttodefinethemeaning ceiveinconceive perceive receive 3 5MorphemeandWord formation Inword formation morphemesarelabeledroot stem baseandaffix 在构词法中 语素被分为词根 词干 词基和词缀 Affix Affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction Allaffixesareboundmorphemes 词缀都是粘着语素 依附在词根上构成新词或表示词的语法意义 Twotypesofaffixes InflectionalaffixesandDerivationalaffixes屈折词缀和派生词缀 Inflectionalaffixes orinflectionalmorphemes servetoindicatethesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers 表示词的语法意义的是屈折词缀 Theyexpressthefollowingmeanings Plurality名词复数Thegenitivecase名词所有格Thecomparativeandsuperlativedegrees形容词 副词比较级 最高级Theverbalendings动词词尾变化 e g sinchairs pens esinboxes tomatoes eninoxene g sinboy s children se g erinwordslikesmaller estinwordslikesmallest a e sinwordslikeeats teachesshowsthethirdpersonsingularpresenttense b inginwordslikeeating showsthepresentparticipleorgerund c e dinwordslikeworkedshowsthepasttenseorpastparticiple DerivationalaffixesorderivationalmorphemesTheycanbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes 1 Prefixesareaffixesbeforetheroot e g unjust rewrite Asarule mostprefixesmodifythemeaningofroots butnottheirpartsofspeech 2 SuffixesareaffixesaftertherootBytheadditionofthesuffix thewordisusuallychangedfromonepartofspeechintoanother e g liberation modernize Root stem base词根 词干 词基 Arootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved 词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分 Astemisthatpartoftheword formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved 词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分 Abasereferstoaformtowhichaffixesofanykind bothderivationalandinflectional canbeadded Itcanbearootorastem 词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式 词根 词干 词基 词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分 词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分 词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式 它与词根有区别 因为它是可以从派生角度进行分析的形式 在上面可以加上派生词缀 但是词根则