立结构和常见特殊句型.doc

立结构和常见特殊句型 独立主格结构一） 独立主格结构的构成： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+形容词；名词(代词)+副词；名词(代词)+不定式；名词(代词) +介词短语构成。二） 独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。举例：The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假。The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。This done, we went home.工作完成后，我们才回家。The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆。三） With的复合结构作独立主格表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise. 典型例题The murder was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back。A. being tied B. having tiedC. to be tiedD. tied答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词手与分词绑是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.注意: 1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题： 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)。 2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 典型例题：Weather_, well go out for a walk.A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting 答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为天气允许，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。 如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, well go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。不能“以貌取意”的常见句型例析1This is the last thing I would ever want to do 这是我最不愿做的一件事情。 【析】“the last to do；the last 定语从句”中的last的意思为“least willing/likely”，译为“最不愿意；最不可能”。 Hes the last man I want to see他是我最不想见的人。 He is the last person to tell a lie他是最不可能撒谎的人。 Shes the last woman I want to sit next to at dinner她是我在宴会上最不愿与之挨着坐的女人。 2One cant be too honest 人越老实越好。 【析】句中“cannottoo”意为“无论怎样也不过分”或“越越好”。该句型中的not可以换成 hardly，never或scarcely；too可以换成 over或enough等，意思不变。 You cannot be too carefulYou cannot be over carefulYou cannot be careful enough你越仔细越好。 A man can never have too many friends朋友越多越好。 3Its a wise man that never makes mistakes 无论多么聪明的人，也难免犯错误。 【析】“It is a 形容词名词that”结构是一个特殊的习惯用法，意思是“无论怎样的也不”。真正的句子意思与字面意思相反，它具有含蓄的让步意味，切不可望文生义、译成强调句型。 Its a long lane that has no turning无论怎样长的巷子也有转弯处。（引申意义为：耐心等待终会时来运转。） Its a good horse that never stumbles再好的马也有失前蹄的时候。（引申意义为：金无足赤，人无完人。） 4Im too anxious to know the result 我极想知道结果。 【析】英语中“tooto”结构表示“太以致不”的意思。例如：The star is too small to see但是，如果too后形容词表示主语的状态、心理活动、情感态度（常见的有glad，easy，ready，anxious，eager， willing，happy等），并与其后的不定式构成固定搭配，这时too含有肯定意义，表示“very，extremely”的意思。 They are too anxious to leave他们急于离去。 MrSmith was too eager to see her史密斯先生极想见到她。 5Its three years since he was a teacher 他不当教师已经三年了。 【析】在“It is some time since 主语谓语其它成分。”这一结构中，如果从句谓语动词是非延续性动词，那么时间的计算就从该动作的发生开始算起。 Its three years since he joined the army他参军已经三年了。 如果从句谓语动词是延续性动词，时间就要从该动作的结束算起。 Its many years since they lived here他们不在这儿住已经好多年了。 6All that glitters is not gold 闪光的东西不一定都是金子。 【析】在句中当不定代词all，both，every及 every的复合词，副词always，often，entirely与 not一起使用时，表示部分否定，意思是“并非都是”，“不是每个人都”等。 I dont remember all these formulas这些公式我并非全都记得。 Every man cannot do it并非每个人都能做这个。 I dont entirely agree with you我并不完全同意你的看法。 注意：当all，both，every等词和带im-，in-，un-，dis-等表示否定意义的前缀的词连用时，表示全部否定的意义。 All your answers are incorrect你所有的答案都不正确。 表示全部否定时，我们常使用no，not，nobody，nothing，never，nowhere，neither等词。 None of the teachers smoke这些老师都不抽烟。 7The mountain is not valuable because it is high 山并不因为高而具有价值。（山不在高） 【析】含有原因状语从句的主从复合句，形式上虽然否定主句的谓语，然而意义上则是否定该原因状语，译为“并不因为而”。 You cannot walk away just because someone tells you he doesnt want to buy你不能仅仅因为他告诉你不买就走开。 Galileo was not ready to accept it just because Aristotle had said so伽利略并不只是因为亚里斯多德说过某事如何如何，就轻易相信它。 8I didnt pretend to understand what he said 我假装没懂他说的话。 【析】常用动词pretend，happen的否定形式有两种：既可以否定pretend，也可以否定其后的不定式，其意义不变。 I didnt happen to be thereI happened not to be there我恰巧不在那儿。 They didnt pretend to see me when I went byThey pretended not to see me when I went by当我经过的时候，他们假装没有看见我。 9Lets have a rest under the big tree Its nice and cool here 让我们在大树下歇会吧。这儿很凉快。 【析】nice and，good and都表示“很，非常，完全”的意思。and前的形容词实质上起副词作用，修饰后边的形容词，表示强调。 I am good and ready我都准备好了。 It is good and cold in the morning早上非常冷。 It 用法小结20条It 用法小结虽不是高考的热点，但这两年全国各省市试题经常出现。我们不能疏忽。 