2 从句.doc

从属连词连词用于引导从句以形成句子的一部分或修饰句子的构成要素. 连词是连接单词,短语,从句或句子的一种虚词. 从属连词是用以引导名词性从句和状语从句的. 由从属连词所引导的句子叫从句,而含有从句的句子叫作复合句.从结构上说，英语连接词分两大类：并列连词（coordinating conjunctions）和从属连词（subordinating conjunctions）。 一、并列连词连接两个或两个以上地位平等的字、词组或分句。例如：(1) Air and water are indispensable to me. (2) She likes going out with friends or playing outdoor games. (3) Most workers have a good income, so they look very happy. 二、从属连词连接两个或两个以上的分句，形成复杂句中的从属分句。例如： (4) He said that he did not want to go . (5) Many things have happened since I last saw him.(6) You may come if you want to. 三、从属连词用来连接各种从句。1. until(till)直到，在用until表达时间状语的句子中，主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择的。如动词是持续行动词，它要用肯定句，如：I studied hard until 12 oclock last night.如果动词是瞬间截止性动词，则要用否定句，如:He didnt go to bed until his mother came back.2. 由since,for,by,before, 来引导的时间状语从句。since 引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间，如:I have studied English since 1990.而by引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间，如：I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term.3. 上述连词的用法，看起来不难，但错误也难免。下面是些好例子： (1) This book may be used both as a text as well as a reference book. 这里的“as well as”和“both”不能搭配，应该将“as well ”改为“and”，使“both.and.”变成关联连词（ correlative conjunction） (2) He not only speaks Mandarin but also English. 这里的“not only”应该移到“speaks”后面，使这个动词兼顾两个等立宾语：“Mandarin”和“English”。 (3) Although he is fat, but he is very weak. 英语里的“although”和“but”是不见面的 ，因此这句里的“ but”要去掉，不然“although”就要出来。 (4) Jim is not so strong like you. 这里的“not so”必须和“as”连成一体；介词“like”是不适宜的。 (5) No sooner had we reached our destination, they left. No sooner必须和than 配成关联连词，把than 省掉是不对的，应该补上： No sooner had we reached our destination than they left. 这句子的意思也可透过“as soon as”反映出来： “As soon as we reached our destination, they left.” (6) I took a taxi and which took me to the station. 这里的并列连词“and”是多余的，必须去掉。如果要保留“and ”也可，但是形容词分句里的关系代词“Which”要改成主语“it” ，使整个句子变成并列分句如下： I took a taxi and it took me to the station. (7) My friend came up to me and held my hand, said good-bye excitedly. 这里的“and”应该用来连接最后两个谓语才对： My friend came up to me, held my hand, and said good-bye excitedly. 不然，就要把“said”改成“saying”。从句引导主语从句连词有that, whether, if, who, whoever, what, whatever, which, when, where, why, how.宾语从句的连接词that, whether, if, who, whom, whose, whoever, whomever ,whosever, which, what, whatever, when, where, why, how, whichever, whenever, wherever, however表语从句的连接词有that, whether, as, as if, who, whom，whose， whoever，what, whatever ,which, whichever ,when, where, why, how (注：if不能用来引导表语从句)同位语从句引导词that，whether，when, where，why，how, who，which，what （注：if, which 不能引导同位语从句。） 一主语从句That: That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them。Whether: Whether she will come or not is still a question. If: It remains to be decided whether/if we shall raise ducks or geese.主语从句(放在句首时)、表语从句常由whether引导.What: What caused the accident is a complete mystery. What 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语宾语表语，而that 则不然。Who: Who did this is finally clear.Which: Which book is mine is a question.Whatever: Whatever you chose is yours. (Whatever=the thing that)Whoever: Whoever comes to the party will receive a present. (Whoever=the person who)When: When they will start has not been decided yet. Where: Where well spend our holiday hasnt been decided yet.How: How this happened is not clear to anyone.Why: Why he chose that picture is not important.主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有：A. It + be+形容词 (obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc。)+that从句。如：It is certain that she will do well in her exam.B. It + be+名词词组 (no wonder, an honor, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc。)+that从句。如：Its a pity that we cant go. C. It +be +过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc。)+that从句。