下面是用法20条。 并通过高考试题进行巩固： 1.It is+被强调部分+that该句型是强调句型，将被强调的放在前面，其他部分置于之后，强调的主语如果是人，可以用来替换，如果把这种句型结构划掉后，应该是一个完整无缺的句子，这也是判断强调句型与其他从句的方法。It was they that (who) cleaned the classroom yesterday. It was in the street that I met her father.It was with great joy _he received the news that his lost daughter had been found. (2004 福建)A. because B. which C. since D. that (D)2. It is not until +被强调的部分+ that该句型译成汉语“直到才”，可以说是的强调形式。It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a film star. =Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a film star. =I didnt realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.It was _back home after the experiment. (2004 湖北)A. not until midnight did he go B. until midnight that he didnt goC. not until midnight that he went D. until midnight when he didnt go (C)3. It is clear (obvious, true, possible, certain) that.该句型中it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句，常译为“清楚（显然、真的、肯定）”是主语从句最常见的结构。It is very clear that hes round and tall like a tree.=That hes round and tall like a tree is very clear.4. It is important (necessary, right, strange, natural) that该句型和上一句同属一个句型。由于主句中的形容词不同，that后的从句中要用虚拟语气（should+动词原形）should 可以省去。建议记住该句型中的形容词。It is important that we (should) learn English well.It is necessary that he (should) remember these words.5. It is said (reported, learned) that该句型中的it 仍是形式主语，真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句。该结构常译为“据说（据报道，据悉）It is said that he has come to Beijing.It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit.6. It is suggested (ordered) that该句型和上一句属一个句型。主句中的过去分词是表示请求、建议、命令等词时，that后的从句要用虚拟语气 （should+动词原形）。可以省略，常译为“据建议；有命令”It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.It was ordered that we (should) arrive there in two hours.7. It is a pity (a shame) that 在该句型中，that后的从句一般用虚拟语气（should+动词原形），should可以省去，表示出乎意料，常译为“竟然”。没有这种意义时，则不用虚拟语气。It is a pity that such a thing (should) happen in your class.这种事竟然发生在你们班上，真是遗憾。It is a pity that he is ill.他生病了，真遗憾！8. It is time (about time, high time) that该句型中that后的从句应该用虚拟语气，值得注意的是：常用过去时态表示虚拟，有时也用should+动词原形，should 不能省。常译为“是（正是）的时候”It is time that children should go to bed.=It is time that children went to bed.9. It is the first (second, )time that该句型应和上一个句型区别开来。该句型中不用虚拟语气，而用完成时态。至于用哪种完成时态，由主句的谓语动词的时态来决定。如果是一般现在时，从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，从句则用过去完成时态。该结构中that可以省去；it有时用this替换，常译为“是第一（二,）次”。10. It is since该句型主要用作处理瞬间动词的完成时，要和表示一段时间的时间状语连用。主句中是时间作表语，其时态是现在时和完成时，引导的从句通常是一般过去时态，而且是瞬间动词。如果主句是一般过去时，从句则用过去完成时。It is (has been) 5 years since his father died.It is almost five years _we saw each other last time. (2005 北京) A. before B. since C. after D. when(B)11. It is when该句型中的when引导的是一个时间状语从句，主句中的it指时间，表语由具体的时间充当。常译为“当的时候，是”It was 5 oclock when he came here.12. It bebefore该句型主句中的it指时间，主句中的时态常是一般将来时或过去时两种时态，主句中的表语多是long ,not long ,3 days, 2 weeks等表示时间段的词和短语。常译为“之后才”，“没过就”It was 3 days before he went to Beijing.It will not be long before he finishes his job.13. It happens (seems, looks, appears) that该句型中的it 是形式主语，that 引导的是主语从句，主句中的happen, seem等词是不及物动词。It happened (so happened) that he met his teacher in the street. (碰巧)It seems that he will be back in a few days. (看来)The Foreign Minister said, “_our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.” (2004北京) A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is (D)14. It takes sbto do sth.该句型中的不定式是真正的主语，是形式主语，句型中的直接宾语是时间。常译为“做要花费某人”It took thousands of people many years to build the Great Wall.15It is no good (use) doing sth.该句型中的真正主语是动名词短语，主句中的表语可以是 no good (not any good), no use (not any use ).It is no good learning English without speaking English.16. It doesnt matter whether该句型中的引导的从句是真正的主语，该句型译为“不论（是否）没关系It doesnt matter whether they are old.17It is kind (of sb) to do sth.该句型中的不定式短语是真正主语，如果不定式的逻辑主语是由of引出，主句中的形容词必须是能表示逻辑主语的形容词。常见的有：bad, brave, careless, clever, cruel, foolish good (好心的),honest, horrible, kind, lazy, modest, naughty, nice (有教养的),polite, rude, silly, stupid ,wise ,wrong等。