如：It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. D. It + seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如：It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice It doesnt matter whether she will comeornot.It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. E当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week?Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? F当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 二宾语从句一.连词1.宾语从句具有特殊疑问含义时用连接代词（what, who, which, whose)或连接副词（when, where, why, how)以及有how构成的词组how many, how long等。The children didnt know who Father Christmas was.Do you know when theyll leave？值得注意的是，宾语从句与主句之间需要有连词进行连接，除that可以省略外，其它连接词是不能省略的，更不能重复使用。Please tell us that what the teacher said.2.宾语从句具有陈述意义时用that引导，在口语、非正式文体中常省。如：He said (that)he had been to Beijing. Im sure (that) she wont mind. “that”不可以省略的情形：(1) that宾语从句的状语部分位于从句前部时。I promise that if anyone could set me free, I would make him king over the earth.(2) 当主句的状语部分位于宾语从句前时He later said himself that he only went to school a little now and a little then.(3) 当主句的谓语动词与宾语从句之间有插入语时。When he got to England, he found however that his English was too limited.(4) 当一个谓语动词带两个或两个以上的that引导的宾语从句时。Then he said that French was the most beautiful tongue in the world and that we must keep it among us and never forget it.(5) 宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时。I must never tell anyone that I could not see the cloth.(6) 宾语从句的主语时 this、that或用this、that修饰主语。He said that that was a good idea.(7)在直接引语中，主语和宾语从句被隔开时。” Im sorry to tell you.” He said,” that you didnt watch carefully enough what I did”(8)宾语从句的主语时非谓语动词或主语从句时。The old lady then explained that what she was looking for was a pair of gloves for a girl.3.宾语从句具有一般疑问意义时用连词if 或whether引导，口语中常用if。如：She asked me if(whether) she could come in. He asked if you had white hat. 注意：if和whether在用法上是有区别的。(1) if可以引导条件状语从句，whether不能。如：I m coming here if it doesnt rain tomorrow.(2) 在下列情况时只能用whether：用作介词的宾语时：It depends on whether I have enough time. 用在不定式前面时：He doesnt know whether to go or not.whether引导的从句置于句首时：Whether this is true or not, I cant say.(3) 宾语从句是肯定句时，whether/if可以互换He asked whether (if) they would come or not.而whether和if常与or not连用：whether和or not 既可合起来使用，也可分开使用；if和or not只能分开使用。此时应该注意是否可以互换。(4)whether 引导的宾语从句一般是肯定句，if 引导的宾语从句可以是肯定也可以否定的。如: She asked whether/if you had enough money. I dont care if it doesnt rain.（只能用if)(5) 做介词宾语时，只能用whether，不能用if. Everything depends on whether we have enough experience.二.语序 宾语从句的语序必须是陈述句语序，即使有时是疑问句的意思。特别是由助动词构成的疑问句做宾语从句时。如： Do you know why Winter is colder than Summer? 我想知道他在做什么。 误I want to know what is he doing. 正I want to know what he is doing. 告诉我他什么时候离开的。 误Tell me when did he leave. 正Tell me when he left.三.时态 宾语从句与主句应在时态上保持一致。如果主句是一般现在时，宾语从句可根据实际情况选择适当的时态；如果主句是过去时，从句必须也是过去时的某种时态（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时等）。但当宾语从句叙述的是一普通真理或客观规律时，则用一般现在时。如：I know he lives here. He said he had finished his studies when the war broke out.He said he would spend his holiday in Dalian.I knew who lived here.He said that the sun rises in the east. She said that the earth moves around the sun.四.否定转移 主句为I think/believe/guess等时，其后面宾语从句的否定应转移到主句上，且附加问句要按从句确定。有否定转移时，要将否定移回到从句上再决定附加问句的形式。如：I dont think hell be back, will he? I think he can answer the question, cant he?五如果宾语从句有自己的宾语补足语，则用”if”作形式宾语，而把宾语从句后置。其句型为：主语+谓语+it +补足语+宾语从句如：we think it important that we should master at least one foreign language.注意：（1）连词that引导的名词性从句很少做介词的宾语，只用在except, but, 和in 等少数几个介词后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如由连词 that引导，则需要用it先行一步，做形式宾语。如：He is a good student except that he is careless.六.宾语从句的简化 宾语从句在一定条件下可以转换成简单句，一般有下列几种方法 1.用动词不定式代替宾语从句。如: She hopes that she will be back soon. She hopes to be back soon. He agreed that he would help me with my English. He agreed to help me with my English. 2.用“疑问词+不定式”结构代替宾语从句。