这个句型可以改写为sb.is kind to do sth.It is kind of you to stay so =You are kind to say so.18. It is necessary (for sb) to do sth该句型与上一句统属一个句型。如果不定式的逻辑主语是由for 引出的，主句的形容词通常是表示重要性，紧迫性，频繁程度，难易，安全等情况的形容词。常见的形容词有：Important,necessary,natural,easy,safe,common,normal,hard,difficult,dangerous,unusual,grape, impossible, pleasant.等。It is important for her to come to the party. =It is important that she (should) come to the party.19. It looks (seems) as if 该句型中it 无意义。As if 引导一个状语从句，常译为：“看起来好像”如果与事实不相符合，则用虚拟语气。It looks as if he is ill. （真的病了）It looks as if he was ill. （事实上没有生病）It seemed as if he was dying.20. We think it important to learn a foreign language.该句型中的it作形式宾语。为了记忆方便我们可称该句型为“7123结构”7指主句中的常用的动词：think, believe, make, find, consider, feel, take.1指的是形式宾语it .2指的是宾补的两种形式：形容词和名词3指的是真正宾语的三种形式：不定式短语，动名词短语或that引导的宾语从句。We think it our duty to clean our classroom every day. XiaoLi felt it important learning English well.They found it difficult that they would finish their work in two days.-Do you like _here?-Oh, yes .The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice. (2004 全国卷二)A. this B. these C. that D. it (D)分析：it作形式宾语高考预测：1_that there will be another good harvest this autumn.A. He is said B. It is saidC. It says D. It was said2._ she was free on Monday morning,A. That happened B. It is happened thatC. It happened to D. It happened that3._three years since he joined the army.A. That is B. It is C. This is D. It was4. _is good _you to have taken good care of your classmates.A. This; to B. It; for C. That; it D. It; of5. What a long way _!A. it is B is it C. is that D. This is6. Does _matter if I am late for the meeting tomorrow?A. this B. it C. that D. which7. _makes me sick to think of the matter.A. That B It C. This D. Which8. The parents will never forget that _ the doctor _had saved their childs life.A. It is; that B. It was; thatc. That is; when D. It was; when 9._about half past ten _we got to the station.A. It is; that B. It was; that C. That is; when D. It was; when10. We consider _our duty helping him.A. it B. that C. which D. that答案: 1-5 BDBDA 6-10 BBBDA反义疑问句句型归纳 1、You had no time for reading, did you ? / had you?2、He has a brother, hasnt he, / doesnt he?3、We have to go without him, dont we ?4、You have your dinner at school, dont you?5、He has a rest every two hours, doesnt he?6、This is your last chance to learn from the beginning, isnt it?7、Those were terrible days for us to recall, werent they?8、There are some books you are interested in, arent there?9、Let us do it as we please / like to, will you? / can you?10、Lets us do it right now, shall we? / can we?11、Come here, will you? / wont you / can you / cant you / do you / dont you?12、Dont say anything, will you? / can you? / do you?13、Tom, you clean the window, will you?14、I think / say /suppose / guess / am sure he will come back soon, wont he?15、I dont think he will come back , will he?16、He old man never thought he was lonely, did he?17、The old man used to be a farmer, usednt he / didnt he?18、He ought to come, oughtnt he / shouldnt?19、He seldom goes to the cinema, doesnt he?( hardly, never, few, little, nothing, nobody)20、Its unfair, isnt it?21、One cant be careful enough, can one / can he?22、Everything goes well, doesnt it?23、Everybody agrees with him, doesnt he / dont they?24、All we needed has been bought, hasnt it?25、All we invited have arrived, havent they?(All refers to people)26、Learning English is very hard, isnt it?27、He studies hard and he is often praised by his teachers, isnt he?28、We must be more polite in this occasion, neednt we?29、He must be a brave man, isnt he?30、It must have rained last night, didnt it?31、He mush have known the answer, hasnt he?32、He cant have done such a foolish thing, has he?33、I am a student, arent I ?34、So he has known the secret, has he?35、Oh, you have the same type of sell phone as I, do you?2008届高三英语语法专题复习讲义-名词一、名 词 【要点点拨】一、可数名词的复数构成规则:1.