如： I dont know what I should do next. I dont know what to do next. Please tell me how I can finish the work on time. Please tell me how to finish the work on time. 3.用复合宾语,即宾语加宾语补足语代替宾语从句。如： I saw that he went into the house just now. I saw him go into the house just now. Cant you see that the boy is climbing the tree? Cant you see the boy climbing the tree? I heard she was singing in English. I heard her singing in English. Toms mother found he was a very good pupil. Toms mother found him a very good pupil. 4.用名词或名词短语代替宾语从句。如： Do you understand what I said? Do you understand my words? Could you tell me where the hospital is? Could you tell me the way to the hospital?表语从句 表语从句位于系动词之后，引导表语从句的有：that, what, how, where, when, why, because, as if，who,whether,which等。He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour.His suggestion is that we should stay calm.The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow why he cried yesterday.How I can persuade her to join us in the party. Whether the enemy is marching towards us. 一、系动词的分类系动词有表示状态的；有表示状态变化的。表示状态的有：1）be, seem ,appear 等。2）look ,sound ,feel ,taste ,smell 等，由感官动词变化而来。意思为“看（听、摸、尝、闻）起来”。Mr. Li looks quite young. 李先生看起来很年轻。3）stand ,keep ,prove ,remain 等由不及物动词转化而来。The machine has been standing idle. 这台机器一直闲着不用。2.表示状态变化的：Become ,get ,grow, fall, turn等He has fallen ill. 他已经病倒了。The water _cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise A. was felt B. is felt C. felt D. feels分析: C feel是系动词,用主动形式表示被动意义.二、说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和系动词一起构成谓语。The problem is puzzling.主语 系动词 形容词作表语The problem is when we can get a pay rise.主语 系动词 一个句子作表语 -表语从句三、 注意：A 表语从句一定要用陈述语序。 错: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.正：The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.That is where the famous scientist was born.This is why she is so happy today.B If 与whether均意为“是否”，但引导表语从句时，只能用whether, 不能用if，(as if 例外）。如： The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.It looked as if he had understood this question.The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.C As, if, though引导的表语从句 时，从句谓语多用虚拟语气。这是因为从句中的情况与事实不相符。具体来说，如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去式；如果从句表示与过去事实相反时，谓语动词要用“had +过去分词”，如果从句表示将来的可能性不大，用would (might ,could )+动词原形，如：Li Lei is now in a new jacket he looks as if he were an American boy.The girl is giving us a vivid description of moon. It seems as if she had been to the moon many times.It looks as if it might rain.但是，如果as if ,as though 引导的表语从句所表示的与事实相符，从句则用陈述语气，如：The clouds are gathering. It looks as if is going to rain.D 不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.The question is why he cried yesterday.E that和what在引导表语从句时，作用和意义都不相同。That本身没有词义，在句中只起连接作用，不充当句子成分，that在表语从句中不可以省掉。；what则表示“所的（人或事）”，在表语从句中充当主语或宾语等。That fact is that more than seventy percent of the earths surface is covered by water.What he told you was what had been discussed at the meeting. 同位语从句一、能带同位语从句的名词不多，常见的有：answer, belief, conclusion, decision, discovery, doubt, explanation, fact, hope, idea, information, knowledge, law, message, news, opinion, order, possibility, problem, promise, proof, proposal, question, report, risk, rumor, story, suggestion, truth, theory, thought, wish, word等。如：He sent us a message that he wont come next week. There is no doubt that he is fit for this job. 二、表示“命令、建议、要求” advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish 等名词的同位语，须用虚拟语气。如They mainly discussed the suggestion that a big dam (should ) be built there. He made clear his desire that he should work hard to go to college. Soon came the order that all the people should obey the rules. 考点 1：They have no idea at all _. A. where he was gone B. Where did he go C. Which place he has gone D. Where has he gone 分析： 正确选项应为同位语从句，（作idea的同位语）。由于名词性从句要用陈述语序，故先排除B、D。两项，C项中的which place为名词短语，gone后面却少介词to，故本题选A。2. Do you have any idea _is actually going on in the classroom? A. that B. what C. as D. which 分析：B idea ,fact ,belief 等名词后边经常接同位语从句。 三、要点：同位语从句是名词性从句的一种，同学们在学习时应掌握以下几点：1 从句用陈述语序。 2 一般情况下，主从句的时态应保持一致。担当从句表示的是客观事实或普遍真理时，从句仍然用一般现在时。如：They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对于你生病这件事，他们都很着急。Magellans mens return from the voyage proved the truth that the earth is round 麦哲伦的海员们的航海回归证实了地球是圆的这一真理。They mainly discussed the suggestion that a big dam (should ) be built there. 他们主要讨论了在那里建一个大坝这个建议。考点：_is no possibility _Bob can win the first prize in the match. (Shanghai 2001)A.there;that B.it;that C.there ,whether D.it;whether 分析：there is no possibility意为“没有.的可能性”其中引导同位语从句。故本题选。要点：引导同位语从句的引导词常用that ，此外还有whether, when, where, who, what, which, why, how 等，选用引导词时，要结合整个句意来考虑。如：The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该干这项工作这个问题需要考虑。 There is no doubt that he will come here again.他会再来这里，这是无疑的。He was tortured by the doubt whether he would accept their presents.他为是否接受他们的礼物这个疑虑所折磨着。考点：Information has been put forward _more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. (Shanghai 2000)A.while B.that C.when D.as 分析：纵观全句可知information与同位语从句被谓语动词隔开。根据句意，应用that 来引导。故本题选。要点：有时为了避免头重脚轻，可以把同位语从句与名词分开。考点：Is this the reason _at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? (Shanghai2002)A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained 分析：本题选。He explained为定语从句，省去了关系代词that/which 。5、 同位语从句与定语从句的区别：同位语从句与定语从句形相似而实质不同，具体表现：(1) 被修饰的词不同。同位语从句的前面一般是数量有限的、表示抽象意义的名词；而定语从句的先行词是无数的指人或物名词。(2) 从句的作用不同。同位语从句用来解释或说明名词的具体内容；而定语从句是用来说明先行词的性质与特征，起修饰与限制作用，二者之间是修饰与被修饰的关系。 (3) 引导词的作用不同。同位语从句的引导词不充当句子成分，如(1)；或充当成分，但不指代前面的名词，如(2)。而引导定语从句的that为关系代词，在从句中担任句子的某种成分，当担任定语从句中的宾语时，that可以省略。定语从句的引导词充当句子成分并指代前面的先行词，如(3)。同位语从句的引导词that一般不可省。试比较：(1)Jim got to know the news that the whole village was in great danger.(2)I have no idea when he will come back. (3) Do you know the news (that/which) Jim told me? 例：-Its thirty years since we last met -But I still remember the story, believe it or not, _we got lost on a rainy night.A. which B. that C. what D. when (B)(4) 引导词不同。定语从句不能用what, how, whether引导；而同位从句可以用what, how, whether引导。(5) 同位语从句可充当同位名词的表语；而定语从句不能充当先行词的表语。We cant solve the problem how we can travel faster than light. （how从句是the problem的具体内容，为同位语从句）I cant remember the problem that they have. （problem 就是have 的对象，至于the problem的具体内容，没有说明，故是定语从句）六、连接词的选择1.主句谓语是be sure, decide, think，conclude，know等表示肯定意义时，从句一般情况经常是陈述句，宜用that引导从句。例如:I believe that our womens volleyball team will win the championship in the coming Olympic Games.2.主句是doubt, wonder, be not sure, ask等表示否定或疑问的动词时，从句一般情况属于一般疑问句或特殊疑问句。(1).若从句句子结构完整，连接代词表示“是否”的意思，那么从句就是一般疑问句，宜用if或者whether来连接主从句。如果，从句后有“or not”等选择意义，就常用whether来连接。例如：I am not sure whether it will rain or not tomorrow.(2).若从句的句子结构不完整，那么从句多为特殊疑问句，须用相应的连接代词或连接副词来引导主从句。例如：We dont know who will become the new headmaster of our school next term.析：该宾语从句中缺少指人的主语，故用that引导从句。(3).主句信息词为表示“否定”或“疑问”意义的动词，且该动词前已被否定时，那么，该主句之后的宾语从句常为陈述句，宜用that引导主句和从句。例如：1).I no longer doubt that the clever boy can pass the entrance tests.2).We dont wonder that China will enter WTO sooner or later.7、 正确运用同位语从句的引导词，准确把握同位语从句1.如同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。例：The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.2.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加是否的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句。例：Well discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.3.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加什么时候、什么地点、什么方式等含义，应用when, where, how等词引导同位语从句。例1：I have no idea when he will be back. 例2：I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike.八、表语从句和主语从句，宾语从句，同位语从句的相同点和不同相同点：1.相同的关连词1）连词 2）连接代词 3）连接副词2.从句均不能用逗号和主句隔开；用陈述语序。不同点：1.连词as if（好象，仿佛）引导表语从句（if不能引导表语从句）。能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等，例如：It looked as if it was going to rain.2.连词because引导表语从句。例如：I think it is because you are doin