规则变化:加-s, -es; 辅音字母加y结尾的去y加ies;把f/ fe变成ves;(1)keys , three Henrys; stomachs; safes; beliefs; proofs; roofs; gulfs; chiefs; heroes; potatoes; tomatoes; Negroes; dingoes (2) 缩写,数字,字母等在后面加s或s都可,如: some VIPs (VIPs); in his 50s / 50s; in the 1990s / 1990s; There are two ts in the word “letter”. 2.不规则变化:(1)men , children , feet, teeth, geese, mice; oxen等;(2)单复数形式相同:sheep; deer; fish; means; works(工厂); Chinese; Japanese; Swiss; (teas, fruits, fishes, metals等表示种类);(3)只有复数形式:trousers, glasses(眼镜);remains(遗体/物);clothes; ashes; contents(目录); goods; customs(海关); arms(武器); (4)复合名词的复数形式: shoe shops; lookers-on; grown-ups; passers-by; daughters-in-law(5)表示某国人的复数形式:A:单复一样:(Chinese / Japanese) B: 把man变成men : Englishmen; Frenchmen; C:其它加s (包括Germans,humans)二、不可数名词1.量的表示：用some / a little / much等表示数量的词（组）及单位名词（量词），用得较多的有piece, article, bottle, head, loaf, bar等：a piece of advice / bread / news / information / equipment / chalk / cloth / clothing / music / work / furniture / paper / wood / baggage; a loaf of bread; a bar of chocolate ; two head of cattle2.不可数名词具体化： These games are great successes; The party was a great success.三、名词的所有格：1.表示有生命的名词后加s, 如一样东西为几人共有，则在最后一个名词后加s: Jack and Toms room(两人共有的房间); Jacks and Toms rooms（两人各自的房间）；表示无生命的名词的所有格用of表示：the windows of the room;(但表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词后也可加s: Chinas industry; todays paper; ten minutes walk)2.表示“某人家里”“某店铺”等的名词所有格后省略所修饰的名词：at my aunts (house); at the doctors (office); go to the chemists (shop);3.双重所有格：a / an / this / that / these / those / some / any / a few / no / every / several / such / another / which 等+名词+of +.s / 名词性物主代词（表示“部分”的概念或表示某种感情色彩，如：赞赏、讨厌等）；比较：a friend of her mothers她母亲的一个朋友（强调她母亲的朋友中的一位，为双重所有格）a friend of her mother她母亲的朋友（强调两人间的关系，为of所有格）a picture of his brothers(他弟弟的所拥有的照片中的一张，照片上不一定是他本人)a picture of his brother（他弟弟本人的一张照片，照片上就是他本人）四、名词作定语修饰名词：前一个名词表示后一个名词的特点、性质及用途；(1)一般前面的名词用单数形式，复数加在后面主体名词上：shoe shop(s); story book(s); coffee cup(s); physics teacher(s); 个别名词修饰另外一个名词用复数形式：sales manager; sports meet; 由man / woman与另一个名词构成复合名词两者都变复数：men/ women doctors;(2)比较名词作定语及形容词作定语的不同意义：a dust bag ( a bag for dust) 装灰尘的袋子/ a dusty bag布满灰尘的袋子 a chemical change化学变化(具有化学性质的变化)/ a chemistry teacher( a teacher of chemistry)一个化学老师a gold watch 一只金表(表材质)/ a golden watch一只金黄色的表五、英语中”很多”的表达:只修饰可数名词:quite a few / a great many (of) / many / a (large / small) number of只修饰不可数名词: a great deal of / a great amount of ( great amounts of) 既可修饰可数也可修饰不可数名词:plenty of / a lot of ( lots of ) / a (large) quantity of / large quantities of【各个击破】1.No regular advertiser dare produce anything that fails to stick to the _of his advertisement.A. standard B. level C. message D. promise2.-What do you think of his composition? -Much better, but theres still some _for improvement.A. space B. room C. area D. place3. Sometimes doctors make higher _ for their work than they should.A. bills B. charges C. costs D. prices4. The _of a big snake made her frightened, so she sat there still.A. sight B. look C. view D. scene5.No _ she fell ill, considering that she had been overworking for years.A. problem B. way C. wonder D. matter6. -How is it that you lost your way? -When I came to the crossroads, I went the wrong _.A. way B. direction C. distance D. path7. Little Tom asked me for small _ for his _, so I gave him _.A. change; ten pennies; ten pence B. changes; ten pennies; ten penceC. change; ten pence; ten pennies D. changes; ten pence; ten pennies8. Will you please tell me _you are talking about?A. which Zhang Yimous film B. which film of Zhang YimouC. which film of Zhang Yimous D. zhang Yimous which film9. The baby broke a _which is made of _just now.A. tea cup; glass B. cup of tea; glass C. teas cup; glasses D. tea cup; glasses10. Look, Mother has just bought three _ and _.A. fruit; lots of vegetables B. fruits; a number of vegetablesC. fruit; a great many of the vegetablesD. fruits; a great amount of vegetables11. If you get the job youll have to make business _every now and then.A. journeys B. trips C. travels D. voyages12. I listened to his lecture about biology , but I missed the key _.A. messages B. sense C. notes D. points13. H